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CONFIDENTIAL
Measurement of
Colour in Reflectance
Practical Examples of
Formulation Workflows
Richard Gray – X-Rite
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Medical
Dental
Photo
Industrial
Laboratory
Graphic Arts
Retail Paint Munsell
Pantone
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Identify This Colour
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Identify This Colour
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Which Colour Is It?
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Which Colour Is It?
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Simultaneous Contrast
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Simultaneous Contrast
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Simultaneous Contrast
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Simultaneous Contrast
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Afterimages
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Afterimages
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6 2
Colour Deficiency
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Colour Discrimination Tests
Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test
Inter-Society Color Council Color Matching Aptitude Test
HVC Color Vision Skill Test
Japanese Color Aptitude Test
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CONFIDENTIAL
FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
15
• 1. Repeatable method of proofing:
• A consistent and homogenous coating layer is essential for any formulation
system to function correctly.
• Sample proofing also has to be independent of operator.
• Typically a maximum variation of 0.25 DE within a sample
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FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 2. Consistent Substrate for Translucent Samples:
• Leneta cards are ideal as they provide a consistent black background for
opacity checks. Alternatively, specific customer substrates or Q panels can be
used if required.
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FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 3. Accurate Viscosity Measurement (If Applicable)
• Certain Formulation systems will allow for dilution factors in liquid systems
• System will report on a formulation and % of diluent required
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CONFIDENTIAL
FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 4. Instrumentation Type
• Typically Industrial style formulation will use sphere geometry – this gives the benefit of
formulating with (Specular Included) or without (Specular Excluded) the effect of surface
gloss.
• Will also allow measurement of highly reflective / mirror finish samples.
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CONFIDENTIAL
FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 4. Instrumentation Type
• However it is also possible to measure a range of samples directly in paste or liquid form
using non-contact spectrophotometry:
• This allows for the accurate capture of irregularly shaped or curved samples.
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CONFIDENTIAL
FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 5. UV Calibration
• One of the main advantages of benchtop instrumentation is the ability to control the UV
content of the light source.
• By calibrating this monthly you can ensure consistency of all production results. Essential if
you are using samples containing optical brightening agents.
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CONFIDENTIAL
FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 6. Preparation of Calibration Sets
• The key to any accurate formulation system is the diagnostics of the colourant file. There
are numerous ways to construct the file initially:
• Reflectance (opaque)
• Reflectance (transparent)
• Reflectance (translucent)
• Reflectance / Transmittance
• Modern formulation systems also give the advantage of allowing multiple resins (at
differing opacities) to be loaded within the one colourant file.
• Different coloured layers can also be loaded into the software as substrates to allow multi-
layer formulation build-up.
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CONFIDENTIAL
FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 7. Definition of Standard
• Measurement of a standard at the instrument will capture the exact measurement status
automatically.
• There are also several other ways to define a target colour without the need for a physical
sample to measure:
• Digital Libraries (Pantone, RAL, NCS, etc.)
• CxF (Colour eXchange Format)
• Munsell
• Reflectance Data in Tabulated Format
• Specific L*a*b* or L*C*h* coordinates
• Data in pre-defined job format
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FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 8. Formulation Options
• Setting up a colourant file using the contrast ratio method will allow for a great deal of
flexibility within your specific workflow:
• Define minimum/maximum opacities/loading levels
• Allow database searches to a closest previous match
• Auto correct to an existing recipe
• Allow formulation at multiple coat weights
• Allow output by weight or volume and specification of
formula units
• Connect directly to a dispensing system with remote output
functionality
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CONFIDENTIAL
FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 9. Formulation Selection
• Selection Criteria can be tailored to whatever is important to the final user requirements :
• Closest DE
• Least Metameric
• Lowest Cost
• Specific Opacity
• Closest Curve Fit
• Specific Illuminant
• Optimum Score function will allow a
combination of factors to be expressed
as an overall integer.
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CONFIDENTIAL
FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 10. Correction Workflow
• Corrections can be specific to production or laboratory workflows:
• Correct to a specific opacity
• Allow alternative colourants
• Correct to specific production amount
• Correct at Alterntive Thickness
• Use Performance Factors
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FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 11. Further Options
• Within the Workflow specific batches can be defined as wastes for easy work off of
redundant stock:
• Formulate to a range of ‘Waste’ pigments
• Select matchings with maximum % of waste by
• specifying zero cost amount and searching on cost
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FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 12. Net Profiler
• When formulating to digital standards the performance of your instrument in a supply chain
is essential.
• Net Profiler allows the user to verify and correct instrument variations at the customer site.
• Measurement of a calibrated tile set or Munsell chart
• Comparison of data on-line to reference master standards
• Correction for instrument drift without need for recertification
• or repair
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CONFIDENTIAL
FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 12. Net Profiler
• Net Profiler allows for larger supply chains to monitor and check instrument performance
• remotely
• Certificate of Performance available online or locally
• Instrument can be profiled the recommended 1 month period or more frequently
• NIST traceable calibration certificate issued to tie in with ISO certification
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FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 13. And Finally....
• Visual Assessment is still the final approval point in a number of workflows.
• What is wrong with this method of visual assessment ?
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FORMULATION IN REFLECTANCE
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• 13. And Finally....
Select the correct light source(s).
Viewing booth should be kept clear of extra samples.
Samples should be placed inside the light booth.
Orient Standard and Sample in same direction, side by side, touching.
Depending upon gloss of the samples, determine a standard viewing geometry.
Limit the amount of ambient light flooding the viewing booth.
If assessor is wearing brightly coloured clothing, a neutral lab coat should be worn during assessment.
If assessor wears glasses with tinted lenses, they should be removed for the assessment.
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• Questions will now be taken – Thank you for your attention !
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