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Mechanization of white asparagus harvest
– overview and perspectives -
Martin Geyer
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01.10.2017 2
• White asparagus is the most important vegetable
crop in Germany
Introduction
Koch: Gemüse 4/2017
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01.10.2017 3
• White asparagus is the most important vegetable
crop in Germany
• Hand harvest of white asparagus is very arduous,
labor and cost intensive
Introduction
Koch: Gemüse 4/2017
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01.10.2017 4
• White asparagus is the most important vegetable
crop in Germany
• Hand harvest of white asparagus is very arduous,
labor and cost intensive
• Since more than 60 years growers and
manufacturers contemplate to facilitate this process.
Introduction
Koch: Gemüse 4/2017
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01.10.2017 5
Harvesting principles
• Hand harvest with basket
• Hand harvest supported by harvesting aids
• Nonselective harvest
• Selective harvest
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01.10.2017 6
Harvesting principles
• Hand harvest with basket
• Hand harvest supported by harvesting aids
• Nonselective harvest
• Selective harvest
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01.10.2017 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
Seku
nd
en
/ S
tan
ge
blind
teilblind
freigraben geschult
freigraben ungeschult
freigraben auf schw eren Boden
a b c d e
Manual harvesting: time for one spear
Blind
Half-blind
Trained digging
Untrained digging
Untrained digging on heavy soil
S
econds /
Spear
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01.10.2017 8
3 – 4 workers per ha
Hand harvest with basket
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01.10.2017 9
Hand harvest with basket;
working distance
Folie abdecken
Spargel stechen
Folie schließen
Korb leeren
Zeit
Folie abdecken
Spargel stechen
Folie schließen
Korb leeren
Zeit
Tim
e
Removing the film
Hand harvest
Closing the film
Empty the basket
In total the workers walk about 15 km to harvest one ha
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01.10.2017 10
Hand harvest with push carriages and
improved film handling
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01.10.2017 11
Single row electric driven harvest aids with automatic
handling of the film and transport of the spears
Asparagus spider, Engels
Innovatietechniek BV, Panningen, NL
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01.10.2017 12
Single row electric driven harvest aids
• Battery performance should last one day
• Long „arc“ with enough height
• Ease of use
• Simple stop and go function by hand or by optical sensors
• Fast gear for periods with low yield
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01.10.2017 13
Same harvest aid with double film handling;
black/white film + tunnel
Engels Innovatietechniek BV, Panningen, NL Supports
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01.10.2017 14
Single-row combustion engine driven harvesters
with sitting harvest position (about year 2000)
Böckenhoff GmbH, Raesfeld, German)
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01.10.2017 15
Two-rowed harvester (Engels, NL)
Performance problems in periods with
low yield because of waiting times
without spears
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01.10.2017 16
Three-row harvesting aid
Sitting position in the center of the harvester (about 2000)
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01.10.2017 17
5-row harvesting aid with sunscreen;
deposition in boxes
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01.10.2017 18
14-row harvesting aid; deposition on a belt (2015)
(Strauss, Buxtehude Germany)
The film is lifted the asparagus are pre-cut,
pre-washed and pre-sorted on the machine
and stored at the back, to be unloaded in
one single movement.
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01.10.2017 19
Tim
e in h
/ha
Raw yield in kg/ha
More row
Hand „+“
Hand „-“
The harvesting time depends on yield,
mechanization and work organization
Comparison of different harvesting systems
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01.10.2017 20
Improving the use of one-row
harvesting aids by shift operation (Allofs 2015)
Harvesting period: 35 days
System 1 System 2 System3
Workers 2 + harvest aid 1 + harvest aid 3 + carriage
Working hours 8 h 10 h 10 h
(per worker & day)
Performance 3703 spears 3110 spears 2213 spears
(per worker & day) (2500 / 8 h) (1770 / 8h)
(per worker & h) 463 / h 311 / h 221 / h
Harvested area 0,8 ha 0,67 ha (-16%) 0,48 ha (-40%)
(per worker & day)
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01.10.2017 21
Summary harvest aids
• Today electric driven single row harvesting aids are
predominantly used for white asparagus
• The amount of workers per ha can be reduced to less than 1
• Harvesting performance can be improved by two workers for
one harvester in shift operation
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01.10.2017 22
Harvesting principles
• Hand harvest with basket
• Hand harvest supported by harvesting aids
• Nonselective harvest
• Selective harvest
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(160) ... 180 ... 200 cm
40...45 cm
70 ... 80 cm
~ 3
5 c
m
cut
forward motion
vibrator
separating conveyor
(sive belt)
cutting unit
The whole ridge has to be cut
with a cutting unit
The spears were separated
from the soil with a sieve belt
(900 m³ soil / ha)
Manual removal from a
horizontal belt
Restore the ridge
Nonselective harvest,
principle
In the early fifties of the last century
american engineers started with this
harvesting principle for the can industry
(Kepner and O`Brian 1967)
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Reaction of the asparagus plant
Harvest frequency
Yield, grade, quality etc.
Moisture distribution in the ridge
Heat distribution in the ridge
Phytosanitary questions
Economy
Many open questions
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ATB – Prototype of the harvester ca. 1998
Paschold, P. J.; Geyer, M.(1998): Geyer, M.; Oberbarnscheidt, B.; Paschold, P.-J. (2002):
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01.10.2017 26
Unfavorable distribution of the spear length
forward motion
vibrator
separating conveyor
(sive belt)
cutting unit
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Photo: Kirpy: ai-solution GmbH, Wolfsburg, Germany, http://www.ai-solution.de/
Other manufacturer:
Christiaens Agro Systems, Neer (NL) www.christiaensagro.com
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Photo: Kirpy, ai-solution GmbH
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Results Kirpy
Kirpy 2009
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01.10.2017 30
Tagesertrag
0
100
200
300
400
500
25.04.2003 05.05.2003 15.05.2003 25.05.2003 04.06.2003 14.06.2003 24.06.2003
Datum
Ert
rag
in
kg
/ha
Daily yield in 2003
Date
Yie
ld in k
g/h
a a
nd d
ay
(About 15 raw spears per kg)
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01.10.2017 31
Harvesting principles
• Hand harvest with basket
• Hand harvest supported by harvesting aids
• Nonselective harvest
• Selective harvest
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Selective harvest of white asparagus
Asparagus Panther
(It should replace up to
10 workers in shift
operation)
Photos: ai-solution Agrarmaschinen
www.ai-solution.de
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01.10.2017 33
Machine decreases wage costs by 40% (Juni 2008) Brabantse Wal presents first full-automatic asparagus harvester in the world http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=24250
Selective harvest of white asparagus; Brabantse Wal
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01.10.2017 34
AutoSpar (Strauss, Buxdehude)
AutoSpar "Development of an automatic harvesting system for white and violet Asparagus" Two color cameras with background illumination
Machine speed: In ‘auto’ mode and ‘find target’: 0,5 m/s
In ‘manual’ mode: from 0 – 1,5 m/s Harvesting efficiency: Up to 5 asparagus stalks per minute http://www.autospar.net/index.html
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01.10.2017 35
Source:
http://www.cerescon.com/NL/home
Cerescon selective harvester (2017)
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• All in all, development of white asparagus harvest
mechanization is not completed
• Most growers are still waiting for a selective white
asparagus harvesting robot
• It should be fast, inexpensive and gentle to the
produce to limit the labor costs and the high number
of workers in the vegetable companies
Conclusion
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Many thanks for your attention
01.10.2017 37