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Medical school histologyIntroduction to Cells, Tissues, and
Microscopy Part I
Larry Johnson VIBS 443 and VIBS 602
Texas A&M University
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OBJECTIVES
Part I1. Preview cellular ultrastructure2. Preview cells, tissues, and organs Part II2. Overview of light and electron
microscopy4. Preparation of specimens – types of
visions5. Section orientation
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ORGAN – Two or more types of tissues; larger functional unit
e.g., skin, kidney, intestine, blood vessels
Introduction to HISTOLOGY
TISSUE – Groups of cells with same general function and texture (texture = tissue)
e.g., muscle, nerve, epithelium, and connective tis.
CELL – Smallest unit of protoplasm
Simplest animals consist of a single cell.
ORGAN SYSTEM - Several organs
e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
PROTOPLASM – Living Substance
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cell
tissue
organ system
organ
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In the 1660s, Robert Hooke looked through a primitive microscope at a thinly cut piece of cork. He saw a series of walled boxes that reminded him of the tiny rooms, or cellula, occupied by monks, and he coined the word "cell.“
Cellsin a plant
Although animal cells do not have cell walls like plants, cells are the “building blocks of life” of both.
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Cells are composed of the nucleus and the surrounding cytoplasmic.
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NUCLEUS HETEROCHROMATIN - CONDENSED CHROMTAIN
EUCHROMATIN –
DISPERSED FOR
ACTIVE
TRANSCRIPTION
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NUCLEOLUS
METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF CELL REFLECTED IN SIZE OF NUCLEOLUS– IF AXON IS CUT, SIZE OF
NUCLEOLUS INCREASES BY 50%
SERTOLI CELL LEYDIG CELL NERVE CELL
EGG
Pituitary CELL
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CELL COMPOSITION
THREE MAJOR CLASSES OF CYTOPLASMIC STRUCTURE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES - COMMON
STRUCTURES, METABOLIC FUNCTION, CELL MEMBRANE, RER, SER, GOLGI, MITOCHONDRIA, LYSOSOMES
2. NON-MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES – CYTOSKELETAL COMPONENTS, MICROTUBULES, MICROFILAMENTS, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS, FREE RIBOSOMES
3. INCLUSIONS - EXPENDABLESa. NUTRIENT e.g., GLYCOGEN, LIPIDb. PIGMENT e.g., MELANIN GRANULESc. SECRETORY GRANULE e.g., ZYMOGEN GRANULE OF PANCREAS
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Cytoplasm
Metabolic activity of a cell is reflected in the amount of cytoplasm too.
SERTOLI CELL LEYDIG CELL NERVE CELL
EGG
Pituitary CELL
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EM 8f 9,000x
EM 12a 13,200x
EM 4c 60,000x
Compare sizes of membranes ribosomes mitochondria
Cellular ultrastructure
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EM 2b 60,000x
EM 7 80,000x
EM 6a 200,000x
Compare sizes of membranes ribosomes mitochondria
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FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES IN THE BODY
----------------------------------------------- Epithelium Connective tissue
Muscular tissue Nervous tissue
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Functions:
Cover organs, line viscera and blood vessels, secretory cells of glands
Epithelium
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Distinguishing features and distribution:
• Always sit on a basement membrane, but come in a variety of configurations: classified on the basis of their shape and of the surface cells and whether one (simple) or more (stratified) layers of cells are stacked upon each other.
• These cells are always attached to their neighbors by desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions.
Epithelium
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EpitheliumHistological Identification
Simple Squamous – single layer of flat cells (blood vessels, covering of organs)
Stratified Squamous – Multiple layers of cells with flat ones at the surface (skin, gums)
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Simple cuboidal – Single layer of square cells (kidney tubules, liver cells, many others)
Simple columnar – Single layer of tall, thin cells (intestinal epithelium)
EpitheliumHistological Identification
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Pseudostratified columnar – single layer of tall, thin cells packed together in such a jumble that they seem to be in layers, although all of the cells reach the basement membrane (respiratory passage)
Transitional – stratified cuboidal epithelium of urinary passages
EpitheliumHistological Identification
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Some epithelia have surface specializations such as numerous microvilli or cilia.
EpitheliumHistological Identification
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Gunther von Hagens’BODY WORLDS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
EPITHELIUM
Skin
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Function: the histological glue which binds the other tissues together to form organs, specializations include blood, cartilage, and bone.
Connective Tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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Distinguishing features and histological identification:
• Loose connective tissue – sparse collagen and elastic fibers, plentiful cells including fibroblasts, leukocytes
• Dense connective tissue – concentrated collagen, few cells
• Cartilage – avascular homogeneous matrix of collagen and protein-polysaccharides with few cells
• Bone – calcified collagen matrix with few cells trapped in the caves of bone
Connective Tissue
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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FatMuscle
Gunther von Hagens’ Body Worlds
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Function: generation of contractile force.
Distinguishing features:• High concentration of contractile
proteins actin and myosin arranged either diffusely in the cytoplasm (smooth muscle) or in regular repeating units called sarcomeres (striated muscles, e.g., cardiac and skeletal muscles).
Muscle
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Histological identification:
• Skeletal muscle – very long cylindrical striated muscle cells with multiple peripheral nuclei
• Cardiac muscle – short branching striated muscle cells with one or two centrally located nuclei
Muscle
• Smooth muscle – closely packed spindle-shaped cells with a single centrally placed nucleus and cytoplasm that appears homogeneous by light microscopy
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MuscleDistribution:
• Smooth – fusiform cells associated with the viscera, respiratory tract, blood vessels, uterus, etc.
• Cardiac – striated muscles associated with the heart
• Skeletal – striated muscles mostly associated with the skeleton
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Gunther von Hagens’Body Worlds
Smooth muscle
NERVOUS TISSUE
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Nervous Tissue
Functions: specialized for the transmission,
reception, and integration of
electrical impulses
Distinguishing features: • neurons – very large excitable cells with long
processes called axons and dendrites. The axons make contact with other neurons or muscle cells at a specialization called a synapse where the impulses are either electrically or chemically transmitted to other neurons or various target cells (e.g., muscle). Others secrete hormones.
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Glial cells – the supporting cells of nervous tissue.
Nerves – collections of neuronal processes bound together by connective tissue. Axons may be coated by a myelin sheath (“myelinated”) or simply protected by being cradled in an indentation of a glial cell (“unmyelinated”).
Nervous Tissue
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Distribution: • Comprise the central nervous
system• Individual peripheral nerves
are found throughout the body • Individual neurons and
clusters of neurons (called ganglia) are found in most organs
Nervous Tissue
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Gunther von Hagens’Body Worlds
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EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
Epithelium
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EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
Epithelium
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EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
Connective tissue
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EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
Muscular tissue
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EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
NERVOUS TISSUE
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EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE
Where are these basic tissues located?
NERVOUS TISSUE
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Conclusions
1. Preview cells and cellular ultrastructure
2. Preview tissues and organs
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Medical school histologyIntroduction to Cells, Tissues,
and Microscopy Part II
Larry Johnson VIBS 443 and VIBS 602
Texas A & M University
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OBJECTIVES
1. Preview cellular ultrastructure2. Preview cells, tissues, and organs 3. Overview of light and electron
microscopy4. Preparation of specimens – types of
visions5. Section orientation
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Magnification vs. Resolution
1. magnification - increase in image size
2. resolution - smallest distance between two points that can be seen (distinguished)
Calculated by:
0.61 (wavelength) / numerical aperture
0.25 um for light microscope
0.1 nm for electron microscope
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Sample Preparation1. Fixation
2. EmbeddingA. Paraffin
B. Plastic
3. SectioningA. 0.5 um for Light Microscopy
B. 60-80 nm for Electron Microscopy
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Staining1. Light Microscopy
A. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
B. Periodic Acid/Shiff (PAS)
C. Toluidine Blue
2. Electron Microscopy
(TEM)A. Osmium
B. Lead Citrate
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Staining1. Light Microscopy
A. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
B. Periodic Acid/Shiff (PAS)
C. Toluidine Blue
Color provides clues
ShapeSizeIntensity of staining
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1. Light MicroscopyA. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)
B. Periodic Acid/Shiff (PAS)
C. Toluidine Blue
2. Electron Microscopy
(TEM)A. Osmium
B. Lead Citrate
Staining
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Fundic stomach (H&E)145
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Fundic stomach, monkey (PAS)243
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Surface mucus cells of Fundic stomach, rabbit (toluidine blue)
244
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Eosin (H&E) of retina
Toluidine Blue
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19709 Transparency of unstained tissue
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Phase Contrast
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Bright Field
Phase Contrast
Nomarksi“differential interference
contrast”
Dark Field
Dead stained cells
Live unstained cells
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Other Light and Electron Microscope Procedures
• Immunofluorescence• Autoradiography• In Situ Hybridization (ISH)• Freeze Fracture
– (Membrane Analysis)
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AUTORADIOGRAPHYself radioactive
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Photomicrograph of a section of human epithelial tumor (condyloma) in which in situ hybridization with the DNA of the human papilloma virus type II (HPVII) was performed. Observe dark staining of several nuclei, indicating the presence of the genome of this virus in the tumor, suggesting its possible participation in the genesis of the tumor.
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2. A strengthening film of carbon evaporated from above.
1. Heavy metal evaporated from a filament “shadows” the specimen.
3. The replica is floated onto the surface of a powerful solvent to dissolve away the specimen.
4. The replica is washed and picked up on a copper grid for examination.
Carbon Replica
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Typical TEM
Carbon replica TEM
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Nerve axons
Section orientation
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Section Orientation
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Section Orientation
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