Medical Terminology: Medical Terminology:
A Short CourseA Short Course
55thth edition editionDavi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Urinary Urinary SystemSystem
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Name the organs of the urinary system Name the organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions.and describe their locations and functions.
Give the meaning of various pathological Give the meaning of various pathological conditions affecting the urinary system.conditions affecting the urinary system.
Recognize the uses and interpretation of Recognize the uses and interpretation of urinalysis as a diagnostic test.urinalysis as a diagnostic test.
Define combining forms, prefixes, and Define combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the urinary system’s suffixes of the urinary system’s terminology.terminology.
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Learning Objectives Learning Objectives (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
List and explain some clinical List and explain some clinical procedures, laboratory tests, and procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system. urinary system.
Apply your new knowledge to Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.medical reports and records.
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IntroductionIntroduction
Nitrogenous wastesNitrogenous wastes urea urea creatinine creatinine uric aciduric acid
Kidneys Kidneys Filter nitrogenous wastes to form Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urineurine Maintain proper balance ofMaintain proper balance of
WaterWater EletrolytesEletrolytes Acids Acids
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Introduction Introduction (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Kidneys also secrete:Kidneys also secrete:
Hormones Hormones Renin:Renin: enzymatic hormone important enzymatic hormone important
in adjusting blood pressurein adjusting blood pressure
Erythropoietin:Erythropoietin: hormone that hormone that stimulates the red blood cell stimulates the red blood cell production in bone marrowproduction in bone marrow
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Anatomy of the Major Anatomy of the Major OrgansOrgans
Organs of the Organs of the Urinary Urinary System in a System in a Male Male
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Female Female
Urinary SystemUrinary System
Anatomy of the Major Anatomy of the Major Organs Organs (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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How Kidneys Produce How Kidneys Produce UrineUrine
Blood enters kidneys Blood enters kidneys through right and through right and left left renal arteriesrenal arteries
ArteriolesArterioles carry carry blood to blood to capillariescapillaries
GlomeruliGlomeruli filter filter bloodblood
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How Kidneys Produce How Kidneys Produce Urine Urine (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Glomerulus and Glomerulus and Bowman CapsuleBowman Capsule
Blood passes through Blood passes through glomeruliglomeruli
Bowman capsule Bowman capsule surrounds each surrounds each glomerulusglomerulus
Renal tubule is Renal tubule is attached to each attached to each Bowman capsuleBowman capsule
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How Kidneys Produce How Kidneys Produce UrineUrine (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Three steps in Three steps in the formation the formation of urineof urine
1.1. Glomerular Glomerular filtrationfiltration
2.2. Tubular Tubular reabsorptionreabsorption
3.3. Tubular secretionTubular secretion
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How Kidneys Produce How Kidneys Produce UrineUrine (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Glomerulus and Glomerulus and
a renal tubule a renal tubule combine to form a combine to form a unit called a unit called a nephronnephron..
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How Kidneys Produce How Kidneys Produce Urine Urine (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
All collecting tubules All collecting tubules lead to thelead to the renal pelvis renal pelvis
Calyces or calices Calyces or calices are are small, cup-like regions small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvisof the renal pelvis
Illustration shows section of kidneyIllustration shows section of kidney
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How Kidneys Produce How Kidneys Produce Urine Urine (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Process of forming Process of forming and expelling and expelling urineurine
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renal pelvisrenal pelvis
renal tubulerenal tubule
renal veinrenal vein
Central collection region in Central collection region in the kidneythe kidney
Microscopic tube in the Microscopic tube in the kidney in which urine is kidney in which urine is formed after filtration.formed after filtration.
Blood vessel that carries Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.and toward the heart.
VocabularyVocabulary
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ureaurea
ureterureter
urethraurethra
Major nitrogenous waste Major nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine.product excreted in urine.
Tube leading from each Tube leading from each kidney to the urinary kidney to the urinary bladder.bladder.
Tube leading from the Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.outside of the body.
VocabularyVocabulary
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uric aciduric acid
urinary urinary bladderbladder
urinationurination
voiding voiding
A nitrogenous waste product A nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine.excreted in the urine.
Hollow muscular sac that Hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine.holds and stores urine.
Process of expelling urine.Process of expelling urine.
Emptying of urine from the Emptying of urine from the urinary bladder; urination or urinary bladder; urination or micturition.micturition.
VocabularyVocabulary
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cyst/ocyst/o urinary bladderurinary bladder
vesci/ovesci/o urinary bladderurinary bladder
nephr/onephr/o kidneykidney
ren/oren/o kidneykidney
pyel/opyel/o renal pelvisrenal pelvis
ureter/oureter/o ureterureter
urethr/ourethr/o urethra urethra
TerminologyTerminologyCombining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
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CystoscopyCystoscopy Visual examination of Visual examination of the the urinary bladderurinary bladder
IntravesicalIntravesical Pertaining to within the Pertaining to within the urinary bladderurinary bladder
NephritisNephritis Inflammation of the kidneysInflammation of the kidneys RenalRenal Pertaining to the kidneysPertaining to the kidneys PyelogramPyelogram Record of the renal pelvis Record of the renal pelvis
after after injection of contrastinjection of contrast UreterectomyUreterectomy Removal(Excision) of the Removal(Excision) of the
ureterureter UrethritisUrethritis Inflammation of the urethraInflammation of the urethra
TerminologyTerminology Meaning Meaning
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Urinalysis – p. 126 Urinalysis – p. 126 A A urinalysisurinalysis (urine+ analysis) is a (urine+ analysis) is a separation of urine to determine its contents. separation of urine to determine its contents. The following chart shows typical urinalysis The following chart shows typical urinalysis findings:findings:
TestsTests NormalNormal AbnormalAbnormal
1.1. ColorColor light yellowlight yellow red (hematuria)red (hematuria)
2.2. AppearanceAppearance clearclear cloudy (infection)cloudy (infection)
3.3. pHpH slightly acidicslightly acidic alkaline (infections)alkaline (infections)
4.4. ProteinProtein very slightvery slight proteinuria reanal proteinuria reanal
diseasedisease
5.5. SugarSugar nonenone glycosuriaglycosuria
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Pathologic ConditionsPathologic Conditions (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
KidneyKidney Albuminuria Albuminuria AnuriaAnuria DysuriaDysuria GlycosuriaGlycosuria HematuriaHematuria NephrolithiasisNephrolithiasis Renal FailureRenal Failure UremiaUremia
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Other Pathologic Other Pathologic ConditionsConditions
PKD--The kidneys contain masses PKD--The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically polycystic of cysts. Typically polycystic kidneys weight 20 times more kidneys weight 20 times more than their usual weight.than their usual weight.
•Renal Renal HypertensionHypertension
•Wilms tumorWilms tumor
•Polycystic Polycystic kidneykidney disease disease (PKD)(PKD)
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Pathologic Conditions- Pathologic Conditions- (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
KidneyKidney Renal cellRenal cell
carcinomacarcinoma
(hypernephroma) (hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor Cancerous tumor
of the kidney of the kidney
in adulthood. in adulthood.
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Other Pathologic Other Pathologic Conditions Conditions (cont’d.)(cont’d.)
Urinary bladderUrinary bladder Bladder cancerBladder cancer
Associated conditions Associated conditions Diabetes insipidusDiabetes insipidus Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus
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Laboratory Tests and Laboratory Tests and Clinical ProceduresClinical Procedures
Laboratory testsLaboratory tests Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) CystoscopyCystoscopy Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB) Retrograde Pyelogram (RP)Retrograde Pyelogram (RP) UrographyUrography
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Laboratory Tests – Laboratory Tests – (cont.)(cont.)
VoidingVoiding Cystourethrogram Cystourethrogram (VCUG)(VCUG) showing a normal female urethra. The showing a normal female urethra. The bladder is filled with contrast material, bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by x-ray imaging.- followed by x-ray imaging.- p.280p.280
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Laboratory Tests and Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures Clinical Procedures
(cont’d.)(cont’d.)CLINICAL PROCEDURES CLINICAL PROCEDURES
X-Ray StudiesX-Ray Studies
CT scanCT scan
kidneys, ureters, & bladder (KUB)kidneys, ureters, & bladder (KUB)
renal angiographyrenal angiography
retrograde pyelogram (RP)retrograde pyelogram (RP)
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
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CT-Computed TomographyCT-Computed Tomography
The scan with contrast shows a The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on the kidney. benign cyst on the kidney.
Laboratory Tests and Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures Clinical Procedures
(cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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CLINICAL PROCEDURESCLINICAL PROCEDURES
Ultrasound ExaminationUltrasound Examination ultrasonography:ultrasonography: imaging imaging
urinary tract structures using urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waveshigh frequency sound waves
Radioactive StudiesRadioactive Studies radioisotope scan: radioisotope scan: image of image of
kidney after injecting a kidney after injecting a radioisotope (that concentrates in radioisotope (that concentrates in the kidney) into the bloodstreamthe kidney) into the bloodstream
Laboratory Tests and Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures Clinical Procedures
(cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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CLINICAL PROCEDURESCLINICAL PROCEDURES
Magnetic imagingMagnetic imaging magnetic resonance imaging magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI): (MRI): using magnetic field and using magnetic field and radio waves to produce images in all radio waves to produce images in all three planes of the bodythree planes of the body
Laboratory Tests and Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures Clinical Procedures
(cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Other Clinical ProceduresOther Clinical Procedures Cystoscopy – p.7Cystoscopy – p.7 dialysis (hemodialysis and dialysis (hemodialysis and
peritoneal)- p.95,96peritoneal)- p.95,96 lithotripsy – p. 180 Case 4 Urologylithotripsy – p. 180 Case 4 Urology renal angioplastyrenal angioplasty renal biopsyrenal biopsy renal transplantationrenal transplantation urinary catheterizationurinary catheterization
Laboratory Tests and Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures Clinical Procedures
(cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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CytoscopyCytoscopy—direct visual examination of —direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope – urinary bladder with an endoscope – p. 7p. 7
Laboratory Tests and Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures Clinical Procedures
(cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Hemodialysis (HD): Hemodialysis (HD): Waste materials (urea, Waste materials (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) are separated from creatinine, and uric acid) are separated from the blood my a machine. – the blood my a machine. – p. 95, 119, 280p. 95, 119, 280
Laboratory Tests and Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures Clinical Procedures
(cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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Continuous Continuous ambulatory ambulatory peritoneal peritoneal dialysis dialysis (CAPD) – p.96(CAPD) – p.96
Laboratory Tests and Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures Clinical Procedures
(cont’d.)(cont’d.)
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ARFARF BUN BUN CAPDCAPD CKDCKD CRFCRF HDHD KUBKUB RPRP UAUA UTIUTI
What are these useful What are these useful abbreviations?abbreviations?
(p. 280)(p. 280)
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REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET cyst/ocyst/o ________________________
vesic/ovesic/o ________________________
nephr/onephr/o ________________________
ren/oren/o ________________________
pyel/opyel/o ________________________
ureter/oureter/o ________________________
urethrourethro ________________________