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Commonly Used Roots, Prefix and
Suffix
By Madarina JuliaE. Suryadi
Medical Terminology
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Basic Word Structure
PANCYTOPENIA
PREFIX WORDROOT
COMBINING VOWEL
SUFFIX
COMBINING FORM
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TissueTissues may have different terms in normal and diseased states
NORMAL: LATIN WORD
DISEASED/ ABNORMAL: GREEK WORD
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normal and abnormalTESTIS
UTERUSVAGINA
OVARIUMTUBA
NASUSORIS
HEPAR
orch/ometr/ocolp/o
oophor/osalphynx
rhin/ostomat/
onephepat/o
orchitisendometriti
scolpitis
vaginitisOophoritissalphyngiti
srhinitis
Stomatitishepatitis
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normal and abnormal
RENCOR
PULMO
CORNEAAURIS
CEREBRUM
nephr/ocardi/o
pneum/o
kerat/oot/o
encephal/o
nephritiscarditis
pneumonitis
pneumoniakeratitis
otitisencephaliti
s
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Tissue
ADIPOSE TISSUEFascia adiposaLIP/O : FAT– Lipolysis– Lipogenesis– Lipodystrophy– lipoma
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Tissue
OSSEUS/OSOs femur, os radius, os pallatum, medulla osseumOSTE/O - : BONE– Osteogenesis
imperfecta– Osteoblast– Osteomyelitis
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Tissue
NERVUSNernus ischiadicus, n. axillarisNEUR/O : NERVE– neuralgia– neuropathy– neuritis
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Tissue
MUSCULUSMusculus pectoralis major, m. rectus abdominisMY/OMYS/O: MUSCLE– myopathy– myositis– Myoglobin– Myofibra– Myocardium– Myometrium
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Tissue
CARTILAGOCartilago thyreoidea, cartilago septi nasiCHONDR/O : CARTILAGE– chondrodysplasia– Achondroplasia– Osteogenesis enchondralis– Chondrogenesis
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Tissue
CUTISCUTANE/0
Intracutane, subcutaneDERMISDERMAT/O : SKIN– dermatitis– leukoderma– epidermis– dermatology
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Tissue
VASAVASCUL/O
vascularisation, avascular ANGI/O : BLOOD VESSEL– angiopathy/ vasculopathy– angiography– Angiogram– angioma– Vasculitis
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Tissue
SANGUIS; SANGUINISHEM/O =HAIMAEMHEMAT/O: BLOOD– hematology– hematopoiesis– anemia– cholesterolemia– hemoglobin
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Color= chrom
LEUK/O : ALBUS : WHITEALBINO, CORPUS ALBICANLINEA ALBALEUKOCYTE LEUKOCYTURIALEUKOCYTOSISLEUKEMIALEUKODERMALEUKODYSTROPHYLEUKOPLAKIALEUKORRHEAFLUOR ALBUS
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Color = chrom
MELAN/O : FUSCUS : BLACK MELANOCYTEMELANOBLASTMELANOMAMELANURIAMELANINMELENA
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ColorERYTHR/O : RUBRO :
RED CORPUS RUBRUM NUCLEUS RUBER
ERYTHROBLASTERYTHROCYTE ERYTHROCLASTERYTHEMATOUSERYSIPELASERYTHREMIAERYTHRODERMA
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Color
CYAN/O: BLUE
CYANOTICCYANOSISCYANOPHILCYANOPSIACYANOLABE
glaucos : bluish green Griseus : bluish grey
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ColorCHLOR/O:CHLOASMA :
GREEN
CHLOROMACHLOROPHYLCHLOROPSIACHLOROLABE
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COLOR
GRISEUS = POLIOS = PHAIOS =GREY
Substantia grisea Poliomyelitis
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Color
XANTH/O: FLAVUS: LUTEUS: YELLOW
CORPUS LUTEUMXANTHOCHROMICXANTHOCHROMIAXANTHELASMAXANTHOMAXANTHOPSIA
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Body activities
Audio = acouo = to hear Opsia = opia = blepo = to seePhagien = to eatDipsa = to drinkPhrasis = to speechLaleo = to talkGradior = to walkHalo = pneu = to breatheOureo = to urinateErgo = to workSedeo =sella = to sit
Osme = bromo =to smellMnena = memoryPalpo = to touchKineo= moveo = to moveGustatus = geuma = to tasteHypnos = somnus = sopor= to sleepGlutio = to swallow Defaecatio= chezo = to defaecate
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Qualitative Measurement
Major= magnus = mega = greatMinor = parvus = smallBreve = short
Longus = longDurum = hard
Mollis = softBradys = tardus = slowTachys = celer = fastPoly = multi = manyOligos = few = rareAsthenia = weak
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prefix – Location
end/o – ento - enesointra
ect/o
exo
ec
retr/o
par/a
peri
supra/super /ultra
epiextra
infra/ sub
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prefix – Location
mes/o
Circum/peri
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Ante = beforeMeta = behindTrans = beyond, to the other sideInter = between, amongDia = complete = through Per = through, overAna = upon, upwardsCata = downward
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prefix – Locationexamples:
ectopic pregnancyectoderm, mesoderm, endodermencephalitisendometrium vs. parametriumendotoxin vs. exotoxinPeriosteum, pericardiumCircumoral, circumductioretroperitonealsuprarenal, etc.
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A/AN
NULLI
prefix - number
ANEMIAAPLASTIC ANEMIAANALGESIANULLIPARA
WITHOUT
LACKING
DEFICIENT
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HEMIPARESISHEMIPLEGIAHEMIHYPERTROPHYSEMICOMATOSE
prefix - number
½ hemi
semi
HALF
PARTIAL
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prefix - number
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODYMONOPARESISMONONUCLEAR CELLSUNICELLULARUNILATERAL
uni - mono
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prefix - number
PRIMIPARA, PRIMIPAROUSPRIMIGRAVIDAPRIMITIVE PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS
1st
primi
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BI - DI(PLO)
prefix - number
BICUSPID VALVEBICEPSBIFURCATIODIPLOCOCCUSDIPLOID
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prefix - number
•MULTI – MANY : MULTIPARA, MULTINUCLEAR
GIANT CELLS, MULTIGRAVIDA
•3 - TRI : TRICUSPIDALIS, TRI IN DIE
•4 - TETRA : TETRAPARESES, TETRAPLEGIA
•5 - PENTA : PENTAMER
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negative sense
ANTI (ANT): CONTRA =AGAINST, OPPOSED
• ANTIBIOTIC
• ANTIHISTAMINE
• ANTITOXIN
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MAL = BAD Malnutrition, malaria
A, AN = ABSENCE OF SOMETHING, DEFICIENT Anaerobe, anemia,
anhidrosis
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negative sense
dys : difficult, painful, abnormal
DYSMENORRHEA
DYSPEPSIA
DYSTROPHY
(DUCHENNE MUSCULODYSTROPHY)
DYSURIA
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hyper and hypo
hyper : beyond normal, excessive, over hypo: under, deficient, below normal
HYPOGLYCEMIAHYPOTHYROIDISM
HYPOTENSIHYPODERMIC
HYPERGLYCEMIAHYPERTHYROIDIS
MHYPERTENSI
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tachy and brady
tachy: rapid, fast brady: slow
tachycardiatachypnea
bradycardiabradypnea
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suffix – noun
dyspnea, rhinorrheaanemia, osteomalaciahypertrophyectasiaarteriosclerosis
a, ia, y, sia, sis, asia, asis, esis, ema, ism, us:
state, condition
• nephrolithiasis• erythema• hyperchromasi
a• diuresis• synergism• hydrocephalus
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suffix – noun
itis inflammation
oma,ma
tumor, disease
oophoritis fibroadenomaendometritis adenocarcinomacolitis ulcerosa gliomahepatitis edemacarditis lymphoma
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SuffixNOUN - ADJECTIVE
NOUN ADJECTIVEcyanosisanemianervus
sclerosisstenosisparalysis
cyanoticanemicnervousscleroticstenoticparalytic
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SUFFIXES
-ALGIA = PAIN-CELE = HERNIA-CENTESIS = SURGICAL PUNCTURE TO REMOTE
A FLUID-PENIA = DECREASE-DYNIA = PAIN-LYSIS = DESTRUCTION = BREAKDOWN-MALACIA = SOFTENING-OPSY = TO VIEW-POIESIS = FORMATION-PLASIA = DEVELOPMENT
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SUFFIXES
-OSIS = ABNORMAL CONDITION-PATHY = DISEASE-PEXY = FIXATION-STASIS = STOPPING. CONTROLING-SCOPE = INSTRUMENT FOR
EXAMINATION -PTOSIS = DROPPING
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Further Readings
Chabner DE. The Language of Medicine. W.B. Saunders Company, 1981Dunmore CW, Fleischer RM. Medical Terminology. Exercises in Etymology, 2nd ed. F.A Davis Company, 1985Dennerll JT. Medical Terminology. A Programmed Text, 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988