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Rahul weds
Kavita
A happy start….
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Kavita is
Pregnant
Look at her face- She is happy…..
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Waiting for the right time
Both are happy….
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On the most awaited day
Something's not fine with them…
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BEHIND THE
SCENES
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Rahul weds
Kavita
A happy start….
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Kavita is
Pregnant(Was it a concealed
pregnancy; it must be a boy)
Look at her face- She is happy…..(It is a boy)
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Waiting for the right time
(Is it a feigned pregnancy;It is definitely a boy)
Both are happy….
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On the most awaited day
Something's not fine with them…
A girl was born; it was not his child
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Medicolegal aspects of Pregnancy, Delivery
and AbortionMedical Termination of Pregnancy
ActPre-Conception & Pre-NatalDiagnostic Techniques Act
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Let’s get terms cleared…
Pregnancy – Pregnancy is a physiological condition of having a developing embryo or fetus in the body, from the
time of fertilization of an ovum by the sperm until the birth of the child
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Let’s get terms cleared…
Delivery- Delivery is defined as complete
evacuation of a fetus (that has attained viability) and
other products of conception from within the uterus and genital passage
into the external environment
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Let’s get terms cleared…
Abortion- Abortion is defined as the premature expulsion of products of conception from the uterus, at any time before the complete period of gestation
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Medicolegal Aspects
PREGNANCY
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Civil casesO Malicious persons
may allege either verbally or in writing, that an unmarried woman or widow is pregnant, in which case she would definitely vindicate herself
OMG! That
widow is pregnan
t
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Civil casesO Concealed
pregnancy before marriage by a person other than lawfully wedded spouse constitutes a valid ground for divorce
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Civil casesO Duration of
pregnancy assumes importance when legitimacy of a posthumous child is questioned
She’s pregnant? ??Her husband died a year ago
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Criminal cases
O Pregnancy is positive proof of sexual intercourse in a trial for rape
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Criminal casesO Pregnancy may be
a motive for the suicide of a married or unmarried woman, or for the murder of a married woman by her husband, when it is result of an explicit relationship
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Civil-Criminal casesO Woman may feign
pregnancy, termed pseudocyesis in order toO Avoid capital
punishment (Sec.416 Cr.P.C)
O Compel a person to marriage
O Secure more maintenance in case of divorce
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Civil-Criminal casesO Superfetation –
Where 2 or more pregnancies result from the fertilisation of 2 or more ova of different ovulatory periods
O Superfecundation – 2 or more ova of the same ovulatory period are fertilised by separate acts of sexual intercourse with same person or 2 different persons
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Medicolegal Aspects
DELIVERY
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Civil cases
O Feigned delivery- O Claiming
property of deceased husband
O Child is called suppositious child
Wish I could speak, I don’t think she’s mommy
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Civil casesO Affiliation cases
O Woman claimsO Child’s father is
not her lawfully wedded husband or
O Husband who subsequently divorced her
O Thus, he must adopt the child as his own
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Civil casesO Contested
legitimacy of child- When as a part of evidence that child was born of a particular woman and her husband
We’ll prove that baby
is ours
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Criminal casesO Question of delivery assumes
importance in trials forO Abortion and infanticideO Concealment of a child begotten out of an
explicit relationshipO Affiliation case proceeding to blackmail
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Medicolegal Aspects of Abortion
MTP Act and PCPNDT Act
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Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act
1971 (Amended 1975 and 2002)
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Introduction
Passed to liberalize abortions in India
Decided upon the idea of saving the lives of millions of women, who would otherwise resort to criminal abortion out of desperation
Legalizes abortion services
De-criminalizes the abortion seeker
Offers protection to medical practitioners who otherwise would be penalized under the Indian Penal Code (sections 315-316)
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Legal framework
MTP
Act
• lays down when & where pregnancies can be terminated
• Grants the central govt. power to make rules and the state govt. power to frame regulations
MTP
Rules
• lays down who can terminate the pregnancy, training requirements, approval process for place, etc.
MTP
Regulations
• lays down forms for opinion, maintenance of records
• custody of forms and reporting of cases
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When can pregnancies be terminated?
Up to 20 weeks gestation
With the consent of the women. If the women is below 18 years or is mentally ill, then with consent of a guardianWith the opinion of a registered medical practitioner, formed in good faith, under certain circumstances
Opinion of two RMPs required for termination of pregnancy between 12 and 20 weeks
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MTP rules: Who can perform?
A medical practitioner (RMP) O who has a recognized medical qualification
as defined in clause (h) of section 2 of Indian Medical Council Act, 1956
O Whose name has been entered in a State Medical Register and
O Who has such experience or training in Gynecology and Obstetrics as prescribed by Rules made under the Act
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MTP rules: training requirement - 1
For termination up to 12 weeks:
O A practitioner who has assisted a registered
medical practitioner in performing 25 cases of
MTP of which at least 5 were performed
independently in a hospital established or
maintained or a training institute approved for
this purpose by the Government
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MTP rules: training requirement - 2
For termination up to 20 weeksO A practitioner who holds a post-graduate degree
or diploma in Obstetrics and GynecologyO A practitioner who has completed six months
house job in Obstetrics and GynecologyO A practitioner who has at least one-year
experience in practice of Obstetrics and Gynecology at a hospital which has all facilities
O A practitioner registered in state medical register immediately before commencement of the Act, experience in practice of Obstetrics and Gynecology for a period not less than three years.
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MTP Act: Indications
Continuation of pregnancy constitutes risk to the life or grave injury to the physical or mental health of womanSubstantial risk of physical or mental abnormalities in the fetus as to render it seriously handicapped
Pregnancy caused by rape (presumed grave injury to mental health)
Contraceptive failure in married couple (presumed grave injury to mental health)
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MTP Act: Place for conducting MTP
A hospital established or maintained by Government
• OR
A place approved for the purpose of this Act by a District-level Committee constituted by the government with the CMHO as Chairperson
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MTP Act amendment 2002
Decentralizes site registration to a 3-5 member district level committee chaired by the CMO/DHO
Approval of sites that can perform MTPs under the act can now be done at the district level
Stricter penalties for MTPs being done in a un-approved site or by a persons not permitted by the act
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Common Methods of terminating pregnancy under MTP Act
Dilatation and curettege
Dilatation followed by oxytocin infusion
Vacuum aspiration technique
Intraembryonic instillation of prostaglandins
Extraembryonic instillation on hypertonic saline
With drugs: Mifepristone (RU486), and Misoprostol (early pregnancy)
Hysterotomy (after 12-14 weeks)
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Common methods of Terminating pregnancy
VAT
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Common methods of Terminating pregnancy
D-C
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MTP RegulationsO MTP Regulations, 2003 consists of all
the regulations:O Forms to be required for making
opinion, admission register and reporting of MTPs
O Custody of formsO Prevention of disclosure of
information
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Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition
of Sex Selection) Act1994, 1996 rules, 2003 amendment
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What was the need for such an Act?
O The Supreme Court, taking a serious view of the onslaught of sex-selective discriminatory practices by the medical fraternity, and the connection it may have with the use of pre-natal sex determination, directed the Centre to implement the PC & PNDT Act in all its aspects. The order came following a public interest petition filed by the centre for the Enquiry of Health and Allied Themes (CEHAT), the Mahila Sarvangeen Utkarsh Mandal (MASUM) and Dr. Sabu George, who had done extensive research in this area.
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Dismal picture
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PCPNDT Act, 2003 O To provide for the prohibition of sex selection,
before or after conception
O For regulation of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for the purposes of detecting abnormalities or metabolic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or certain congenital malformations or sex-linked disorders
O The prevention of their misuse for sex determination leading to female foeticide and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto
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Salient FeaturesO Use of PNDT only allowed on
medical grounds & not for determination of sex
O PNDT can be conducted only by clinics registered under the Act
O No person conducting prenatal diagnostic procedure shall communicate to pregnant women or her relatives, the sex of the fetus by words or signs or any other method
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Salient FeaturesO Clinics involved in advertisement
(conducting sex determination) are liable for punishment
O Declaration on each report that he/she has neither detected nor disclosed the sex of foetus to pregnant woman or to any body
O Offence under PNDT are cognizable, non-bailable and non compoundable
O Clients and their relatives asking for sex determination are also punishable
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Who is Appropriate Authority under the Act?
O State Level: Additional Director (Family Welfare)
O District Level: Civil Surgeon/Medical Officer of Health
O Taluka Level: Medical Superintendent
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Who can make the complaint?
O The Appropriate Authority concerned
O Any officer authorized in this behalf by the Central Government or State Government or the Appropriate Authority
O A person who has given notice of at least 15 days to the Appropriate Authority of the alleged offence and of his intention to make a complaint in the court i.e. if the Appropriate Authority fails to take action on the complaint made by a person, on the lapse of 15 days, that person can directly approach the court
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Common Arguments
It is choice of individual clients, what is wrong if couple choose to have a son?Response: Strong desire to have a son, puts
tremendous psychological pressure on women. Obsession for boys can lead to domestic violence, with women bearing the brunt for her inability to produce a male child. This can also lead to desertion and/or bigamy.
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Common Arguments
By Sex selection and elimination of Girls, I would only be increasing their value and position in society?Response: With declining sex ratio, practices like polyandry, selling of brides, violence against women, denial of their basic rights, trafficking of girls, will increase.
Declining Sex Ratio in other states have not led to women’s empowerment, on the other hand, instances of violence and crime against women are steadily increasing.
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Common Arguments
Only couples with two or more daughters go for sex selection, therefore it does not affect overall sex ratio?
Response: This is misleading. Had this been true, sex ratio of girls would not have gone down drastically.
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Common Arguments
It is more humane to eliminate a female foetus rather than subjugate her to life of discrimination?
Response: By this logic, it would be justifiable to eliminate poor & handicapped people. The girl child is not a problem, the practice of sex selection is a problem.
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Common Arguments
As a medical professional, I am not duty bound to talk on social issues?
Response: Are we not part of society, and are affected by good or bad practices of society?
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HOW CAN YOU IMPACT SEX SELECTION?
Be vigilant towards misuse of technology and morally pressurize doctors indulging in Sex selection
Take initiatives to break silence around this issue
Stop sympathizing with perpetrators Counsel vulnerable couples & link with local
NGO for community support
Value and celebrate the girl child’s life in your family and community
Advocate to promote positive image of girl child
Strictly Abide by the PCPNDT Act
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All the text is taken from Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by V.V Pillay; http://pndt.gov.in; http://dit.mp.gov.inAll images are from google images and edited in paint or powerpoint itself