Download - Medieval Europe: Moving Towards Renaissance
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Medieval Europe: Moving Towards
Renaissance
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Medieval Universities• By the 1100s, schools had
arisen around the great cathedrals to train clergy
• Quickly became a status symbol for European cities
• Women were not allowed to attend university
• Knowledge of classical Greece, which had been preserved by Muslim scholars, returned to Europe during Crusades
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University Life• 6 days a week• 5 AM: attend prayers• 5 – 10 AM: attend classes• lessons were in Latin, students sat
for hours on hard wooden benches, expected to memorize what they heard, students paid teacher for each class
• 10 AM: first meal of day• 11 AM – 5 PM: attend classes• 5 PM: last meal of day• after dinner, studied until bed• all exams were oral
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A Medieval Classroom
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St. Thomas Aquinas• Aquinas used logic and
reason to defend Christian teachings – united Christian faith with Greek philosophy to argue that God rules over an orderly universe and that the laws of nature prove intelligent design
• Marks the return of logic and reason to European thinking and a move away from emotional superstition
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Science and Math• Little truly “European”
development, but returning Crusaders brought back:– Arabic numbers which
replaced outdated Roman numerals
– Scientific knowledge of the classical Greeks + the scientific achievements of Islamic scholars (like algebra)
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Medieval Literature• Heroic epics– France’s Song of Roland– Spain’s Cantar de Mio
Cid• Dante’s Divine Comedy,
including its most famous book, The Inferno (from Italy)
• Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (from England)
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Gothic Cathedrals• Massive churches which
major cities constructed as a sign of their wealth
• Defining features:– flying buttresses (to carry
weight of stone)– stained glass windows, bas
relief door panels (to illustrate Bible stories for the illiterate)
– built in the shape of a cross– gargoyles (scared away evil
spirits, helped with water drainage from roof)
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Notre Dame Cathedral
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The Black Death• Plague began in China, killing
35 million there• Plague spread across Asia,
carried by fleas on Mongol caravans, killing millions more at a rate of about 7000 per day
• Rats carrying plague arrived in Italy via merchant ships in 1347
• By 1348, plague had spread from Italy to Spain and France; over the next few years it reached all corners of Europe
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Plague & The Silk Roads
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Consequences of Plague• Caused a collapse of social
systems– many lost faith in the Church– many blamed the Jews,
deepening religious persecution
– many abandoned their families to flee plague
– too many workers died, damaging the economy
• As many as 50% of Europeans may have died
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A Weakened Church• Papal seat had been moved
to Avignon, France• The French popes were
largely corrupt and favored French interests
• Angered, some bishops elected a new pope in Rome in 1378; until 1417 there were two popes, each claiming authority over the Catholic Church
• Eventually the Papal seat returned to Rome, but power of the pope had been badly damaged by the infighting
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The Hundred Years War• 1337-1453 (really, that’s
116 years)• Fought mainly between
England and France in French territory
• First European war to see the use of guns and cannons thanks to introduction of Chinese gunpowder
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Joan of Arc• In 1429, 17 year old Joan of Arc (a
girl) convinced King Charles VII of France that God had sent her a vision telling her to lead his army to victory
• She led French to numerous victories for the next year, but then was captured by the English and burned at the stake for witchcraft
• The angry French considered Joan a martyr (someone who dies for their beliefs) and rallied to drive the English out of France
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Consequences of War• Temporarily broke English
power and allowed France to dominate Europe
• Cannons made knights and castles obsolete because they could not stand up to them
• Since knights no longer afforded protection to the serfs from cannons, the feudal system in Europe began to fail