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DATABASESYSTEMMELJUN CORTES
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We Are Learning TodayTo recognize what a database is and identifywhere one might be used in and out of school.
To reconize the meaning ofkey database termssuch as Table, Record, Field, Form, Report andQuery.To understand what querying a database is.Understanding Basic Database concepts
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DATA ORGANIZATIONCHARACTER is the basic building block of DATA which
consist of upper & lower case letter numeric
digit (0, 1, 2, etc.) or special character (-, +, -).
CHARACTER are put together to form a FACT.FACT are called Field, Item, Word, or String of Character.FACT a number, a name, or a combination of Character.
RECORDa collection of related FACTS.Example:1.) Employee Recordit is collection of FACT about one employee.
2.) It indicates name, address, phone #, pay rate, earning made to
date & so on.
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FILE
is a collection of related RECORD.Example:1.) A collection of all employee record for one company
would be an Employee File.
2.) Inventory Filecollection of all inventory record for
a particular company or organization.
DATA ORGANIZATION
Student ID# : 034456
Student Name : MELJUN CORTESCourse : BSCS 4
Birthday : October 2, 1975
Zodiac Sign : Libra
Student ID# : 034456Student Name : MELJUN CORTES
Course : BSCS 4
Birthday : October 2, 1975
Zodiac Sign : Libra
Student ID# : 034456Student Name : MELJUN CORTES
Course : BSCS 4
Birthday : October 2, 1975
Zodiac Sign : Libra
FILERECORD
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DATA ORGANIZATIONHIERARCHY OF DATA :
CHARACTER are combined to make a Fact.FACT are combined to make Record.RECORD are combined to make File.FILE are combined to make DataBase
DataBase
File
Record
Fact
Character
Note: The Heart of most Organization isDATA.DataBase is a collection of integrated & related master file.Note: A data base is used as the raw material or input data
for all of the application system perform by the
organization. MELJUN CORTES
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ATABASE SYSTEM
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Number Date Customer Amount
101 Oct 30, 2009 MELJUN CORTES 12,500
102 Dec. 12, 2009 PIOLO PASCAUL 78,452
103 Nov. 15,2009 MARTIN RIVERA 89,500
104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500
Each ROW is a RECORD.Each COLUMN is a FIELD.COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.
FIELD NAME
RECORDRECORDRECORDRECORD
TABLE
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EXAMPLE OF DATABASE STRUCTURE:Structure for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfNumber of Data Records : 268 recordsDate of last update : 10/26/1996Filename of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbfField Field Name Field Data Types Field Width Dec Index
1 AppNumber character 62 AppDate date 83 Name character 204 Address character 305 LoanAmount numeric 12 26 Rebate numeric 7 27 Interest numeric 7 28 Balance numeric 12 29 Penalty numeric 7 2
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DATA ORGANIZATIONDATA is a raw materials or input to anydata processing system.- is considered as INPUT DATA.- is manipulated to provide OUTPUT DATA.Example: Student Admission Form & Enrollment Form
Pay Slip of an employee
INFORMATION when this OUTPUT DATA can be
used to help people make economic
decision making.
DATA PROCESSING is that procedures of transforming
INPUT DATA into
desired OUTPUT DATA.MELJUN CORTES
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DATA ORGANIZATIONINFORMATION PROCESSING a special case ofdataprocessing is the
procedure of transforming data intoinformation whichcan be used to make better decision.
Data Processing System includes all people, procedures &
computer device used to produce
desirable output or meaningful
information.
Information Processing System includes all people,procedures, computerdevices used to procedure usefulthat can be used in decision makingMELJUN CORTES
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DATA ORGANIZATIONOverview of DATA Processing
Ex. Payroll System
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
Example:1.) Pay Rate2.) Hours Worked3.) PayrollDeduction
Example:
1.) Classifying
2.) Sorting
3.) Calculating
4.) Storing
5.) Summarizing
6.) Reproducing
Example:1.) Pay Slip2.) PayrollReport
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DATABASESYSTEMMELJUN CORTES
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DATABASE SYSTEMDatabase ConceptsData vs.Information
DBMSMELJUN CORTES
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DatabaseComputerized RecordKeeping SystemCollection of Data used by anorganization to
1. Record its Operations2. Support Decision Making
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DataRaw facts and figuresCan be of typeTextNumber
Sound, Image, Chart,VideoMELJUN CORTES
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InformationProcessed Data
Used for Decision Making
Data is alsoINFORMATION
Information createsDATA
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EXAMPLE OF DATABASE STRUCTURE:Structure for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfNumber of Data Records : 268 recordsDate of last update : 10/26/1996Filename of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbfField Field Name Field Data Types Field Width Dec Index
1 AppNumber character 62 AppDate date 83 Name character 204 Address character 305 LoanAmount numeric 12 26 Rebate numeric 7 27 Interest numeric 7 28 Balance numeric 12 29 Penalty numeric 7 2
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ATABASE SYSTEM
MELJUN CORTES
Number Date Customer Amount
101 Oct 30, 2009 MELJUN CORTES 12,500
102 Dec. 12, 2009 PIOLO PASCAUL 78,452
103 Nov. 15,2009 MARTIN RIVERA 89,500
104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500
Each ROW is a RECORD.Each COLUMN is a FIELD.COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.
FIELD NAME
RECORDRECORDRECORDRECORD
TABLE
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A DataBase Management System
(DBMS)often just called Database SoftwarInput Processing Output
Storing
Querying
Sorting
FORMS REPORTSSourcesDocumentsLike:Enrollment Forms
PrintedDocumentsLike:Assessment Forms
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Database TerminologyTerm MeaningDatabase
Table
Record
Field
Data Type
An organised collection (or Store) of data.A collection of related records, such
as all the pupil records in a class.
A collection of related fields, suchas a pupils record.An individual data item, such asFirstname or Date of Birth.Type of information in a field such astext, numeric, date and boolean (Yes/No)
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The Russian Doll Analogy
Fields insideof
A Database
Tablesinside ofRecordsinside of
Data insideof
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ATABASE SYSTEM
MELJUN CORTES
Number Date Customer Amount
101 Oct 30, 2009 MELJUN CORTES 12,500
102 Dec. 12, 2009 PIOLO PASCAUL 78,452
103 Nov. 15,2009 MARTIN RIVERA 89,500
104 Jan. 14,2010 SAM MELBY 10,500
Each ROW is a RECORD.Each COLUMN is a FIELD.COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.
FIELD NAME
RECORDRECORDRECORDRECORD
TABLE
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EXAMPLE OF DATABASE STRUCTURE:Structure for Database :C:\STLMASTER.dbfNumber of Data Records : 268 recordsDate of last update : 10/26/1996Filename of DATABASE FILE : STLMASTER.dbfField Field Name Field Data Types Field Width Dec Index
1 AppNumber character 62 AppDate date 83 Name character 204 Address character 305 LoanAmount numeric 12 26 Rebate numeric 7 27 Interest numeric 7 28 Balance numeric 12 29 Penalty numeric 7 2
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What is a DBMS?A collection of computer programs that allowstorage, modification, and extraction ofinformation from a database. There are manydifferent types of DBMS ranging from small
systems that run on personal computers tohuge systems that run on mainframes.
Examples--
Computerized library systems, automated
teller machines, flight reservation systems,
computerized parts inventory systems.
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IntroductionTo DBMSConcepts
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What is a DBMS?A collection of computer programs that allowstorage, modification, and extraction ofinformation from a database. There are manydifferent types of DBMS ranging from small
systems that run on personal computers tohuge systems that run on mainframes.
Examples--
Computerized library systems, automated
teller machines, flight reservation systems,
computerized parts inventory systems.
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Examples of DATABASE(1)Admission SystemExamination SystemLibrary SystemPayroll & PersonnelManagement SystemAccounting SystemHotel Reservation SystemAirline Reservation System
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Examples of DATABASE(2)Patient Recording SystemInventory SystemSales and Purchase and AccountingSystemEnrollment SystemKnowledge-Based Management SystemEvery Government, Military, Private andother organizations plus Individual canmake use of DB
DATABASE SYSTEM
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Data ManagementManual Filing SystemComputerized Filing SystemDatabase Systems
DATABASE SYSTEM
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Filing SystemEvery Department/Company has its ownData File(s)
Application to Maintain Data File(s)-- Computerized Data Maintenance System
DATABASE SYSTEM
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Library System - ExampleMembers
Catalog
Register
Members
Management
Application
Catalog
Management
Application
Transaction
Management
Application
Lists of All Members,
New Members,
Joins between
specified Dates. etc
Lists of All Books,
New Books,
Issued Books,
Lost Books,. etc
Books Issued Today,
Books Receipt Today,
etc
Files Applications Operations
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Database SystemSingle, Central, Large Repository
Shared ResourceHave Logical Connectionsamong data itemsDBA is responsible of its design,creation and maintenance
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Is a PERSON
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Members
Management
Application
Catalog
Management
Application
Transaction
Management
Application
Lists of All Members,
New Members,
Joins between
specified Dates. etc
Lists of All Books,
New Books,
Issued Books,
Lost Books,. etc
Books Issued Today,
Books Receipt Today,
etc
Members
Catalog
Register
DBMS
DATABASE SYSTEM
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Library System - Example
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DBMSSoftware Package that providesSupport to applications system-- Computerized DATA HandlingUser-interface for on-line queries
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Advantages of DBMS (1)Sharing of DataControl of Redundancy-(unnecessary wastage of disk space)
Data ConsistencyImprovement of Data StandardsImprovement of Data Integrity-(Intra-record, inter-record, referential)Balancing of Conflicts
Faster Development of New Applications
DATABASE SYSTEM
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Advantages of DBMS (2)Better Security
PasswordsEncryptionViews and Stored Procedures
Better Data Accessibility(query language- SQL programming)
Economy of ScaleTransaction handlingBetter backup and Recovery Procedures
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Disadvantages of DBMSHigher Costs of
DBMSHardwareConversionProgramming
Slow Processing of SomeApplicationsMore Security RisksMore Difficult Recovery
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Kinds of DatabasesRelational: Oracle 9i/8i, SQL-Server 2000/7.0/6.5,
Teradata, Sybase(SQL Anywhere),
DB2, Informix
MS-Access, Foxpro 2.6/2.5,dbase IV/3 +
Network e.g. IDS Server
Paradox, FoxBase, Dbase3+, DbaseIV
DBU, Visual FoxPro, MS-Access Windows 7
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Relational DBMS
TABLE
TABLE
TABLETABLE
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Important RDBMS ObjectsTablesViewsTriggersStored ProceduresFunctionsPrimary KeyForeign Key
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Networked DBMS
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SQL:
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SQL:
It is an acronym for Structured QueryLanguage.It is the language in which, the clientsends the requestto the database for dataEg. Select name, address
From empWhere city = BUTUAN CITY
SQL:
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PL/SQL:It is an acronym for Programming Language/Structured QueryLanguage
Apart from writing the SQL you also have the programminglanguage constructs like
If then else (checking conditions)
Looping (Executing the set of statements more that once) Exception and error handling (Taking care of run time errors)
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Database DesignDatabase design
is the process of producing a detailed
data model of a database. This logical data model contains all theneeded logical and physical design choices and physical storageparameters needed to generate a design in a Data DefinitionLanguage, which can then be used to create a database. A fullyattributed data model contains detailed attributes for each entity.
Process: Determine the data to be stored in the database Determine the relationships between the different data elements Superimpose a logical structure upon the data on the basis of
these relationships.
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Database ObjectsA Database Trigger is procedural code that is automatically executed in
response to certain events on a particular table in a database. Triggerscan restrict access to specific data, perform logging, or audit datamodifications.A Database View is a virtual or logical table composed of the result setof a query. Unlike ordinary tables (base tables) in a relational database,a view is not part of the physical schema: it is a dynamic, virtual tablecomputed or collated from data in the database. Changing the data in atable alters the data shown in the viewIn relational databases, SQL databases, and flat file databases,a Table is a set of data elements (values)that is organized using a model of horizontalrows and vertical columns.
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In database packages, the term Cursor refers to a control structureor the successive traversal (and potential processing) of records in aresult set.Transaction Log (also database log or binary log) is a history ofactions executed by a database management system to guaranteeCID properties over crashes or hardware failures. Physically, a log is
a file of updates done to the database, stored in stable storage.Database Index is a data structure that improves the speed ofoperations in a table. Indexes can be created using one or morecolumns, providing the basis for both rapid random lookups andefficient ordering of
access to records.Stored Procedure is a subroutine available to applicationsaccessing a relational database system. Stored procedures(sometimes called a sproc or SP) are actually stored in thedatabase.
Database Objects
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NormalizationWhy Normalize?
Ideally, a relational database table should be designed in such away as to exclude the possibility of update, insertion, and deletionanomalies. The normal forms of relational database theory provideguidelines for deciding whether a particular design will be
vulnerable to such anomalies. It is possible to correct anunnormalized design so as to make it adhere to the demands ofhe normal forms: this is called normalization.
A
tablethat is not sufficiently normalized can suffer from
logical inconsistencies of various types, and fromanomalies involving data operations causingUpdate, Insert and Delete Anomalies.
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TRANSACTION MANAGEMENTWhat is a Database Transaction ?
A database transaction is a unit of interaction with adatabase management system or similar system that istreated in a coherent and reliable way independent of othertransactions. In general, a database transaction must be
atomic, meaning that it must be either entirely completedor aborted. Ideally, a database system will guarantee theproperties of Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation andDurability (ACID) for each transaction.
A Simple Transaction1. Begin the transaction2. Execute several queries3. Commit the transaction
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ACIDIncomputer science, ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)is a set of properties that guarantee that database transactions are processed reliably. In thecontext of databases, a single logical operation on the data is called a transaction.
Atomicity - Atomicity refers to the ability of the DBMS to guarantee that either all of the tasksof a transaction are performed or none of them are.Consistency - Consistency refers to the database being in a legal state when the transactionbegins and when it ends. This means that a transaction cannot break the rules, or integrityconstraints, of the database.Isolation - Isolation refers to the ability of the application to
make operations in a transaction appear isolated fromall other operationsDurability -Durability ensures that the results of a completedtransaction are permanent and can survive future system andmedia failures; that is, once they are done, they can not be undone.
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Kinds of DatabaseConsultants
DATABASE Designers
is a personDATABASE Developers
is a person
DBA (Data Base Administrator)
is a person
DATABASE SYSTEM
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DATABASE Designers:These consultants Analyze,design the complete structureof the database.They design Tables, Views,Normalization, ER Diagram,Integrity constraints, etc.
DATABASE SYSTEM
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DATABASE Developers:These consultant write storedprocedures, triggers, functions, etc.Technical terms found in the resumesuch consultants TriggersStored ProceduresPackagesUnix Shell Scripting
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DBADMINISTRATOR:These consultants profileincludes installation,configuration, migration,backup, recovery operationsVarious Tasks of the DBA are:
a) Granting accessb) User creation and deletionc) Performance tuningd) Query optimization
DATABASE SYSTEM
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Related Skills in DATABASESYSTEMata WarehousingDevelopment of a data warehouse includes developmentof systems to extract data from operating systems plusinstallation of a warehouse database system thatprovides managers flexible access to the dataData MiningA class of database applications that look for hiddenpatterns in a group of data that can be used to predictfuture behaviorData ModelingThe analysis of data objects and their relationships toother data objects. Data modeling is often the first stepin database design and object-oriented programming asthe designers first create a conceptual model of howdata items relate to each other. Data modeling involvesa progression from conceptual model to logical model tophysical schema.
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