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Alison L. MooreSpring 2011
EME6415Instructional Systems Program
Florida State University
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Meet Professor Linn!
Objectives
Level 1: The Multimedia Principle
Level 2: The Contiguity Principle
Level 3: The Modality Principle
Wrap Up
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Please meet Professor Linn!
Professor Linn isthe instructor for a few
distance learning courses.
As an instructor like YOU,Professor Linn also cares about the success of her
students and always does her best
to develop effective online instruction and assessments.
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Lately, however, some of Professor Linn’s distance
students have been performing
below average.
She recently read aboutRuth Clark’s
eLearning Principles of design
and needs help revising some
of her materials to support her students.
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By learning about the Principles of eLearning,
you can help Professor Linn and her students!
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There are three levels in this game: the Multimedia Principle,
the Contiguity Principle, and the Modality Principle.
Read about the principles,then help Professor Linn revise
her instructional materials.
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If you adhere to thePrinciples of eLearning,
Professor Linn’s materials will be improved and you’ll
earn20 points at a time.
If you don’t adhere tothe principles,
the materials won’t be improved and you can’t
earn points.
Help Professor Linn improve three of her materials and earn a total of 120 points,and you’ll WIN the game!
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ObjectivesUpon completion of this
game, you will be able to:1.Define three principles of eLearning,2.Critique poor examples of the principles, and3.Identify successful examples of the principles.
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Ready to begin?Let’s go!
Level 1:The Multimedia Principle
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The Multimedia Principle: An Introduction
The Multimedia Principle pertains to the positive effect on learning when graphics are added to textual instructional
materials.
When images are related to the textual content being communicated, the graphics and text should be presented simultaneously.
Graphics should also coincide with the type of content and learning goals.
However, illustrations that are not directly related to the content should be omitted. These superfluous graphics do not contribute to
the learning experience and can hinder learners’ success.
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Let’s look at an example!
During a lesson on Japanese culture,
Professor Linn asked her distance students to create origami cranes.The instructions she
provided on the course website consisted of
this list of steps for each fold.
How to make an origami crane:
1.Fold square in half diagonally.2.Fold in half from right to left.3.Spread the pocket out and fold to make a square.4.Turn over and fold one corner to the other and crease.5.Fold the left and right corners to the center line and fold the top corner down.6.Open the pocket by pulling the bottom corner up and fold inward along the crease.7.Turn over and fold in the lower flaps made in step 6.8.Turn to the right side, and valley fold inward using the top layer only.9.Turn over and repeat step 8.10.Reverse fold at the top side to form the head.11.Slightly open the side and bring the head part up.12.Bring up and press down for both the head and tail.13.Reverse fold on the head part to form the beak.14.Bend the wings down and out into the proper position. You can bow in from the bottom.
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Let’s look at an example!
Students following these instructions must
rely only on written descriptions to create
the complexcraft project.
This violates the Multimedia Principle
because the instructional materials do not provide related
graphicsto enhance learning.
How to make an origami crane:
1.Fold square in half diagonally.2.Fold in half from right to left.3.Spread the pocket out and fold to make a square.4.Turn over and fold one corner to the other and crease.5.Fold the left and right corners to the center line and fold the top corner down.6.Open the pocket by pulling the bottom corner up and fold inward along the crease.7.Turn over and fold in the lower flaps made in step 6.8.Turn to the right side, and valley fold inward using the top layer only.9.Turn over and repeat step 8.10.Reverse fold at the top side to form the head.11.Slightly open the side and bring the head part up.12.Bring up and press down for both the head and tail.13.Reverse fold on the head part to form the beak.14.Bend the wings down and out into the proper position. You can bow in from the bottom.
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The Multimedia Principle: The Science
The science behind the Multimedia Principle is easy to understand.
When learners receive new information,they must process the content into their long-term memory
via encoding. Information that is presented in both textual and graphic formats offers two methods for the learner to process
the new content.
Again, it’s important to note that images should matchthe type of content being presented.
Unrelated graphics may detract from learning.
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Get ready to help Professor Linn!
Remember, if you successfully help
Professor Linn fix her poor materials according to the
Multimedia Principle, her students will learn more
and you’ll win this level!
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A. To ensure instructional text and graphics are not copyrighted
A. To advocate the addition of related graphics to textual instruction
B. To explain the importance of exciting and entertaining technology
Help Professor Linn!
What is the purpose of the Multimedia Principle?
Click the correct option.
Level 1: Item 1 of 2
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Oops!
Click backand try again!
What is the purpose of the Multimedia Principle?
Level 1: Item 1 of 2
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Yes! Great job!What is the purpose of
the Multimedia Principle?
B. To advocate the addition of related graphics to textual instruction
The Multimedia Principle pertains to the combination of graphics and textin instructional materials. Adding relevant images to written information
greatly assists learners’ retention of new content.
Level 1: Item 1 of 2
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2010
Yes! Great job!
0Your score is 20 points!Your score is 20 points!Your score is 20 points!
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A. Include illustrations for each step of the process
A. Create a link to a YouTube video about origami history
B. Provide a finished example of a folded crane
Professor Linn needs your help!
How should Prof. Linn revise the list to
adhere to the Multimedia Principle?
Click the correct option.
Level 1: Item 2 of 2
How to make an origami crane:
1.Fold square in half diagonally.2.Fold in half from right to left.3.Spread the pocket out and fold to make a square.4.Turn over and fold one corner to the other and crease.5.Fold the left and right corners to the center line and fold the top corner down.6.Open the pocket by pulling the bottom corner up and fold inward along the crease.7.Turn over and fold in the lower flaps made in step 6.8.Turn to the right side, and valley fold inward using the top layer only.9.Turn over and repeat step 8.10.Reverse fold at the top side to form the head.11.Slightly open the side and bring the head part up.12.Bring up and press down for both the head and tail.13.Reverse fold on the head part to form the beak.14.Bend the wings down and out into the proper position. You can bow in from the bottom.
![Page 20: Men u Men u Alison L. Moore Spring 2011 EME6415 Instructional Systems Program Florida State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd91a28abf838caf6c4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
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Oops!Level 1: Item 2 of 2
How to make an origami crane:
1.Fold square in half diagonally.2.Fold in half from right to left.3.Spread the pocket out and fold to make a square.4.Turn over and fold one corner to the other and crease.5.Fold the left and right corners to the center line and fold the top corner down.6.Open the pocket by pulling the bottom corner up and fold inward along the crease.7.Turn over and fold in the lower flaps made in step 6.8.Turn to the right side, and valley fold inward using the top layer only.9.Turn over and repeat step 8.10.Reverse fold at the top side to form the head.11.Slightly open the side and bring the head part up.12.Bring up and press down for both the head and tail.13.Reverse fold on the head part to form the beak.14.Bend the wings down and out into the proper position. You can bow in from the bottom.
Click back and try again!
How should Prof. Linn revise the list to
adhere to the Multimedia Principle?
![Page 21: Men u Men u Alison L. Moore Spring 2011 EME6415 Instructional Systems Program Florida State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd91a28abf838caf6c4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
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Level 1: Item 2 of 2
How to make an origami crane:
1.Fold square in half diagonally.2.Fold in half from right to left.3.Spread the pocket out and fold to make a square.4.Turn over and fold one corner to the other and crease.5.Fold the left and right corners to the center line and fold the top corner down.6.Open the pocket by pulling the bottom corner up and fold inward along the crease.7.Turn over and fold in the lower flaps made in step 6.8.Turn to the right side, and valley fold inward using the top layer only.9.Turn over and repeat step 8.10.Reverse fold at the top side to form the head.11.Slightly open the side and bring the head part up.12.Bring up and press down for both the head and tail.13.Reverse fold on the head part to form the beak.14.Bend the wings down and out into the proper position. You can bow in from the bottom.
OriginalImproved
A. Include illustrations for each step of the process
Illustrating the numerous steps of this origami project makes acomplicated, confusing process easier to follow.
The imprecise directions are clarified by the detailed images accompanying each action.
Yes! Well done!
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403020Your score is 40 points!Your score is 40 points!Your score is 40 points!
You’re on a good start to reaching 120 points!
Yes! Well done!
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Congratulations! You’ve mastered Level 1!
Let’s move on!
Level 2:The Contiguity Principle
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The Contiguity Principle: An Introduction
In regards to instructional design, the Contiguity Principle refers to the placement of
text and graphics on the screen.
When presenting new content with text and graphics, the related words and images should be placed near each other
on the screen. Learners should not be forced to scroll up and down or click
through multiple screens to view all related material.
The purpose of the principle is to explain the positive effects on learning when content is presented with
corresponding text and graphics placed near each other.
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Let’s look at an example!
Professor Linn is teaching her
distance students about the lighting
system of an aircraft. She
posted this study image to the
course website. The study
materials include a drawing of the
plane labeled with important parts.
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Let’s look at an example!
With the way Professor Linn designed the
website, students must scroll up and down to view the whole image—the drawing plus the
list of parts.
This violates the Contiguity
Principle because the corresponding text and graphics are not arranged near each other on one screen.
Scroll down . . .
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The Contiguity Principle: The Science
The science behind the Contiguity Principleis quite simple.
Learners receive new information through their working memory,
which is very inefficient and easily overloaded. Typically, a person’s working memory can only store about 7 new items of
information.
When learners must click or scroll through numerous screens in order to view all printed and visual materials, their working
memory is devoted to making connections between the separated text and graphics.
This means less working memory can be used to retain information for learning.
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Are you ready to help Professor Linn?!
Remember, if you successfully help
Professor Linn fix her poor materials according to the
Contiguity Principle, her students will learn more
and you’ll win this level!
![Page 29: Men u Men u Alison L. Moore Spring 2011 EME6415 Instructional Systems Program Florida State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd91a28abf838caf6c4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
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Help Professor Linn!
What is the purpose of the Contiguity Principle?
Click the correct option.
A. To explain the importance of placing related text and graphics near each other
A. To explain why learners need both text and graphics during online instruction
B. To ensure text, graphics, and audio elements do not overwhelm learners
Level 2: Item 1 of 2
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Almost . . . Try again!
What is the purpose of the Contiguity Principle?
Level 2: Item 1 of 2
Click backand try again!
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Awesome!
A. To explain the importance of placing related text and graphics near each other
The Contiguity Principle focuses on the arrangement of text and graphics within instructional materials. When text and images refer to the same content, they should be placed near each other on the screen. This allows learners’ working memory to make connections
regarding contentrather than the text and images.
What is the purpose of the Contiguity Principle?
Level 2: Item 1 of 2
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6050
Awesome!
40Your score is 60 points!Your score is 60 points!Your score is 60 points!
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A. Send all students hardcopies of the study guide in the mail
B. Post an audio or video podcast explaining the study guide
C. Redesign the image so the drawing and all text appear on one screen
Help Professor Linn!
How should the study guide be revised to
adhere to theContiguity Principle?
Click the correct option.
Scroll down . . .
Level 2: Item 2 of 2
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Oops! Not quite!
Click back and try again!
Scroll down . . .
Level 2: Item 2 of 2
How should the study guide be revised to
adhere to theContiguity Principle?
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Scroll down . . .
Amazing!
C. Redesign the image so the drawing and all text appear on one screen
By resizing the drawing and moving the text, Professor Linn’s study guide will be more effective for her distance students.
OriginalImproved
Level 2: Item 2 of 2
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807060
Amazing!
Your score is 80 points!Your score is 80 points!Your score is 80 points!
Nice work!You’re getting closer to 120 points!
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You’ve mastered Level 2!Yay Yay Yay!
Just one more level to go!
Level 3:The Modality Principle
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The Modality Principle: An Introduction
The Modality Principle states that audio explanations ofcomplicated graphics are more effective than
written descriptions of the same graphics.
Learners may benefit from listening to a narrationof new information or complex content
rather than gaining the information from lengthy paragraphs.
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Here’s an example!
Professor Linn posted this PDF file as part of a Calculus
lesson. It was designed to serve as an introduction to a
new topic, and distance students are encouraged to
read it in conjunctionwith the textbook.
She knows some students find upper-level mathematics courses challenging, so she
would like to ensure this material is as
useful as possible.
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As the document is constructed now, the new math topic is presented
mainly through three large paragraphs of text. The
writing is complimented by a relevant image, but the
majorityof the material is dominated
by dense text.
The PDF file violates theModality Principle because learners must rely only on
writingto understand complicated and unfamiliar information.
Here’s an example!
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The Modality Principle: The Science
Take a second to remember the Contiguity Principle . . .
The Modality Principle is similar, in that learners receive and process new information through their working memory.
Learners devote their working memory, which is easily overloaded and inefficient, to reading and understanding
written content. They must then comprehend the relationship between the text just read and the detailed graphics. This way, learners do not have much working memory to spare.
If audio clips (instead of text) are used to elucidate complicated images, learners’ working memory is available for
further understanding of the new information.
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You’re almost there!
Help Professor Linn two more times!
Remember, if you successfully help
Professor Linn fix her poor materials according to the
Modality Principle, her students will learn more
and you’ll win this level!
![Page 43: Men u Men u Alison L. Moore Spring 2011 EME6415 Instructional Systems Program Florida State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd91a28abf838caf6c4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
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A. To explain the need for numerous types of modalities—the more the better
A. To utilize audio narration to explain complex information or graphics
B. To assist in the design and development of mathematics instruction and assessments
Help Professor Linn!
What is the purpose of the Modality Principle?
Click the correct option.
Level 3: Item 1 of 2
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Oops!
What is the purpose of the Modality Principle?
Level 3: Item 1 of 2
Click backand try again!
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Wonderful job!
The Modality Principle pertains to audio explanations facilitating the learning process better than only images and text.When learners receive complicated information via narration, their
working memory is free to be applied to other content.
What is the purpose of the Modality Principle?
Level 3: Item 1 of 2
B. To utilize audio narration to explain complex information or graphics
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1009080Your score is 100 points!Your score is 100 points!Your score is 100 points!
Only 20 more points to go!!
Wonderful job!
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A. Create or post a link to an audio/video podcast explaining the lesson
B. Add more graphics that coincide with each step of the math problem
C. Offer more flexible office hours via Skype to assist concerned students
Help Professor Linn!
How should the lesson be revised to
adhere to theModality Principle?
Click the correct option.
Level 3: Item 2 of 2
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Oh no! Almost!
Click back and try again!
Level 3: Item 2 of 2
How should the lesson be revised to
adhere to theModality Principle?
Click the correct option.
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Yes! Great job!Level 3: Item 2 of 2
A. Create or post a link to an audio/video podcast explaining the lesson
A video (or audio clip) would be an effective tool in helping students understand the complex purpose of Calculus. Instead of straining students’ working memory by only offering text and images—that they must integrate and make connections between—a narrated
lesson will automatically do this for them.
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Level 3: Item 2 of 2
Yes! Great job!
Click the screenshot from the video (above left)to view a more appropriate approach to teach new students about Calculus.
Important!This link will direct you away from this game.
When you’re done watching the video,just navigate back to this PowerPoint game and resume.
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Level 3: Item 2 of 2
To recap, you just answered the final question inLevel 3: The Modality Principle.
As usual, click forward to continue.
Welcome back!
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110100
Great job!
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Congratulations!You’ve mastered three of the sixeLearning Principles and helped
Professor Linn improve her instructional materials!
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Let’s review the three Principles of eLearning you and Professor Linn
mastered today:
Wrap Up
The Multimedia Principle pertains to the combination of graphics and text in instructional materials. Adding relevant images
to written informationgreatly assists learners’ retention of new content.
OriginalImproved
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Wrap Up
The Contiguity Principle focuses on the arrangement oftext and graphics within instructional materials. When text and
images refer to the same content, they should be placed near each other on the screen. This allows learners’ working memory to make
connections regarding content.
Let’s review the three Principles of eLearning you and Professor Linn
mastered today:
![Page 56: Men u Men u Alison L. Moore Spring 2011 EME6415 Instructional Systems Program Florida State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd91a28abf838caf6c4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
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Wrap Up
The Modality Principle pertains to audio explanations facilitating the learning process better than only images and text. When learners receive
complicated informationvia graphics and narration, the initial connection is already made for them and
their working memory is free to be applied to additional content.
Let’s review the three Principles of eLearning you and Professor Linn
mastered today:
![Page 57: Men u Men u Alison L. Moore Spring 2011 EME6415 Instructional Systems Program Florida State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070413/5697bfd91a28abf838caf6c4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
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Now that you’ve beat the game
Perplexing Principles,you’re able to:
1.Define three principles of eLearning,2.Critique poor examples of the principles, and3.Identify successful examples of the principles.
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Now you can perfect your course materials and lead your most
successfulonline courses yet!
Thanks for playing Perplexing Principles!
Happy designing!
Thank you!
Thank you!
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Images used in this gamewere modified from the following sources:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/netfalls/
http://www.tpub.com/content/aviationandaccessories/TM-1-1510-225-10/ssTM-1-1510-225-10_120.htm
http://www.mellyscully.edublogs.org/2010/06/07/origami-crane-instructions/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ismnD_QHKkQ
http://aboutmath.files.wordpress.com/2006/07/elementary-calculus.png?w=480
For more information on Clark’s eLearning Principles, seewww.clarktraining.com/content/articles/Guild_E-Learning.pdf