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MenangleMenangle
Pig Paramyxovirus Infection, Porcine Paramyxovirus
Infection
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Overview
• Organism• Economic Impact• Epidemiology• Transmission• Clinical Signs• Diagnosis and Treatment• Prevention and Control • Actions to Take
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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The OrganismThe Organism
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The Organism
• Paramyxoviridae– Rubulavirus
• Affects swine, humans• Not highly contagious
– Spreads slowly throughout the herd
• Poor survival in the environment
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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ImportanceImportance
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Economic Impact
• New South Wales, Australia, 1997– Reduced farrowing rates– Reduced litter number and size– Mummified and stillborn piglets– Pseudopregnancy in sows – Strong immunity develops post-infection
• Decreased animal inventory resulted in economic losses
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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EpidemiologyEpidemiology
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History
• 1997: New South Wales, Australia– 2,600 sow intensive piggery– 4 breeding units– 21 week period– Mummified fetuses and stillborn piglets– Reduced farrowing rates– Reduced number and size of litters
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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TransmissionTransmission
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Reservoir
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
• Fruit bats (flying foxes)– Pteropus poliocephalus– P. alecto – P. conspicillatus– P. scapulatus
• Native to Australia• Seropositive before and
during 1997 outbreak
The grey-headed flying fox
(Pteropus poliocephalus)
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Transmission
• Bat to pig– Fecal-oral suspected
• Pig to pig– Oral-fecal suspected
• Human– No known contact with fruit bats– Very close contact with infected pigs
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Animals and Menangle Animals and Menangle
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Clinical Signs
• Incubation period unknown– Seroconvert in 10 to 14 days
• Reproductive – Fetal mummification and stillbirths– Reduced farrowing rate, abortions– Reduced number and size of litters
• No clinical signs in postnatal pigs• Other animal species seronegative
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Post Mortem Lesions
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
• Severe degeneration of brain and spinal cord
• Arthrogryposis• Brachygnathia• Domed cranium• Histopathology
– Degeneration, necrosis of nervous tissue– Inclusion bodies– Nonsuppurative myocarditis
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Morbidity/ Mortality
• Farrowing percentage reduced from 82% to 38%
• Number of live piglets per litter declined
• No further reproductive failure once disease is endemic
• No disease in postnatal pigs
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Differential Diagnosis
• Classical swine fever• Porcine reproductive and respiratory
syndrome• Porcine parvovirus infection• Aujeszky’s disease (pseudorabies)• Blue eye paramyxovirus (La Piedad
Michoacan)• Japanese encephalitis• Leptospirosis• Brucellosis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Sampling
• Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted
• Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Diagnosis
• Clinical– Increase in mummified, stillborn piglets
• Laboratory Tests– Serology - antibody (sows)
• Virus neutralization, ELISA
– Virus isolation (piglet)• Definitive diagnosis• Brain, lung, myocardial tissue
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Treatment
• No treatment• Once infected, no further
reproductive failures occur• No vaccine
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Menangle in HumansMenangle in Humans
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Public Health Significance
• Two human cases– Sudden fever, malaise, chills,
drenching sweats, headache, myalgia
– Followed by spotty, red, non-pruritic rash
– No coughing, vomiting, or diarrhea– Recovered in 10-14 days
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Prevention and ControlPrevention and Control
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Recommended Actions
• IMMEDIATELY notify authorities• Federal
– Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC)http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/area_offices/
• State– State veterinarianhttp://www.usaha.org/StateAnimalHealthOfficials.pdf
• Quarantine
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Prevention and Control
• Avoid contact between fruit bats and swine
• Endemic population– Remove pigs ages 10-16 weeks– Restock with unexposed pigs or pigs
known to be immune to the virus
• No vaccine
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Prevention and Control
• Reduce occupational exposure for swine workers– People conducting necropsies or
assisting at births • Wear gloves, goggles, and other
personal protective clothing• Wash contaminated skin immediately
●Avoid contact with bats
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Additional Resources
• APHIS-Center for Emerging Issues– http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/
emergingissues/downloads/menangle.pdf
• CSIROnline (Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation)– www.csiro.au
• Communicable Diseases Network Australia– www.health.gov.au
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Additional Resources
• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)– www.oie.int
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)– www.aphis.usda.gov
• Center for Food Security and Public Health– www.cfsph.iastate.edu
• USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases(“The Gray Book”)– www.usaha.org/pubs/fad.pdf
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011
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Acknowledgments
Development of this presentationwas funded by grants from
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency
Management Division, and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship
to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.
Authors: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH; Radford Davis, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Anna Rovid Spickler, DVM, PhDReviewers: Bindy Comito, BA; Katie Spaulding, BS; Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011