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Mendelian Genetics
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I. History• Gregor Mendel conducted the
earliest genetic research and is known as the “Father or Genetics” for his discoveries of genes and inheritance
• He found organisms closely resembled their parents with slight variations and characteristics are influenced by heredity and the environment
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II. Genetics• The branch of biology that studies HEREDITY,
which is the passing on of characteristics from parent to offspring during sexual reproduction
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III. Conclusions Made by Mendel1. _TRAITS or physical characteristics are
influenced by GENES on chromosomeso _GENE: Segment of DNA
-1 or more genes can determine a hereditary trait
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o There are two types of chromosomes, all having different genes
a. _NON-SEX chromosomes (autosomes)
b. _SEX chromosomes: X AND YLook at the Karyotype…Which are the autosomes? Which are the sex chromosomes? What is the gender?
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2. Genes have alternative forms called ALLELESa. Offspring receives 1 allele from mom and dad
(One from each parent)
b. _TWO alleles determine how a trait is expressed
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Allele combinations on each homologous pair:
A. HOMOZYGOUS: HAS IDENTICAL alleles that result in a dominant or recessive trait
Tall Pea Plant TT
Short Pea Plant
tt
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Allele combinations on each homologous pair:
A. HETEROZYGOUS: HAS DIFFERENT alleles that result in a dominant or recessive trait
Tall Pea Plant Tt
• One allele is dominant and one is recessive• DOMINANT: observed or
expressed trait (Capital Letter)• RECESSIVE: Weaker or
hidden trait (Lower Case Letter)
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Skip to Bottom of next page…A. GENOTYPE: The allele combinations of an
individual (genetic makeup)
Ex. Trait: Flower ColorRR Rr
rrred red
white
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B. PHENOTYPE: The physical appearance of an individualEx. Trait: Eye ColorYou can “see” the phenotype, but you may not be sure what alleles are exactly present.