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Mesopotamia
12,000 B.C. – 500 B.C.
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Mesopotamia
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Sumerian Civilization
• The Land, Geographic Importance– Not geographically isolated– Known as Fertile Crescent– Tigris and Euphrates Rivers – Ancient valley was called Babylon– Constantly overrun with invaders
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Sumerian Civilization
• Sumer and Its Achievements– Metal tools– Cuneiform
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Sumerian Civilization• Architecture and
Science– Invented the arch &
dome– Ziggurats – temples– Science
• First to use the wheel• Used a # system based
on 60
Top – Artist’s conception – Bottom = today
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Sumerian Civilization• Sumerian Society
– Formed city-states• Controlled surrounding land
– Government and Society• Nobility and priests• Merchants, Traders and Artisans• Peasants and slaves
– Slaves were captives of war
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Sumerian Civilization• Farming and Trade
– Dates, grains, vegetables, and flax• Food surplus led to trade by 3000 BC
• Education and religion– Only upper class boys went to school
– Learned religion, drawing and mathematics
– Believed in an afterlife
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Ancient Empires in the Fertile Crescent
Beyond the Sumerians
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Empires of the Fertile Crescent
AkkadKish
Sumer
Uruk(Erech)
Ur
Babylon
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Empires of the Fertile Crescent
• The Akkadians– Conquered Sumerians– Semitic language– Sargon was the most powerful Akkadian King– The Empire reached as far west as
Mediterranean Sea– Lasted 150 years
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Empires of the Fertile Crescent
• Babylonians– Code of Hammurabi
• 288 laws• Concerned all aspects of life
– Regulated work hours– Property rights– “eye for and eye”, rich still had more rights
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Empires of the Fertile Crescent
– Babylonian Culture• Farming• Active traders• Women had some rights
– Could be merchants, traders, scribes– Could be divorced by husband– Could not divorce husband– Women could leave a cruel husband and take property
– Religion• Believed in a shadowy afterlife like Sumerians• Made sacrifices to their gods for good harvest• Believed priests could predict the future
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Ancient Babylon (artist conception)
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Empires of the Fertile Crescent
– Hittites• Iron• Biggest achievement was law and government• Conquered and looted Babylon
– But too far away to control it effectively
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Empires of the Fertile Crescent
– Assyrians• Semitic language• Shared cultural elements with Sumerians• Eventually extended power into Egypt
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Empires of the Fertile Crescent
– Assyrians• Skilled at warfare• Cavalry • Enslaved people they defeated• Destroyed Babylon• Library
– Epic of Gilgamesh
• Finally defeated by Chaldeans and Medes
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Empires of the Fertile Crescent
– Chaldeans• Led by Nebuchadnezzar • Rebuilt Babylon• Conquered most of Crescent• Built Hanging Gardens• Great astronomers• Advanced in math• Kingdom fell after Neb’s death
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Empires of the Fertile Crescent
• The Persians– Indo-European Language– Cyrus the Great led a rebellion to win
independence from Median Dynasty• Darius and Xerxes I would spread rule of Persia
– Strongest empire of the time
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Empires of the Fertile Crescent
• The Persians– Government
• Justice was important• Allowed conquered slaves to keep own religion• King sent spies to check on regional rulers• Built roads to connect empire
– Religion• Zoroastrianism • Eternal struggle between good and evil
– Defeated by Alexander the Great
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Pictures of Ancient Persia
Tomb of Cyrus Artist conception of Ancient Persian sculptors
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Pictures of Ancient Persia
Rock Carvings
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The Phoenicians and Lydians
Moving into the Mediterranean
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The Phoenicians and Lydians
• The Phoenicians– No large Empire, but large impact– Modern Day Syria, Lebanon, and Israel– Loose union of city-states– Traded by sea– Excellent sailors- could navigate by the stars– Lumber– Skilled workers with gold and silver– Invented glass blowing– Purple dye
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The Phoenicians and Lydians
• Phoenicians– Culture
• Spread Egyptian and Babylonian culture through trade
• Afterlife– sometimes sacrificed their own children
• Alphabet
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Phoenician Trading Places
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The Phoenicians and Lydians
• Lydians– Asia Minor / Turkey– Did not create an empire– First to use coined money
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Origins of Judaism
From Ur to Israel
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The Origins of Judaism
• The Hebrews– Canaan– Conquered by Assyrians, Babylonians,
Egyptians, Persians, Syrians– Abraham
• Had 2 sons, Isaac and Ishmael• Isaac’s younger son, Jacob
– Had 12 sons– Became the 12 tribes of Israel
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The Origins of Judaism
• The Exodus– Left Canaan for Egypt due to drought– Enslaved for 400 years– Moses
• Wandered in the wilderness of Sinai for 40 years
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The Origins of Judaism
• Ten Commandments– Given to Moses by Yahweh (Jewish God)– Hebrews entered into a covenant with God– Promised land
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The Origins of Judaism• The Founding of Israel
– Loose confederation of tribes– Warred against The Philistines and Canaanites– The nomadic twelve tribes would unite under one king
• Saul – 1st King• David – 2nd King
– Made Jerusalem the capital and religious center
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The Origins of Judaism
– Kingdom eventually split• Northern 10 tribes became Israel
– Conquered by Assyrians
• Southern 2 became Judah– Conquered by Chaldeans– Allowed to return after Chaldeans were conquered by
Cyrus
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The Origins of Judaism• Law and Ethics
– Torah – first five books of the Bible
• Religion– Yahweh is the one, true God– Free will– Spiritual being with no human characteristics– Ethical-monotheistic religion
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Arch of the Covenant King Solomon
Ancient Jerusalem
Cave of the Dead Sea Scrolls