Download - MET 211 Module 1 sources_of_energy
Module 1SOURCES OF ENERGY
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By:Dr. Taib Iskandar bin Mohamad
Energy and nation progress
• Progress of a country can be measured from per capita of electrical energy consumption
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Sources of energy
• This power can be generated from various forms of energy sources
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Conventional
Energy
Conventional energy
• Coal
• Coke
• Petroleum (diesel, petrol, kerosene etc)
• Natural gas
• Nuclear Fusion
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Renewable energy
• Solar (sun)
• Wind
• Tidal
• Wave
• Geothermal
• Hydro potential (potential energy of water)
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Petroleum formation
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World’s top petroleum producer
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Coal formation
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Fossil fuel Power plant
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Nuclear energy
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Solar energy
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Wind energy
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Tidal energy
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Wave energy
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Geothermal energy
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Fuels
• Materials that when burnt will produce heat
• Classification
– Solid fuels
• Wood, peat, lignite, bituminous coal etc
– Liquid fuels
• Petroleum derivatives- gasoline, diesel, kerosene.
– Gaseous fuels
• Natural gas, coal gas, producer gas, hydrogen etc.
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Requirement of fuels
• Calorific value – high
• Price – low
• Burn effectively
• Produce minimum ash
• Can be handled and stored with minimal cost
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Fuel properties
• Calorific value– Amount of energy per kg of fuel– High heating value (water in liquid form)– Low Heating Value (water in gas form)
• Flash point– Minimum temperature of fuel to start burning when ignited
• Fire point– Minimum temperature Flash will stay as flame for 5 sec or more
• Viscosity– Fluid resistance to flow
• Cloud point– Temperature where wax content of petroleum separate out as solid
• Pour point– Temperature below which entire mass of fuel freeze (5-10oC below could point)
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Combustion
• Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat or both heat and light in the form of either a glow or flames
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Chemical Reaction
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Conditions for good Combustion
• Sufficient air supply (equal to or more than stoichiometric value)
• Good air-fuel mixing
• Enough residence time for burning completion
• High furnace temperature for subsequent burning
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Combustion Products
• Oxides of carbon (CO2, CO)
• Oxides of sulfur (SO2)
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• Excess oxygen (O2)
• Nitrogen (N2)
• Water vapor
• Soot particle - impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon
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Principal stages of Combustion
• Ignition
– Period when fuel gradually rise its temperature to form flame
• Combustion
– Flame developed after reaching ignition point until all (or maximum) fuel are burnt
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Complete combustion
• Combustion process with sufficient amount or air (stoichiometric) were achieved and combustion products as below:
C + O = CO2
H2 + 1/2O2 = H2O
S + O2 = SO2
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Incomplete combustion
• Incomplete combustion happen when carbon monoxide, CO and soot particles present in combustion products:
• This is due to:
1. sufficient amount of oxygen
2. poor mixing
3. Limited time for combustion completion
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