Metabolic Diseases of the Bone
•Paget’s
•Gout
Carolyn Morse Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
Paget’s Disease (osteitis deformans) Etiology/Pathophysiology
• Bone deformities due to abnormal regeneration and reabsorption of bone
• Affects pelvis, lone bones, spine, cranium
• Cause unknown (hormonal, autoimmune, etc)
• Excessive osteoclastic bone reabsorption then osteoblastic bone formation
• Bone initially hyperemic (increased blood flow); bone soft; new bone brittle
• Common males over 50
Paget’s Disease (osteitis deformans)
Manifestations & Complications
• Initially aymptomatic
• Bone pain; pathologic fractures
• Mental changes due to compression of spinal cord (small hat syndrome)
• Hearing loss
• CV disease (vasodilation of vessels in skin and tissues overlying affected bones)
• May lead to osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma
Paget’s Disease
Diagnosis• Increased serum alkaline phosphatase• X-ray shows thickened bone, curved, abnormal
structure
Nursing diagnosis Treatment
• Supportive• Calcitonin, EHDP, Mithramycin• Exercises
What nursing problems can you identify from this slide?
What nursing problem can you identify from this slide?
Case study
Musculoskeletal effects (pain long bones, deformities, deformity, pathological fx, compression fx)
Neurological (hearing loss, spinal cord injuries, back pain)
CV (high cardiac output; inc temp over affected extremities)
Metabolic (hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria)
Paget’s disease
Diagnostic Tests• X-rays (punched out appearance)• Bone scans• CT scans and MRI• Serum alkaline phosphatase increased• Urinary collagen pyridinoline indicated bone
resorption
Paget’s disease
Therapeutic Interventions/Collaborative Care• Pain medications (NSAIDS)• Bisphophonate (retard bone resorption such as Fosamax
by ataching to bone surface to inhibit osteoclastic activity)• Calcitonin (inhibit osteoclastic resorption; also anangesic)• Calcium supplements• Surgery: THR; TKR
Nursing Diagnosis• Chronic Pain• Impaired Physical Mobility
Gout
Etiology/Pathophysiology• Inflammatory response to production or excretion or
uric acid resulting in high levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia)
• Caused by disturbed uric acid metabolism• Urate salts deposited in articular, periarticular and
subcutaneous tissue• Primary result of genetic defect purine metabolism • Secondary due to increased cell turnover (medications,
diseases, leukemia, etc)• ? Who gets secondary gout?
Gout
Urate deposities in synovial fluids cause gouty arthritis
Urate depositis in subcutaneous nodules cause formation of tophi
Normal serum uric acid level 3-4-7.0- men; 2-4 and 6.0 women; higher than 7 mg/dl sodium urate crystals form; deposit in peripheral tissues with low temperatures; areas subject to tissue trauma
Manifestations Gout
Manifestations & Complications Gout Manifestations
• Stage 1: asymptomatic; hyperuricemic
• Stage 2: acute gouty arthritis; affect single joint, unexpected, trauma , stress; high level uric acid; joint hot, red swollen; generally metatarsophalangeal joint great toe.
Stage 3: Chronic Tophaceous; occurs if gout not treated; urate pool increases; develop in multiple areas (especially ear, bursae, toes), compress nerves and erode through tissues.
Kidney disease with untreated gout; kidney stones!
Management Gouty Arthritis
Diagnostic Tests• Serum uric aacid elevated
(above 7.5 mg/dl)• WBC elevated (if acute)• ESR elevated• 24 urineproduction and
excretion or uric acid• Analysis of fluid from
involved joint
Interventions• Diet: Slight effect; maybe
low purine (all meats, seafoods, spinach, avoid alcohol)
• Fluids: Liberal 2000cc
• Acute: alleviate pain, inflammation
• Bedrest: 24 hours after attack
• Medications including ASA, NSAID, Colchicine IV or orally (GI symptoms)
Medications for Gout Uricosuric Agents
• Probenecid (ASA an antagonist); inhibits resportion of uric acid thus increases excretion of uric acid
• Sulfinprazone (anturan) to block resorption uric acid
• Need high fluid intake, alkaline urine
Xanthine-oxidase inhibitors decrease uric acid production
• Allopurinal (zyloprim); may cause agranucytosis
• Need high fluid intake, and alkaline urine
Priority Nursing Problems and Interventions Acute Pain
• Position for comfort• Protect affected joint
from pressure Knowledge deficit
• Instruct patient on medications used to treat/manage disease process
Impaired physical Mobility Disease control!
Required Resource
Osteomyelitis/Septic ArthritisInflammation with an Infectious cause.
Osteomyelitis affects the bones; septic arthritis affects the joints.
Etiology/Pathophysiology Osteomyelitis
Usually bacterial cause Most often from direct
inoculation or contiguous infection (open wound/adjacent wound)
Hematogenous spread• (older adults, IV drug
users, spine affected )
Vascular insufficiency (diabetics, PVD)
Primary agents causing osteomyelitis: Staph, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, salmonella, and Proteus, strep, gonorrhea
Development of Osteomyelitis
Bacteria invade bone Pressure within bone
increases Periosteum elevates and
bone DIES Infected bone separates =
sequestrum Separated periosteum
produces new bone = involcrum
Sinus tract forms
Figure 39.9 Osteomyellitis
Development of Osteomyelitis
Classification of osteomyelitisAcute
Chronic
Sinus tracts form, bone destruction
Etiology/Pathophysiology Septic Arthritis (Joint infection)
Septic arthritis develops when joint space invaded by pathogen• Hematogenous• Direct inoculation
Persistent bacteremia; previous joint damage
Joint infection results in inflammation, synovitis, joint effusion; abscess formation; cause joint destruction
Onset abrupt; pain, stiffness in joint, red, hot and swollen; systemic manifestations
Agents• staph, strep, e-coli, Pseudomonas,
gonorrhea, viral, post rubella
OsteomyelitisManifestations/complications
Acute 24-48 hrs post-surgery• Pain• CV: tachycardia; chills,
fever• Integumentary:
Swelling, erythemia, lymph node involvement
• MS: Pseudoarthrosis involved limb
Chronic• Signs & symptoms
chronic infection• Drainage wound
perodically
Diagnostic tests• X-ray, no initial bone
changes• CT, MRI,
radionucleotidetide bone scan. Biopsy
• Ultrasound for subperiosteal fluid collection, etc
• Culture• Late bone changes with
bone destruction• ESR, WBC, CBC
Septic ArthritisManifestations/complications
Signs and symptoms• Medical emergency
requiring prompt intervention to preserve joint function!
• Extremely painful• Loss of motion• High fever• Less likely to become
chronic
Diagnostic tests• Lab studies:
• Blood cultures from likely sources
• CBC, etc • X-rays show synovial
effusion• Arthrocenthesis with
culture• Positive, synovial
fluid cloudy, high WBC low glucose
Comparison acute rheumatoid arthritis and septic arthritis of the joint!
Purulent exudate!
Synovial inflammation!
Septic Arthritis (most common in children)
Priority Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis
Nursing Diagnosis• Risk for Infection!• Hyperthermia• Acute Pain• Impaired physical
mobility• Potential for injury:
fracture (chronic osteomyelitis)
• Knowledge deficit
Interventions• Acute: prevent, identify
source, short-term antibiotics
• Chronic: opt nutrition, splint for support, surgery,hyperbaric O2, muscle flap, long term antibiotics
Management Osteomyelitis
Septic Arthritis
Avoid the pain and grief of chronic osteomyelitis!
If only I had taken those antibiotics!
Tuberculosis of Bone and Spine
Source Signs and symptoms: vertebral
collapse, pain, deformity (Potts fx), systemic as night sweats, anemia
Diagnosis Treatment
Test Yourself!
1. Sixty days following her TKR, Ms. K calls her physician to report “a little pain and swelling “ around her knee. What advice would you give her?• a. “That is expected.”• b. “Wait and see what happens.”• c. “Let me check the knee.”• d. “You may need an antibiotic.”
Test Yourself!
1.Sixty days following her TKR, Ms. K calls her physician to report “a little pain and swelling “ around her knee. What advice would you give her?• a. “That is expected.”• b. “Wait and see what happens.”• c. “Let me check the knee.” Assessment first; may be
an infection!• d. “You may need an antibiotic.”
Try these! 2.You are providing instruction to a client on high does of
corticosteroids (50 mg/day) for treatment of SLE. Which statements indicate a need for further teaching?• A.“I will stop taking the medication which symptoms resolve.”• B.“I will avoid anyone with an infection.”• C.“ I expect to gain some weight and experience a puffy face.”• D.“ I will take the medications on a daily basis even if I don’t
feel well.” 3. The nurse admits a client with a primary diagnosis of
metastic CA and probable gout. Which of these lab values suggests the diagnosis of gout?• A. Ca 9mg/dl• B. Uric acid 9.0mg/dl• C. Potassium 4.2 mEq/L• D. Phosphorous 4mEg/l
Try these! 2.You are providing instruction to a client on high does of
corticosteroids (50 mg/day) for treatment of SLE. Which statements indicate a need for further teaching?
• A.“I will stop taking the medication which symptoms resolve.”• B.“I will avoid anyone with an infection.”• C.“ I expect to gain some weight and experience a puffy face.”• D.“ I will take the medications on a daily basis even if I don’t feel well.”
Steroid dosage must be gradually tapered down; others are correct responses
3. The nurse admits a client with a primary diagnosis of metastic CA and probable gout. Which of these lab values suggests the diagnosis of gout?
• A. Ca 9mg/dl• B. Uric acid 9.0mg/dl* (at above 7.0 mg/dl sodium urate crystales form
and are insoluble; other values are normal )• C. Potassium 4.2 mEq/L• D. Phosphorous 4mEg/l
Try more! 4.Which of the following manifestations should cause the
nurse the MOST concern after treating a client with osteomyelitis for two days with IV antibiotics?• A.Sudden increase in temperature• B.Complaints of pain at site of infection• C.Application of most heat to infection site by spouse• D.uarding of involved extremity
5.A person who as gout needs to know that both aspirin and thiazide diuretics may cause(a)__________, which will worsen the gout. In addition, if he begins to take probenecid, he should drink at least (b)___________ml of fluids per day to protect his kidneys!
Try more! 4.Which of the following manifestations should cause the nurse
the MOST concern after treating a client with osteomyelitis for two days with IV antibiotics?
• A.Sudden increase in temperature
• B.Complaints of pain at site of infection
• C.Application of most heat to infection site by spouse
• D.Guarding of involved extremity Sudden increase indicates that antibiotic is not effective; other
signs/symptoms are common due to initial pain of osteomyelitis
5.A person with gout needs to know that both aspirin and thiazide diuretics may cause(a) hyperuricemia, which will worsen gout. In addition, if he takes probenecid, he must drink at least (b)3000 ml of fluids per day to protect his kidneys!
Probenecid (Benemid) inhibits renal tubular reabsorption of urates (ineffective when creatinine reduced. ASA inactivates effects of uricosurics and causes urate retention. Adequate fluids necessary (3000 ml) prevent precipitation or uric acid in renal tubules
Case study Osteomyelitis
AJ, a rodeo rider suffered a comminuted fracture of his left tibia 20 years ago; had multiple surgical procedures and treatments with antibiotics, but continued to have a draining sinus in the lower leg. His is admitted to the hospital for definitive treatment due to the continued draining sinus, soft tissue swelling and signs of chronic infection.
Case study chronic osteomyelitis
1. What was the most likely “original” cause of AJ’s osteomyelitis? What organism is the most likely culprit?
2. What risk factors?
3. Explain the pathophysiology of chronic osteomyelitis?
Case study chronic osteomyelitis
1. What was the most likely “original” cause of AJ’s
osteomyelitis? (open comminuted fracture; direct innoculation; maybe complication of surgery) What
organism is the most likely culprit? (Staph most common)
2. What risk factors?(Poor blood supply of tibia, over 50, other unknown factors such smoking, hx diabetes, PVD)
3. Explain the pathophysiology of chronic osteomyelitis?(Bacteria lodge in bone and multiply, inflammatory and immune system response walls off infection; bone tissue destroyed, pus forms, more edema and congestion, travels to other parts of bone; when gets to outer portion of bone, lifts periosteum, disrupts blood supply; sinus tract forms; Blood and antibiotics unable to reach bone tissue when pressure compromises vascular and arteriolar system; bacteria also covers bone)
Case study chronic osteomyelitis
4. What diagnostic tests are typically performed for chronic osteomyelitis?
5. What signs and symptoms would you expect to see in AJ?
6. Describe medications usually employed in the management of chronic osteomyelitis.
Case study chronic osteomyelitis
4. What diagnostic tests are typically performed for chronic osteomyelitis? (scans, X-ray, MRI, blood tests (cultures), radionucleotide bone scans to determine if active, ultrasound for subperiosteal fluid collection, ESR, blood and tissue cultures)
5. What signs and symptoms would you expect to see in AJ?(signs chronic infection; sinus tract drainage, limp in invloved extremity, localized tenderness, lymph node swelling, non-healing wound, tachycardia, anorexia, potential for pathological fracture etc)
6. Describe medications usually employed in the management of chronic osteomyelitis.( Culture and sensitivity; 4-6 weeks antibiotics, must revascularize bone, antibiotics directly to area)
Case study chronic osteomyelitis
Since conservative treatment was ineffective, surgical intervention was employed.
Debride inflammatory tissue and infected bone; left defect of soft tissue and in tibia (bacterial cultures taken)
Latissimus muscle flat (myocutaneous flap) used to fill defect and supply blood; with muscle attached to anterior tibial artery defect for blood supply; implanted antimicrobial beads
Case study chronic osteomyelitis
1. What are the priority nursing diagnosis for AJ as he recovers?
2. What teaching is Most important?
Patient resource
Case study chronic osteomyelitis
1. What are the priority nursing diagnosis for AJ as he recovers? (Risk for infection; Hyperthermia; Altered tissue perfusion (post surgery); Impaired physical mobility; Acute pain; Anxiety)
2. What teaching is Most important? (Complete antibiotics, will go home on IV antibiotic therapy for 4-6 weeks; Will have limited mobility of affected limb; maintain limb in functional position; no weight –bearing to avoid pathological fracture; ROM to prevent flexion contractures; manage pain; optimal nutrition for healing)