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Metal ores and mining
• Ores are naturally occurring rocks found in the Earth’s crust.
• They contain metal/metal compounds in sufficient amounts to make it worthwhile extracting them
• Ores are mined and maybe concentrated before the metal is extracted and purified
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potassiumsodiumcalcium
magnesiumaluminium
zinciron
copper
goldincre
asin
g r
eacti
vit
yMetals above carbon in the reactivity series must be extracted using electrolysis. Electrolysis can also be used to purify copper.Metals less reactive than carbon can be extracted from their ores by reduction using carbon, coke or charcoal.Platinum, gold, silver and copper can occur native
and do not need to be extracted.
lead
silver
The reactivity of a metal determines how it is extracted.
(carbon)
(hydrogen)
platinum
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Reducing iron oxide
• Metals that are less reactive than carbon can be extracted from their oxides by reduction with carbon• The metal is reduced because it loses oxygen
• For example, iron oxide is reduced in the blast furnace to make iron
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Electrolysis
• Metals that are more reactive than carbon, such as aluminium, are extracted by electrolysis of molten compounds.
• The use of large amounts of energy in electrolysis makes these metals expensive
• Copper can be purified by electrolysis. • The supply of copper-rich ores is limited and so copper can also be
obtained from solutions of copper salts by electrolysis or by displacement using scrap iron
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Recycling metals
• We should recycle metals because extracting them uses limited resources and is expensive in terms of energy and effects on the environment
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Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
?
group 2 group 3
Here, the word
‘transition’ is used to mean ‘in-between’.
The elements in the central block of the periodic table are known as transition
metals(between group 2 and group 3)
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Properties of Transition metals
Like other metals • They are good conductors of heat and electricity• They can be bent or hammered into shape• They are useful as structural materials and for making things that must allow heat or
electricity to pass through them easily
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Metals and their usesTransition
metalsUses Properties
IronAlloyed with carbon to
make steel
Brittle by itself, low carbon steel easily shaped, high carbon steel are harder, stainless steel resistant to corrosion
CopperUsed for electrical wires
and plumbing
Good conductor of electricity and heat, can be bent but is hard enough to make
pipes
PlatinumReduces pollution from car exhausts, jewellery
Very low reactivity. Hard to extract from its ore as it can’t be reduced, which
makes it expensive.
TitaniumUsed to make artificial
hip jointsLow density, resistant to corrosion.
NickelIs a catalyst in
margarine productionSpeeds up the reaction but does not take
part in it.
Another important
metalUses Properties
AluminiumTransport, construction,
packaging
Low density, resistant to corrosion. Hard to extract from its ore as it can’t be reduced, which makes it expensive.
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- Most metals in everyday use are alloys as pure copper, gold and aluminium are too soft for most uses
- They are mixed with other similar metals to make them harder
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Impure iron
• Iron from the blast furnace contains about 96% iron. • The impurities make it brittle and so it has limited
uses
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Alloys can be designed to have properties for specific uses
• Steels are alloys of iron and carbon. Some steels contain other metals.
• Low carbon steels are easily shaped, high carbon steels are hard and stainless steels are resistant to corrosion
Low carbon steelHigh carbon steel
Stainless steel
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Some steels contain other metals.