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Meteorological Measurements for Solar Energy
Energy Meteorology Symposium, Wageningen, 11.5.2017 Stefan Wilbert, Fabian Wolfertstetter, Natalie Hanrieder, Bijan Nouri, Pascal Kuhn, Florian Sutter, Florian Wiesinger DLR – German Aerospace Center Institute of Solar Research Qualification Solar Energy Meteorology
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• Introduction: • Solar energy options • Solar energy meteorology and its relevance for solar
power plants
• Presentation of meteorological parameters that help solar power and their measurement
Overview Meteorological measurements for solar energy
DLR.de • Chart 2
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DLR.de • Chart 3
Photovoltaic (PV) power plant options
• Different cell types • Fixed tilt, 1 or 2 axes tracker • Concentrating PV (CPV)
CPV images: Hirsch, T., N. Martin, L. Gonzalez, M. Biencinto, S. Wilbert, M. Schroedter-Homscheidt, F Chenlo, and J.F. Feldhoff. 2014. Technical report on the functional requirements for the nowcasting method. Report D2.1, FP7 project DNICast, Grant Agreement No. 608623.: DLR, CIEMAT.
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Power Tower Central Receiver
Dish Stirling
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technology options
Parabolic Trough & Linear Fresnel
• Electricity and/or heat
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Other solar energy technologies
• Flat plate collectors for heating and cooling • Collectors for solar water treatment • …
Images: CIEMAT, psa.es
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Solar energy meteorology
Ground measurements
Prediction of plant yield
Satellite
data Modelled data
Application: • Site selection • Site specific plant layout • Optimal decisions during
plant operation
- long term yield of future plant - behavior & yield of existing plant
DLR.de • Chart 6
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Meteorological parameters relevant for solar plants Parameters - GTI (Global Tilted Irradiance)
and/or DNI (Direct normal irradiance) - Circumsolar radiation - Spectrally resolved
- Wind speed, direction and gust - Temperature, humidity, pressure - Soiling rate, dew, snow, rain - Extinction between heliostats and receiver - UV, salt concentration, abrasion Historical and live meteo data & forecasting required for bigger plants
Meteo data collection not a burden, but a chance for energy cost reduction - Low data uncertainties reduce financial risk and financing costs! - Cost reductions due to smart site specific design - Cost reductions due to optimized operation (live data, forecasting → yield ↑)
DLR.de • Chart 7
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Solar radiation measurements
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Operational since 2010 -2013 Planned
Solar radiation measurements
Satellite derived data and ground measurements are required for MW+ plant projects - to reach the required accuracy for historic long term data - & for the plant operation.
DLR.de • Chart 9
x
Direct normal irradiation per year [kWh/m²]
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• Robust instrument used for solar resource assessment at remote sites
• Characterization, further improvements & calibration
Global horizontal irradiance (GHI)
Diffuse horizontal Irradiance (DHI)
DNI (Direct Normal Irradiance)
Principle of operation 1. Pyranometer measures global irradiance 2. Shadowband rotates once per minute 3. During rotation: measure the diffuse irradiance → DNI is calculated → GTI calculated
Solar radiation measurements Rotating Shadowband Irradiometers
DLR.de • Chart 10
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Instrument calibration and characterization
-Calibration is the greatest uncertainty source of common radiometers -Enhancement of calibration techniques -Evaluation of systematic errors and accuracy -Correction functions for systematic errors -Calibration of Si-sensors & RSI
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Solar spectra
-Measurements with spectroradiometers -Simulations with radiative transfer codes based on measurements (aerosol properties, broadband DNI & GHI, temp., rel. hum., press., …)
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Relevant for: -efficiency -selection of PV type
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Spectral effects on solar technologies and radiometers
-spectral effects on PV and Si pyranometers must be considered for yield analysis
DLR.de • Chart 13
DNI GHI
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- Measurement of aerosol properties
- e.g. NASA’s AERONET - reference for satellite based aerosol measurements
Sun photometers DLR.de • Chart 14
PSA
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α
• Circumsolar radiation is forward scattered solar radiation
• Concentrating collectors use: nearly the complete disk radiation
+ a smaller fraction of the circumsolar
radiation
disk radiation
Circumsolar radiation
Relevant for: -operation and plant output -design of plants (field size) -selection of solar technology
DLR.de • Chart 15
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- SAM (Sun & Aureole Measurement), software (+ optional sun photometer) - camera based system @ 670nm - broadband radiation needed for CSP, spectral radiation for CPV
- master-system running at PSA
- 2 replicas: CNRS/Odeillo (France), Masdar Institute (United Arab Emirates)
SAM sun photometer
Measurement of circumsolar radiation – SFERA system DLR.de • Chart 16
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Circumsolar Radiation Sensor using pyrheliometers
1
2
DLR.de • Chart 17
Black Photon Instruments
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Circumsolar radiation measurement with RSIs DLR.de • Chart 18
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Circumsolar radiation measurement with RSIs
Shadow on pyranometer
DHI partly blocked by band
Circumsolar contribution from 1° to 3.2°
measured with an RSI
disk radiation
DLR.de • Chart 19
- Algorithm analyses measurement during rotation - No additional hardware required
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DLR.de • Chart 20
Variability of irradiance & forecasting
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Andasol parabolic trough plants
Variability of irradiance & forecasting
Forecasting and temporal and intra-plant-spatial variability are relevant for: -PV production ramp rate control -PV back up system control (diesel generator) -CSP&PV plant yield optimization (e.g. market participation) -CSP & PV plant design (storage size) -selection of solar technology depending -grid operation
DLR.de • Chart 21
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Point like
10 m
100 m
1 km
10 km
100 km
1 m
in
30 m
in
45 m
in
6 h
All sky imagers Satellite Global NWP Limited area NWP
Spat
ial r
esol
utio
n (l
og-s
cale
)
Forecast lead time (log-scale) 60 m
in
0.1
min
5 m
in
Imag
e: A
RM
INES
, SM
HI,
DLR
DLR.de • Chart 22
Irradiance nowcasting
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• Spatially resolved DNI, GTI, GHI maps with high temporal resolutions • Combination with NWP (numerical weather prediction) and satellite nowcasts
All sky imager (ASI) based irradiance nowcasting
DLR.de • Chart 23
Example ASI image
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Working principle of ASI based nowcasting systems
ASI cameras film clouds
Clouds are segmented
Clouds are geolocated
Shadow map is estimated
Sensors provide irradiance data
Irradiance map is created
DLR.de • Chart 24
Track cloud position and extrapolate
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User interface of a nowcasting system (WOBAS) DLR.de • Chart 25
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Radiometer and ShadowCam-system Ground-filming cameras provide irradiance maps
6x
sunny + shaded reference image
6x
DLR.de • Chart 26
radiometers
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4 Q24 ASI (All Sky Imager) 6 M25 ShadowCams 20 Si-pyranometers Pyrheliometers + pyranometers Ceilometer
2.0km
Radiometer and ShadowCam-system
DLR.de • Chart 27
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DLR.de • Chart 28
Soiling
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Soiling
DLR.de • Chart 29
Soiling measurements for PV modules and reference cells
CSP-specific soiling measurements with TraCS or handheld reflectometers
Relevant for: -operation and plant output
-When do we have to clean? -plant design, site selection
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HVS Grimm
Optical systems, e.g.:
• Scatterometer type
Gravimetrical system
• Filter in air flow
Soiling modelling based on simple measurements Dust sampling
Zagora meteo station
DLR.de • Chart 31
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DLR.de • Chart 32
Beam attenuation between heliostat and receiver
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Beam attenuation in tower plants
Relevant for: -design of tower plants (field size) -selection of solar technology -operation and plant output
DLR.de • Chart 33
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Vaisala FS11 scatterometer
Optec LPV-4 transmissometer
Beam attenuation in tower plants
Before ABC
ABC improves coincidence between both sensors!
Commercially available instruments applicable for CSP if ABC correction is applied!
ABC - Absorption and Broadband Correction
After ABC
DLR.de • Chart 34
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Compare clear sky DNI measurement with modelled DNI for aerosol free atmosphere + Assumption about aerosol height profile Calculate extinction
coefficient close to ground
1km Constant aerosol extinction coefficient
Extinction modelling based on DNI measurement
Validated for PSA
DLR.de • Chart 35
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DLR.de • Chart 36
Parameters affecting durability
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Radiation
Temperature
Wind
Aerosols
Sandstorms Humidity • Air humidity, dew, rain •Chemical reactions •Soiling
• Abrasion
• Salt, dust, industrial emissions • Soiling • Chemical reactions, especially on hot surfaces
• Mechanical loads • Soiling • especially UV-A, UV-B
•Chemical reactions
• Diurnal changes • frost • Mechanical stress
Relevant for: -cheaper components & longer lifetime
Parameters influencing durability
DLR.de • Chart 37
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• Durability tests of new products by outdoor exposure take too long
• Accelerated aging tests in the laboratory are used • Analysis of wind speed and flying sand concentration
analyses • Operation parameters for laboratory tests
Sandstorm chamber
Abrasion due to sandstorms
Sandstorm chamber
DLR.de • Chart 38
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Meteorological Measurements for Solar Energy Summary and conclusion Solar irradiance is the most relevant parameter, but several other parameters also have to be measured Meteo data collection & application = chance for energy cost reduction -Low data uncertainties reduce financial risk and hence financing costs -Cost reductions due to smart site specific design -Cost reductions due to optimized operation: live meteo data, nowcasting, forecasting required
DLR.de • Chart 39
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Thank you for your attention and for the invitation! Questions?
Contact:
Dr. rer. nat. Stefan Wilbert
Team Leader ‘Solar Energy Meteorology’
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)
German Aerospace Center Institute of Solar Research - Qualification
Plataforma Solar de Almería, Carretera de Senés s/n, km 5, 04200 Tabernas, Spain
Tel. 0034-950277619 | Fax 0034-950260315 | [email protected]
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