ESI 1
Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI) to accompany:
Methodologies for Evaluation of Metal-Organic
Frameworks in Separation Applications
Rajamani Krishna
Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904,
1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR *Tel +31 20 6270990; Fax: + 31 20 5255604;
email: [email protected]
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances.This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015
ESI 2
Table of Contents
1. Simulation methodology for transient breakthrough in fixed bed adsorbers ...................................... 3
2. Transient breakthrough experiments for CO2/CH4 separations .......................................................... 6
3. C2H2/CO2 separations .......................................................................................................................... 8
4. Xe/Kr separations ................................................................................................................................ 9
5. CO2/N2 separations ............................................................................................................................ 10
6. CO2/N2/SO2 separations .................................................................................................................... 11
7. CO2/CH4 separations ......................................................................................................................... 12
8. CO2/CH4/H2S separations ................................................................................................................. 13
9. Separation of H2 from H2/CO2/CO/CH4/N2 mixtures ....................................................................... 14
10. Fuel-cell grade H2 production from H2/CO2/CO mixtures ............................................................ 15
11. CO2/CO mixture separations ......................................................................................................... 16
12. C2H2/C2H4 separations at 298 K .................................................................................................... 17
13. C2H4/C2H6 and C3H6/C3H8 separations at 318 K ........................................................................... 18
14. C2H4/C2H6 separations at 298 K .................................................................................................... 20
15. O2/N2 separations ........................................................................................................................... 21
16. N2/CH4 separations ........................................................................................................................ 22
17. Separation of hexane isomers ........................................................................................................ 23
18. Separations of xylene isomers ....................................................................................................... 24
19. Styrene/ethylbenzene separations .................................................................................................. 25
20. Benzene/cyclohexane separations ................................................................................................. 26
21. Notation ......................................................................................................................................... 27
22. References ..................................................................................................................................... 29
23. Caption for Figures ........................................................................................................................ 33
ESI 3
1. Simulation methodology for transient breakthrough in fixed bed adsorbers
Fixed bed, packed with crystals of microporous materials, are commonly used for separation of
mixtures (see schematic in Figure 2); such adsorbers are commonly operated in a transient mode, and
the compositions of the gas phase, and component loadings within the crystals, vary with position and
time. During the initial stages of the transience, the pores are loaded up gradually, and only towards the
end of the adsorption cycle are conditions corresponding to pore saturation attained. Put another way,
separations in fixed bed adsorbers are influenced by both the Henry regime of adsorption as well as the
conditions corresponding to pore saturation. Experimental data on the transient breakthrough of
mixtures across fixed beds are commonly used to evaluate and compare the separation performance of
zeolites and MOFs.1-5 For a given separation task, transient breakthroughs provide more a realistic
evaluation of the efficacy of a material, as they reflect the combined influence of adsorption selectivity,
adsorption capacity, and intra-crystalline diffusion limitations.5, 6
We describe below the simulation methodology used to perform transient breakthrough calculations
that are presented in this work. This simulation methodology is the same as that used in our previous
published work.5
Assuming plug flow of an n-component gas mixture through a fixed bed maintained under isothermal
conditions, the partial pressures in the gas phase at any position and instant of time are obtained by
solving the following set of partial differential equations for each of the species i in the gas mixture.7
( ) ( )ni
t
ztq
z
ztpztv
RTt
ztp
RTiii ,...2,1;
),(1),(),(1),(1 =−−−=∂
∂ρε
ε∂
∂∂
∂ (1)
In equation (1), t is the time, z is the distance along the adsorber, ρ is the framework density, ε is the
bed voidage, v is the interstitial gas velocity, and ),( ztqi is the spatially averaged molar loading within
the crystallites of radius rc, monitored at position z, and at time t.
ESI 4
At any time t, during the transient approach to thermodynamic equilibrium, the spatially averaged
molar loading within the crystallite rc is obtained by integration of the radial loading profile
drrtrqr
tqcr
ic
i2
03),(
3)( = (2)
For transient unary uptake within a crystal at any position and time with the fixed bed, the radial
distribution of molar loadings, qi, within a spherical crystallite, of radius rc, is obtained from a solution
of a set of differential equations describing the uptake
( )ii Nr
rrt
trq 22
11),(
∂∂−=
∂∂
ρ (3)
The molar flux Ni of component i is described by the simplified version of the Maxwell-Stefan
equations in which both correlation effects and thermodynamic coupling effects are considered to be of
negligible importance5
r
qÐN i
ii ∂∂−= ρ (4)
Summing equation (2) over all n species in the mixture allows calculation of the total average molar
loading of the mixture within the crystallite
=
=n
iit ztqztq
1
),(),( (5)
The interstitial gas velocity is related to the superficial gas velocity by
εu
v = (6)
In industrial practice, the most common operation is with to use a step-wise input of mixtures to be
separation into an adsorber bed that is initially free of adsorbates, i.e. we have the initial condition
0),0(;0 == zqt i (7)
ESI 5
At time, t = 0, the inlet to the adsorber, z = 0, is subjected to a step input of the n-component gas
mixture and this step input is maintained till the end of the adsorption cycle when steady-state
conditions are reached.
utuptpt ii ==≥ ),0(;),0(;0 0 (8)
where u is the superficial gas velocity at the inlet to the adsorber.
Besides, the breakthrough simulations with a step-input (8), we also carried out simulations for a
packed bed adsorber with injection of a short duration pulse of the mixture to be separated. This type of
simulation is particularly useful to demonstrate the fractionating capability of adsorbents. For
simulation of pulse chromatographic separations, we use the corresponding set of inlet conditions
utuptptt ii ==≤≤ ),0(;),0(;0 00 (9)
where the time for duration of the pulse is t0. The pulse duration is generally very short, and therefore
pore saturation conditions are never approached at any position at any time t. Therefore, pulse
chromatographic simulations, and the corresponding experiments, do not reflect molecular packing
effects. Pulse chromatographic simulations and experiments are representative of separations in the
Henry regime at low pore occupancies.8, 9 Pulse chromatographic experiments have been used to
demonstrate the potential of MOFs for separations at of alkane isomers,10 and xylene isomers11, 12 at
low pore occupancies. In this review article, pulse chromatographic simulations are only used to
demonstrate the separation of noble gases using CuBTC.
If the value of 2
c
i
r
Ð is large enough to ensure that intra-crystalline gradients are absent and the entire
crystallite particle can be considered to be in thermodynamic equilibrium with the surrounding bulk gas
phase at that time t, and position z of the adsorber
),(),( ztqztq ii = (10)
The molar loadings at the outer surface of the crystallites, i.e. at r = rc, are calculated on the basis of
adsorption equilibrium with the bulk gas phase partial pressures pi at that position z and time t. The
ESI 6
adsorption equilibrium can be calculated on the basis of the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST) of
Myers and Prausnitz.13 In all the simulation results we present in this article, the IAST calculations use
pure component isotherms fitted with the Langmuir, Langmuir-Freundlich, or dual-Langmuir-
Freundlich model.
For presenting the breakthrough simulation results, we use the dimensionless time, ε
τL
tu= , obtained
by dividing the actual time, t, by the characteristic time, u
Lε, where L is the length of adsorber, u is the
superficial fluid velocity, ε is the bed voidage.6
For all the simulations reported in this article we choose the following: adsorber length, L = 0.3 m;
cross-sectional area, A = 1 m2; superficial gas velocity in the bed, u = 0.04 m s-1; voidage of the packed
bed, ε = 0.4. Please note that since the superficial gas velocity is specified, the specification of the
cross-sectional area of the tube, A, is not relevant in the simulation results presented. The volume of
MOF used in the simulations is (1 - ε) A L = 0.18 m3. If ρ is the framework density, the mass of the
adsorbent in the bed is ρ (1 - ε) A L kg. In these breakthrough simulations we use the same volume of
adsorbent in the breakthrough apparatus, i.e. (1 - ε) A L = 0.18 m3.
2. Transient breakthrough experiments for CO2/CH4 separations
We analyze a set of experimental breakthroughs for 50/50 CO2/CH4 mixtures in bed packed with
NiMOF-74 and Kureha carbon measured in the same set-up and reported by Chen et al.14 and Yu et
al.15 The tube length, L =100 mm and the internal diameter, d = 4.65 mm; see schematic in Figure 2.
The cross-sectional area of the tube, is
2
4dA
π= (11)
The volume of the empty tube, V, is
ALV = (12)
ESI 7
Let mads represent the mass of adsorbent packed into the tube. The volume occupied by the adsorbent
crystalline material, Vads, is
ρads
ads
mV = (13)
A precisely determined mass of each adsorbent (Ni-MOF-74 pellet sample = 576.1 mg, and Kureha
carbon = 760 mg) was filled into the column and then heated in flowing He with a rate of 20 ml (STP)
min-1 at 423 K for 8 h prior to the breakthrough measurements. The breakthrough curves were then
measured by switching the He flow to a flow containing CO2 and CH4 in He (used as a balance) with a
CO2:CH4:He mole composition of 1:1:2 at a total flow rate of 8 mL (STP) min-1.
As illustration, Figures 3a,b compares the experimental breakthroughs for CO2(1)/CH4(2)/He(3) in
packed bed with NiMOF-74, and Kureha carbon at 298 K. The partial pressures at the inlet are p1 = p2 =
50 kPa; p3 = 100 kPa. For both materials, with the notable exception of NH2-MIL-101, there is a finite
time interval within which 99%+ pure CH4 can be produced. As illustration in Figure 3b, for NiMOF-74
it is possible to produce CH4 with 99%+ purity during the time interval between t1, and t2.
The gravimetric CO2 uptake can be calculated from
( ) ( )ads
ads
exitCOtt
exitHe
exitCO
inletHe
inletCO
ads
Het VALm
ycdt
y
y
y
y
m
Qc ss
−−
−= ,2
0 ,
,2
,
,22 uptake CO (14)
The volumetric CO2 uptake is obtained by multiplying by the framework density (= grain density) of
the adsorbent. Figure 3c shows the dependence of the volumetric uptake on the dimensionless
breakthrough time.
A material balance for the time interval t = t1 – t2 allows us to determine the productivity of CH4 with
the specified 99%+ purity
=
2
1 ,
,44 typroductivi CH
t
t exitHe
exitCH
ads
Het dty
y
m
Qc (15)
ESI 8
3. C2H2/CO2 separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
HOF-3 165 0.0971 453 16
ZJU-60a 1627 0.868 631 17
CuBTC 2097 0.848 879 18, 19
PCP-33 1248 0.502 1261 20
Cu2TPTC 2405 760 21
HOF-3 is a rod-packing 3D microporous hydrogen-bonded organic framework exhibiting the srs topology.16 ZJU-60a = Cu2(MFDI) is a three-dimensional microporous metal–organic framework with a rare sty-a type topology.17 CuBTC (=Cu3(BTC)2 with BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate, also known as HKUST-1) structure consists of two types
of “cages” and two types of “windows” separating these cages. Large cages are inter-connected by 9 Å windows of square cross-section. The large cages are also connected to tetrahedral-shaped pockets of ca. 6 Å size through triangular-shaped windows of ca. 4.6 Å size.
PCP-33 = [(Cu4Cl)(BTBA)8·(CH3)2NH2)] based on a symmetric ligand (3,5-bis(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-benzoic acid,
H3BTBA).20 Cu2TPTC-Me (TPTC-Me =2′,5′-dimethyl-[1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-3,3″,5,5″-tetracarboxylate) is a NbO type isostructural
MOF synthesized by Xia et al. 21. The separation performance of this MOF is almost identical to that of PCP-33. The comparison of the C2H2/CO2 mixture separations using Cu2TPTC-Me with the four other MOFs are provided in Figure 4.
Figures 4a, 4b show IAST calculations of (a) adsorption selectivity, Sads, and (b) uptake capacity of C2H2, for separation of 50/50 C2H2/CO2 mixture.
Figure 4c compares the % C2H2 in the exit gas plotted as a function of the dimensionless breakthrough time. We see that the breakthrough time for Cu2TPTC-Me is identical to that of PCP-33.
ESI 9
4. Xe/Kr separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
Ag@NiMOF-74 750 1240 22 Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not significant
NiMOF-74 1532 0.582 1220 22, 23 CuBTC 2097 0.848 879 23, 24
SBMOF-2 1192 25
CoFormate 300 1819 26 Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not significant
NiMOF-74 = (Ni2 (dobdc) = Ni\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å. Ag@NiMOF-74 = silver loaded NiMOF-74.22 CuBTC (=Cu3(BTC)2 with BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate, also known as HKUST-1) structure consists of two types
of “cages” and two types of “windows” separating these cages. Large cages are inter-connected by 9 Å windows of square cross-section. The large cages are also connected to tetrahedral-shaped pockets of ca. 6 Å size through triangular-shaped windows of ca. 4.6 Å size.
SBMOF-2 (Stony Brook MOF-2) is a robust 3-D porous crystalline structure containing calcium and 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(4-
carboxyphenyl)benzene. 26 CoFormate = Co3(HCOO)6. The framework contains one-dimensional channels made of repeating zig and zag segment
running along the crystallographic b-axis, of which the pore diameter is about 5 Å.
ESI 10
5. CO2/N2 separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
MgMOF-74 1669 0.607 909 19, 27 Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not significant
NiMOF-74 1532 0.582 1194 28, 29 NaX 950 0.280 1421 19, 30
Kureha carbon
1300 0.56 1860 15
Cu-SSZ13 0.253 1852 31, 32 Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are significant
MgMOF-74 ( = Mg2 (dobdc) = Mg\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)), This MOF consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å
NiMOF-74 = (Ni2 (dobdc) = Ni\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å NaX zeolite, also referred to as 13 X zeolite, has the FAU topology. The FAU topology consists of 785.7 Å3 size cages
separated by 7.4 Å size windows. Cage size is calculated on the basis of the equivalent sphere volume. Kureha carbon is a commercially available, purely microporous material with pore-size distribution centered at 0.6 and 1.1
nm.15 Cu-SSZ13 has the CHA zeolite topology. CHA topology consists of 316.4 Å3 size cages separated by 3.77 Å × 4.23 Å
size windows.
ESI 11
6. CO2/N2/SO2 separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
NOTT-300 1370 0.433 1062 33
NOTT-300 = [Al2(OH)2(C16O8H6)].33 The pore dimensions are 6.5 Å × 6.5 Å.
ESI 12
7. CO2/CH4 separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
MgMOF-74 1669 0.607 909 19, 27 Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not significant
NiMOF-74 1532 0.582 1194 28, 29 NaX 950 0.280 1421 19, 30
CuBTC 2097 0.848 879 19, 34
Cu-TDPAT 1938 0.93 782 19, 35
Kureha carbon
1300 0.56 1860 15
MgMOF-74 ( = Mg2 (dobdc) = Mg\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å NiMOF-74 = (Ni2 (dobdc) = Ni\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å NaX zeolite, also referred to as 13 X zeolite, has the FAU topology. The FAU topology consists of 785.7 Å3 size cages
separated by 7.4 Å size windows. Cage size is calculated on the basis of the equivalent sphere volume. CuBTC (=Cu3(BTC)2 with BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate, also known as HKUST-1) structure consists of two types
of “cages” and two types of “windows” separating these cages. Large cages are inter-connected by 9 Å windows of square cross-section. The large cages are also connected to tetrahedral-shaped pockets of ca. 6 Å size through triangular-shaped windows of ca. 4.6 Å size
Cu-TDPAT =an rht-type metal−organic framework; H6TDPAT = 2,4,6-tris(3,5-dicarboxylphenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine. Kureha carbon is a commercially available, purely microporous material ,with pore-size distribution centered at 0.6 and
1.1 nm.15 The main manuscript compares separations at total pressures of 100 kPa and 2 MPa. Here, we also include comparisons
with transient breakthroughs 600 kPa. Figure 5 presents a comparison of % CO2 in the exit gas for fixed bed adsorber beds packed with different adsorbents, fed with 50/50 CO2/CH4 mixture, operating at 298 K and (a) pt = 100 kPa, (b) pt = 600 kPa, (c) pt = 2 MPa. Figure 6 presents plots of the amount of CO2 captured during the time interval 0 - τbreak as function of the dimensionless breakthrough time, τbreak, for fixed bed adsorber beds packed with different adsorbents, fed with 50/50 CO2/CH4 mixture, operating at 298 K and (a) pt = 100 kPa, (b) pt = 600 kPa, (c) pt = 2 MPa. (c) 100 kPa, and (b) 2 MPa.
ESI 13
8. CO2/CH4/H2S separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
NiMOF-74 1532 0.582 1194 28, 29, 36 Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not significant
Amino-MIL-125 (Ti)
950 0.280 1421 37
NiMOF-74 = (Ni2 (dobdc) = Ni\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å. Amino-MIL-125 (Ti) = MIL-125(Ti)-NH2 = amino functionalized titanium terephthalate. MIL-125(Ti)-NH2 exhibits a
quasi-cubic tetragonal structure. The octahedral and tetrahedral cages with calculated free diameters of 10.7 Å and 4.7 Å are accessible through triangular windows of 5–7 Å.37
ESI 14
9. Separation of H2 from H2/CO2/CO/CH4/N2 mixtures
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for
unary isotherm fits
Comment
UTSA-16a extrudates
805 0.49 1171 The isotherm data used are from Agueda et al.38
Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not significant Cu-TDPAT 1938 0.93 782 19, 35
NaX zeolite 950 0.280 1421 19, 30
CuBTC 2097 0.848 879 19, 39
Activated Carbon (AC)
1000 40
The simulation details are provided in our earlier work. 5 Cu-TDPAT =an rht-type metal−organic framework; H6TDPAT = 2,4,6-tris(3,5-dicarboxylphenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine. NaX zeolite, also referred to as 13 X zeolite, has the FAU topology. The FAU topology consists of 785.7 Å3 size cages
separated by 7.4 Å size windows. Cage size is calculated on the basis of the equivalent sphere volume. CuBTC (=Cu3(BTC)2 with BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate, also known as HKUST-1) structure consists of two types
of “cages” and two types of “windows” separating these cages. Large cages are inter-connected by 9 Å windows of square cross-section. The large cages are also connected to tetrahedral-shaped pockets of ca. 6 Å size through triangular-shaped windows of ca. 4.6 Å size.
The isotherm data for Activated Carbon are taken from Banu et al. 40 Experimental confirmation that intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not of significant importance for H2 purification
processes is obtained by an analysis of the experimental data of Silva et al.41 on the breakthrough characteristics of 3-component 35.5/47/17.5 H2/CO2/CH4 mixture in adsorber packed with CuBTC at 303 K operating at a total pressure of 0.2 MPa; see Figure 7. The experimental data (symbols) are compared with breakthrough simulations (continuous solid lines) assuming thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e. invoking Equation (10); the agreement is very good. Silva et al.41 also present a detailed model for breakthrough that include: intra-crystalline diffusion, axial dispersion in the fixed bed, along with a rigorous energy balance. Their simulation results, presented in Figure 4a of their paper, are hardly distinguishable from our own simulations using invoking Equation (10) that assumes thermodynamic equilibrium.
ESI 15
10. Fuel-cell grade H2 production from H2/CO2/CO mixtures
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for
unary isotherm fits
Comment
UTSA-16a extrudates
805 0.49 1171 The isotherm data used are from Agueda et al.38
Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not significant Cu-TDPAT 1938 0.93 782 19, 35
NaX zeolite 950 0.280 1421 19, 30
CuBTC 2097 0.848 879 19, 39
Activated Carbon (AC)
1000 40
The simulation details are provided in our earlier work. 5 Cu-TDPAT =an rht-type metal−organic framework; H6TDPAT = 2,4,6-tris(3,5-dicarboxylphenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine. NaX zeolite, also referred to as 13 X zeolite, has the FAU topology. The FAU topology consists of 785.7 Å3 size cages
separated by 7.4 Å size windows. Cage size is calculated on the basis of the equivalent sphere volume. CuBTC (=Cu3(BTC)2 with BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate, also known as HKUST-1) structure consists of two types
of “cages” and two types of “windows” separating these cages. Large cages are inter-connected by 9 Å windows of square cross-section. The large cages are also connected to tetrahedral-shaped pockets of ca. 6 Å size through triangular-shaped windows of ca. 4.6 Å size.
The isotherm data for Activated Carbon are taken from Banu et al. 40 Figure 8a plots the ppm impurities in outlet gas as a function of the dimensionless time for separation of 3-component
73/16/11 H2/CO2/CO mixtures. We aim for impurity levels < 10 ppm. 42 Figure 8b compares the plots of the amount of H2 captured (< 10 ppm impurities) per L of material during the time interval
0 - τbreak as function of the dimensionless breakthrough time, τbreak for separation of 3-component 73/16/11 H2/CO2/CO mixtures. We note that NaX is the best adsorbent for production of fuel-cell grade hydrogen.
ESI 16
11. CO2/CO mixture separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for
unary isotherm fits
Comment
UTSA-16a extrudates
805 0.49 1171 The isotherm data used are from Agueda et al.38
Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not significant Cu-TDPAT 1938 0.93 782 19, 35
NaX zeolite 950 0.280 1421 19, 30
CuBTC 2097 0.848 879 19, 39
Activated Carbon (AC)
1000 40
The simulation details are provided in our earlier work. 5 Cu-TDPAT =an rht-type metal−organic framework; H6TDPAT = 2,4,6-tris(3,5-dicarboxylphenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine. NaX zeolite, also referred to as 13 X zeolite, has the FAU topology. The FAU topology consists of 785.7 Å3 size cages
separated by 7.4 Å size windows. Cage size is calculated on the basis of the equivalent sphere volume. CuBTC (=Cu3(BTC)2 with BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate, also known as HKUST-1) structure consists of two types
of “cages” and two types of “windows” separating these cages. Large cages are inter-connected by 9 Å windows of square cross-section. The large cages are also connected to tetrahedral-shaped pockets of ca. 6 Å size through triangular-shaped windows of ca. 4.6 Å size.
The isotherm data for Activated Carbon are taken from Banu et al. 40 Figure 9a presents a plot of ppm CO2 in outlet gas as a function of the dimensionless time for separation of binary 50/50
CO2/CO mixtures using five different adsorbent materials. CuBTC, NaX, Cu-TDPAT have nearly the same breakthrough times, that are significantly higher than that with UTSA-16a, and AC.
Figure 9b presents a plot of the amount of CO2 captured per L of material during the time interval 0 - τbreak as function of the dimensionless breakthrough time, τbreak. NaX, CuBTC, and Cu-TDPAT have nearly the same CO2 capture capabilities. The poorest CO2 capture capability is that of AC.
ESI 17
12. C2H2/C2H4 separations at 298 K
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
MgMOF-74 1669 0.607 909 18 Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not significant
CoMOF-74 1448.5 0.515 1169 18
FeMOF-74 1536 0.626 1126 18
NOTT-300 1370 0.433 1062 The isotherm fits are from Table S13 of Yang.43 The data is for 293 K.
M’MOF3a 110 0.165 1023 18
M’MOF4a 0.289 1126 18
UTSA-100a 970 0.399 1146 44
MgMOF-74 ( = Mg2 (dobdc) = Mg\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å
CoMOF-74 = (Co2 (dobdc) = Co\(dobdc)) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å FeMOF-74 ( = Fe2(dobdc) = Fe\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å M’MOF3a = mixed metal organic-framework.45 The pore dimensions are 3.4 Å × 4.8 Å M’MOF4a = mixed metal organic-framework.45 NOTT-300 = [Al2(OH)2(C16O8H6)].
33 It has 6.5 Å × 6.5 Å channels. UTSA-100a = a microporous MOF = [Cu(ATBDC)]; H2ATBDC = 5-(5-Amino-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1,3-
benzenedicarboxylic acid. 44 UTSA-100a has a three-dimensional framework with rhombic open zigzag nano-channels with amino and tetrazole functionalized wall running in the c-direction. The 1D open zigzag channels have a diameter of about 4.3 Å. There are smaller cages with the diameter of about 4.0 Å between the 1D channels with window openings of 3.3 Å.
The main manuscript examines 1/99 C2H2/C2H4 mixture separations. Figure 10 presents IAST, and breakthrough
calculations for 50/50 C2H2/C2H4 mixtures using four different MOFs. We note that the highest capture capture capacity is achieved with MgMOF-74. These calculations demonstrate that uptake capacities are more important for 50.50 C2H2/C2H4 mixtures than for 1/99 C2H2/C2H4 mixtures.
ESI 18
13. C2H4/C2H6 and C3H6/C3H8 separations at 318 K
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
MgMOF-74 1835 0.638 909 46 Intra-crystalline diffusion effects are not significant for thes MOFs
CoMOF-74 1438 0.51 1169 46
FeMOF-74 1536 0.529 1126 1, 46
NiMOF-74 1532 0.541 1206 46
MnMOF-74 1797 0.628 1084 46
ZnMOF-74 1277 0.451 1231 46
The values above are reproduced from Tables S1 and S15 of Geier et al.46 Our simulations are carried out with the dual-Langmuir-Freundlich fit parameters in Tables S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9,
S10, S11, S12, and S13. MgMOF-74 ( = Mg2 (dobdc) = Mg\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å CoMOF-74 = (Co2 (dobdc) = Co\(dobdc)) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å FeMOF-74 ( = Fe2(dobdc) = Fe\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å NiMOF-74 = (Ni2 (dobdc) = Ni\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å MnMOF-74 (= Mn2 (dobdc) = Mn\(dobdc)) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å ZnMOF-74 (= Zn2 (dobdc) = Zn\(dobdc)) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å. Experimental data on the pure component isotherms for adsorption of C2H4,C2H6, C3H6, and C3H8 in six different iso-
structural MOFs M-MOF-74 with M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, and Mn are available in the works of Bloch et al.1, and Geier et al.46 We shall use the pure component isotherm fits at 318 K to compare their relative performance for separations of 50/50 C2H4/C2H6, and 50/50 C3H6/C3H8 mixtures. The C2H4/C2H6 selectivities and volumetric C2H4 uptake capacities are compared in Figure 11a, and 11b. The highest selectivities are realized with FeMOF-74, and MnMOF-74. The higher volumetric uptake capacities are obtained with FeMOF-74, MnMOF-74, CoMOF-74, and NiMOF-74. Figures 11c presents a comparison of the % C2H4 in the exit gas from adsorber beds for the six different MOFs. Let us arbitrarily define the breakthrough time, τbreak, as the dimensionless time at which the % C2H4 in the exit gas is 1%. The longest breakthrough times, τbreak, are with FeMOF-74, MnMOF-74, CoMOF-74, and NiMOF-74; this appears to be dictated primarily the the hierarchy of volumetric uptake capacities. The shortest breakthrough times, τbreak, are with MgMOF-74 that has the lowest volumetric uptake capacity. The amount of C2H4 captured during the time interval 0 - τbreak can be determined from a material balance. These amounts, expressed as mol C2H4 captured per L of framework material are plotted against τbreak in Figures 11d. The highest capture C2H4 capacities are realized with FeMOF-74, MnMOF-74, CoMOF-74, and NiMOF-74 primarily because of high uptake capacities. By the same token, the lowest C2H4 capture capacity is realized with MgMOF-74 primarily because of its low volumetric uptake capacity.The C3H6/C3H8 selectivities and volumetric C3H6 uptake capacities are compared in Figures 12a, and 12b. The highest selectivities are realized with MnMOF-74, and FeMOF-74. The higher volumetric uptake capacities are obtained with NiMOF-74, FeMOF-74, and MnMOF-74. Figures 12c presents a comparison of the % C3H6 in the exit gas from adsorber beds for the six different MOFs. Let us arbitrarily define the breakthrough time, τbreak, as the dimensionless time at which the % C3H6 in the exit gas is 1%. The longest breakthrough times, τbreak, are with NiMOF-74,
ESI 19
FeMOF-74, and MnMOF-74; this appears to be dictated primarily the the hierarchy of volumetric uptake capacities. MgMOF-74, CoMOF-74, and FeMOF-74 primarily because of the higher uptake capacities. The shortest breakthrough times, τbreak, are with MgMOF-74 that has the lowest volumetric uptake capacity. The amount of C3H6 captured during the time interval 0 - τbreak can be determined from a material balance. These amounts, expressed as mol C3H6 captured per L of framework material are plotted against τbreak in Figures 12d. The highest capture C3H6 capacities are realized with NiMOF-74, FeMOF-74, and MnMOF-74 primarily because of high uptake capacities. By the same token, the lowest C3H6 capture capacity is realized with MgMOF-74 primarily because of its low volumetric uptake capacity.From the foregoing analyses of separation of C2H4/C2H6, and C3H6/C3H8 mixtures we conclude that M-MOF-74 have good potential for selective adsorption of unsaturated alkenes from mixtures with the corresponding saturated alkanes of the same chain length.
The energy requirements are high because of the significantly higher binding energy of the alkenes; this is reflected in the isosteric heats of adsorption; see Figure 13.
ESI 20
14. C2H4/C2H6 separations at 298 K
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
MgMOF-74 1669 0.607 909 18
CoMOF-74 1448.5 0.5146 1169 18
FeMOF-74 1536 0.626 1126 18
CuBTC 2097 0.848 879 18
NOTT-300 1370 0.433 1062 The isotherm fits are from Table S13 of Yang.43 The data is for 293 K.
PAF-1-SO3Ag
1938 0.93 1070 47
MIL-101-Cr-SO3Ag
1374 0.56 700 48
Since the Geier et al. 46 data for MgMOF-74, CoMOF-74, and FeMOF-74 are available only for the lowest temperature
of 318 K, the isotherm fits used for the simulations at 298 K are from the parameters presented by He et al.18 MgMOF-74 ( = Mg2 (dobdc) = Mg\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å CoMOF-74 = (Co2 (dobdc) = Co\(dobdc)) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å FeMOF-74 ( = Fe2(dobdc) = Fe\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å CuBTC (=Cu3(BTC)2 with BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate, also known as HKUST-1) structure consists of two types
of “cages” and two types of “windows” separating these cages. Large cages are inter-connected by 9 Å windows of square cross-section. The large cages are also connected to tetrahedral-shaped pockets of ca. 6 Å size through triangular-shaped windows of ca. 4.6 Å size.
PAF-1-SO3Ag introduces π-complexation into highly porous PAF-122 with Ag(I) ions.47 MIL-101–Cr–SO3Ag was afforded via Ag(I) ion exchange of the sulphonic acid functionalized MIL-101–Cr.48 NOTT-300 = [Al2(OH)2(C16O8H6)].
33, 43 It has 6.5 Å × 6.5 Å channels. The isotherm data are available at 293 K.43
ESI 21
15. O2/N2 separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
LTA-4A = RS-10
900 0.25 1529 49, 50 Diffusional effects are significant. Inter-cage hopping occurs one-molecule-at-a-time
LTA-5A 900 0.25 1508 51-53 Diffusional effects are significant. Inter-cage hopping occurs one-molecule-at-a-time
FeMOF-74 1536 0.626 1126 54 Diffusional effects are not of significant importance
LTA consists of 743.05 Å3 size cages separated by 4 Å windows. The adsorption and diffusion data for LTA-4A are for commercially available RS-10 that is a modified version of LTA-
4A that affords higher diffusion selectivity in favor of O2; the data are taken from Farooq et al. 49, 50 FeMOF-74 ( = Fe2(dobdc) = Fe\(dobdc) with dobdc = (dobdc4– = 1,4-dioxido-2,5-benzenedicarboxylate)). This MOF
consists of one-dimensional hexagonal-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 11 Å Further simulation details are provided in our earlier work.5
ESI 22
16. N2/CH4 separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
LTA-4A 900 0.25 1529 55 Diffusional effects are significant. Inter-cage hopping occurs one-molecule-at-a-time
LTA consists of 743.05 Å3 size cages separated by 4 Å windows. The simulation details are provided in our earlier work.5 In these simulations the published data on unary isotherms and
diffusivities55 are used.
ESI 23
17. Separation of hexane isomers
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
MFI 658 0.165 1796 CBMC simulations of isotherms at 433 K.5
Diffusional effects are significant for guest diffusion in the 5.5 Å channels.
ZIF-77 541 0.189 1553 Diffusional effects are significant for guest diffusion in the 4.5 Å channels.
Fe2(BDP)3 0.25 1145 Experimental data of Herm at 403 K, 433 K, and 473 K. These data are fitted with T-dependent parameters. 5
Diffusional effects are significant for guest diffusion in the 4.9 Å triangular channels.
The simulation details are provided in our earlier work.5 MFI zeolite consists of 10-ring intersecting channels of 5.1 Å – 5.5 Å and 5.3 Å – 5.6 Å size. The modelling of diffusion within the intersecting channels of MFI zeolite need to take proper account of synergy
between adsorption and diffusion. For this purpose, the thermodynamic correction factors need to be accounted for, as described in detail in our earlier work.
Fe2(BDP)3 has one-dimensional triangular-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca. 4.9 Å. The main manuscript presents calculations of the RON of the gas exiting the fixed bed adsorber. These calculations are
bassed on the transient breakthrough characteristics (cf Figure 14), with inclusion of diffusional limitations, for 5-component nC6/2MP/3MP/22DMB/23DMB mixture in a fixed bed adsorber packed with (a) Fe2(BDP)3, (b) ZIF-77, and (c) MFI zeolite a total pressure of 100 kPa and 433 K. The partial pressures of the components in the bulk gas phase operating at the inlet are p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = 20 kPa.
ESI 24
18. Separations of xylene isomers
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
MAF-X8 1465 0.4947 954.29 CBMC simulated isotherms at 433 K.56
BaX zeolite 1480 Experimental data at 393 K and 453 K. 57, 58
DynaMOF-100
0.626 1105 Experimental data on pure component isotherms at 298 K.59
Mg-CUK-1 602 0.626 1142 Experimental data on pure component isotherms at 323 K.60
MAF-X8 is a Zn(II) pyrazolate-carboxylate framework whose synthesis has been reported by He et al. 61 Within the one-
dimensional 10 Å channels of MAF-X8, we have commensurate stacking of p-xylene.56 BaX is a cation-exchanged Faujasite zeolite. The FAU topology consists of 785.7 Å3 size cages separated by 7.4 Å size
windows. Cage size is calculated on the basis of the equivalent sphere volume. DynaMOF-100 consists of a Zn(II)-based dynamic coordination framework, [Zn4O(L)3] where the ligand L = 4, 4'- ((4-
(tert-butyl) - 1,2- phenylene)bis(oxy))dibenzoate) Mg-CUK-1 is the Mg(II) version of the porous coordination polymer CUK-1, synthesized by Saccoccia et al. 60 It has 1D
pores of 8 Å size. It is to be noted that the isotherm data for Mg-CUK-1 is not available for ethylbenzene. In this case we adopt the following definition of selectivity for o-xylene(1)/m-xylene(2)/p-xylene(3) mixtures
( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )( )21
3
213
213 2qq
q
ppp
qqqSads +
=++=
ESI 25
19. Styrene/ethylbenzene separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
MIL-47(V) 1004 Experimental data at 298 K.62 The original experiment data has been refitted; these parameters are used. 59
The original experiment data has been refitted; 59 these parameters are used.
MIL-53(Al) 1041
DynaMOF-100
0.626 1105 Experimental data on pure component isotherms at 298 K.59
DynaMOF-100 consists of a Zn(II)-based dynamic coordination framework, [Zn4O(L)3] where the ligand L = 4, 4'- ((4-
(tert-butyl) - 1,2- phenylene)bis(oxy))dibenzoate) MIL-47 has one-dimensional diamond-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca 8.5 Å MIL-53 has one-dimensional diamond-shaped channels with free internal diameter of ca 8.5 Å
ESI 26
20. Benzene/cyclohexane separations
MOF Surface area
m2 g-1
Pore volume
cm3 g-1
Framework density
kg m-3
Data sources for unary isotherm fits
Comment
AgY zeolite 1400 Data is available at 393 K;63
The experiment data has been refitted; these parameters are used. PAF-2 740 Ren et al.64
MnTriazolate 1422 Lin et al.65
Cyclohexane, and important industrial chemical, is produced by catalytic hydrogenation of benzene. The unreacted
benzene is present in the effluent from the reactor must be removed from the desired product. The separation of benzene and cyclohexane is difficult because the differences in the boiling points is only 0.6 K (cf. Figure 15). Currently technologies use extractive distillation with entrainers such as sulpholane, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, and N-formylmorpholine; such processes are energy intensive. Adsorptive separations offer the energy-efficient alternatives to extractive distillation, especially for mixtures containing small percentage of benzene, as is commonly encountered.
Takahashi and Yang63 have presented pure component isotherm data for benzene and cyclohexane to show that cation-exchange Faujasites Na-Y, Pd-Y, and Ag-Y zeolites have high selectivity for adsorption of benzene, due to π-complexation; cyclohexane does not form π-complexes.
An alternative to cation-exchange Faujasites, as suggested by Ren et al.64 is to use a porous aromatic framework, PAF-2. The pure component isotherm data for PAF-2 shown in Figure 2b of Ren et al.64 indicate that the saturation capacity of benzene is much higher than that of cyclohexane; this is perhaps due to molecular packing effects. Figure 15 shows the molecular structures of benzene and cyclohexane; it appears that stacking of flat benzene molecules is easier than stacking cyclohexanes in either the boat or chair configurations. In addition to molecular packing effects, the higher π–π interaction between the benzene molecule and the aromatic framework of PAF-2 also contributes to good separations.
Lin et al.65 present the pure component isotherm data for benzene and cyclohexane for Mn triazolate MOF that also indicates a sign indicate that the saturation capacity of benzene is much higher than that of cyclohexane.
Figure 16 compares the transient breakthrough characteristics, for benzene/cyclohexane mixtures in fixed bed adsorbers packed with (a) AgY zeolite operating at 393 K, (b) PAF-2 operating at 298 K, and (c) MnTriazolate operating at 298 K. Since the data are not at the same temperatures it is difficult to compare these in a proper manner. Of the two MOFs investigated, MnTriazolate appears to have superior separation capabilities.
ESI 27
21. Notation
A cross-sectional area of breakthrough tube, m2
ci molar concentration of species i in gas mixture, mol m-3
ci0 molar concentration of species i in gas mixture at inlet to adsorber, mol m-3
d internal diameter of breakthrough tube, m
Ði Maxwell-Stefan diffusivity, m2 s-1
L length of packed bed adsorber, m
mads mass of adsorbent packed into the breakthrough apparatus, kg
n number of species in the mixture, dimensionless
Ni molar flux of species i, mol m-2 s-1
pi partial pressure of species i in mixture, Pa
pt total system pressure, Pa
qi component molar loading of species i, mol kg-1
qi,sat molar loading of species i at saturation, mol kg-1
qt total molar loading in mixture, mol kg-1
qsat,A saturation loading of site A, mol kg-1
qsat,B saturation loading of site B, mol kg-1
)(tqi spatially averaged component molar loading of species i, mol kg-1
QHe volumetric flow rate of inert gas He, m3 s-1
Qst isosteric heat of adsorption, J mol-1
Qt total volumetric flow rate, m3 s-1
r radial direction coordinate, m
rc radius of crystallite, m
R gas constant, 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
t time, s
T absolute temperature, K
ESI 28
u superficial gas velocity in packed bed, m s-1
Vads volume of adsorbent packed into the breakthrough apparatus, m3
yi mole fraction of species i in gas mixture, mol m-3
z distance along the adsorber, and along membrane layer, m
Greek letters
ε voidage of packed bed, dimensionless
ρ framework density, kg m-3
τ time, dimensionless
v interstitial gas velocity in packed bed, m s-1
ESI 29
22. References
(1) Bloch, E. D.; Queen, W. L.; Krishna, R.; Zadrozny, J. M.; Brown, C. M.; Long, J. R. Hydrocarbon Separations in a Metal-Organic Framework with Open Iron(II) Coordination Sites, Science 2012, 335, 1606-1610. (2) Herm, Z. R.; Wiers, B. M.; Van Baten, J. M.; Hudson, M. R.; Zajdel, P.; Brown, C. M.; Maschiocchi, N.; Krishna, R.; Long, J. R. Separation of Hexane Isomers in a Metal-Organic Framework with Triangular Channels Science 2013, 340, 960-964. (3) Gücüyener, C.; van den Bergh, J.; Gascon, J.; Kapteijn, F. Ethane/Ethene Separation Turned on Its Head: Selective Ethane Adsorption on the Metal-Organic Framework ZIF-7 through a Gate-Opening Mechanism, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 17704-17706. (4) Yang, J.; Krishna, R.; Li, J.; Li, J. Experiments and Simulations on Separating a CO2/CH4 Mixture using K-KFI at Low and High Pressures, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2014, 184, 21-27. (5) Krishna, R. The Maxwell-Stefan Description of Mixture Diffusion in Nanoporous Crystalline Materials, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2014, 185, 30-50. (6) Krishna, R.; Long, J. R. Screening metal-organic frameworks by analysis of transient breakthrough of gas mixtures in a fixed bed adsorber, J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 12941-12950. (7) Krishna, R.; Baur, R. Modelling issues in zeolite based separation processes, Sep. Purif. Technol. 2003, 33, 213-254. (8) Krishna, R. Separating Mixtures by Exploiting Molecular Packing Effects in Microporous Materials, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 39-59. (9) Gu, Z.-Y.; Yang, C.-X.; Chang, N.; Yan, X.-P. Metal-Organic Frameworks for Analytical Chemistry: From Sample Collection to Chromatographic Separation, Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 45, 734-745. (10) Chang, N.; Gu, Z.-Y.; Yan, X.-P. Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanocrystal Coated Capillary for Molecular Sieving of Branched Alkanes from Linear Alkanes along with High-Resolution Chromatographic Separation of Linear Alkanes, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 13645-13647. (11) Gu, Z. Y.; Yan, X. P. Metal–Organic Framework MIL-101 for High-Resolution Gas-Chromatographic Separation of Xylene Isomers and Ethylbenzene, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1477-1480. (12) Gu, Z. Y.; Jiang, D. Q.; Wang, H. F.; Cui, X. Y.; Yan, X. P. Adsorption and Separation of Xylene Isomers and Ethylbenzene on Two Zn-Terephthalate Metal-Organic Frameworks, J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 311-316. (13) Myers, A. L.; Prausnitz, J. M. Thermodynamics of Mixed Gas Adsorption, A.I.Ch.E.J. 1965, 11, 121-130. (14) Chen, D.-L.; Shang, H.; Zhu, W.; Krishna, R. Transient Breakthroughs of CO2/CH4 and C3H6/C3H8 Mixtures in Fixed Beds packed with Ni-MOF-74, Chem. Eng. Sci. 2014, 117, 407-415. (15) Yu, H.; Wang, X.; Xu, C.; Chen, D.-L.; Zhu, W.; Krishna, R. Utilizing transient breakthroughs for evaluating the potential of Kureha carbon for CO2 capture, Chem. Eng. J. 2015, 269, 135-147. (16) Li, P.; He, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Weng, L.; Wang, H.; Krishna, R.; Wu, H.; Zhou, W.; O'Keeffe, M.; Han, Y.; Chen, B. A Rod-Packing Microporous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework for Highly Selective Separation of C2H2/CO2 at Room Temperature, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 574-577. (17) Duan, X.; Zhang, Q.; Cai, J.; Yang, Y.; Cui, Y.; He, Y.; Wu, C.; Krishna, R.; Chen, B.; Qian, G. A New Metal–Organic Framework with Potential for Adsorptive Separation of Methane from
ESI 30
Carbon Dioxide, Acetylene, Ethylene, and Ethane Established by Simulated Breakthrough Experiments, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 2628-2633. (18) He, Y.; Krishna, R.; Chen, B. Metal-Organic Frameworks with Potential for Energy-Efficient Adsorptive Separation of Light Hydrocarbons, Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 9107-9120. (19) Kong, G. Q.; Han, Z. D.; He, Y.; Qu, S.; Zhou, W.; Yildirim, T.; Krishna, R.; Zou, C.; Wu, C. D.; Chen, B. Expanded Organic Building Units for the Construction of Highly Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks, Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 14886-14894. (20) Duan, J.; Jin, W.; Krishna, R. Natural Gas Purification Using a Porous Coordination Polymer with Water and Chemical Stability, Inorg. Chem. 2015, 54, 4279-4284. (21) Xia, T.; Cai, J.; Wang, H.; Duan, X.; Cui, Y.; Yang, Y.; Qian, G. Microporous Metal-Organic Frameworks with Suitable Pore Spaces for Acetylene Storage and Purification, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2015, XXX, XXX-XXX. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.05.036. (22) Liu, J.; Strachan, D. M.; Thallapally, P. K. Enhanced noble gas adsorption in Ag@MOF-74Ni, Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 466-468. (23) Liu, J.; Thallapally, P. K.; Strachan, D. Metal−Organic Frameworks for Removal of Xe and Kr from Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants, Langmuir 2012, 28, 11584-11589. (24) Gurdal, Y.; Keskin, S. Atomically Detailed Modeling of Metal Organic Frameworks for Adsorption, Diffusion, and Separation of Noble Gas Mixtures, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2012, 51, 7373-8382. (25) Chen, X.; Plonka, A. M.; Banerjee, D.; Krishna, R.; Schaef, H. T.; Ghose, D.; Thallapally, P. K.; Parise, J. B. Direct Observation of Xe and Kr Adsorption in a Xe-selective Microporous Metal Organic Framework, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, XX, XXX-XXX. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/jacs.5b02556. (26) Wang, H.; Yao, K.; Zhang, Z.; Jagiello, J.; Gong, Q.; Han, Y.; Li, J. The First Example of Commensurate Adsorption of Atomic Gas in a MOF and Effective Separation of Xenon from Other Noble Gases, Chem. Sci. 2014, 5, 620-624. (27) Mason, J. A.; Sumida, K.; Herm, Z. R.; Krishna, R.; Long, J. R. Evaluating Metal-Organic Frameworks for Post-Combustion Carbon Dioxide Capture via Temperature Swing Adsorption, Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 3030-3040. (28) Dietzel, P. D. C.; Besikiotis, V.; Blom, R. Application of metal–organic frameworks with coordinatively unsaturated metal sites in storage and separation of methane and carbon dioxide, J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 7362-7370. (29) Krishna, R.; van Baten, J. M. Investigating the Relative Influences of Molecular Dimensions and Binding Energies on Diffusivities of Guest Species Inside Nanoporous Crystalline Materials J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 23556-23568. (30) Belmabkhout, Y.; Pirngruber, G.; Jolimaitre, E.; Methivier, A. A complete experimental approach for synthesis gas separation studies using static gravimetric and column breakthrough experiments, Adsorption 2007, 13, 341-349. (31) Hudson, M. R.; Murray, L.; Mason, J. A.; Fickel, D. W.; Lobo, R. F.; Queen, W. L.; Brown, C. M. Unconventional and Highly Selective CO2 Adsorption in Zeolite SSZ-13, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 1970-1973. (32) Xiang, S. C.; He, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Wu, H.; Zhou, W.; Krishna, R.; Chen, B. Microporous Metal-Organic Framework with Potential for Carbon Dioxide Capture at Ambient Conditions, Nat. Commun. 2012, 3, 954. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1038/ncomms1956. (33) Yang, S.; Sun, J.; Ramirez-Cuesta, A. J.; Callear, S. K.; David, W. I. F.; Anderson, D. P.; Newby, R.; Blake, A. J.; Parker, J. E.; Tang, C. C.; Schröder, M. Selectivity and direct visualization of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide in a decorated porous host, Nature Chemistry 2012, 4, 887-894. (34) Krishna, R. Adsorptive separation of CO2/CH4/CO gas mixtures at high pressures, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2012, 156, 217-223. (35) Wu, H.; Yao, K.; Zhu, Y.; Li, B.; Shi, Z.; Krishna, R.; Li, J. Cu-TDPAT, an rht-type Dual-Functional Metal–Organic Framework Offering Significant Potential for Use in H2 and Natural Gas Purification Processes Operating at High Pressures, J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 16609-16618.
ESI 31
(36) Chavan, S.; Bonino, F.; Valenzano, L.; Civalleri, B.; Lamberti, C.; Acerbi, N.; Cavka, J. H.; Leistner, M.; Bordiga, S. Fundamental Aspects of H2S Adsorption on CPO-27-Ni, J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 15615-15622. (37) Vaesen, S.; Guillerm, V.; Yang, Q.; Wiersum, A. D.; Marszalek, B.; Gil, B.; Vimont, A.; Daturi, M.; Devic, T.; Llewellyn, P. L.; Serre, C.; Maurin, G.; De Weireld, G. A robust amino-functionalized titanium(IV) based MOF for improved separation of acid gases, Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 10082-10084. (38) Agueda, V. I.; Delgado, J. A.; Uguina, M. A.; Brea, P.; Spjelkavik, A. I.; Blom, R.; Grande, C. Adsorption and diffusion of H2, N2, CO, CH4 and CO2 in UTSA-16 metal-organic framework extrudates, Chem. Eng. Sci. 2015, 124, 159-169. (39) Moellmer, J.; Moeller, A.; Dreisbach, F.; Glaeser, R.; Staudt, R. High pressure adsorption of hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and methane on the metal–organic framework HKUST-1, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2011, 138, 140-148. (40) Banu, A. M.; Friedrich, D.; Brandani, S.; Düren, T. A Multiscale Study of MOFs as Adsorbents in H2 PSA Purification, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2013, 52, 9946-9957. (41) Silva, B.; Salomon, I.; Ribeiro, A. M.; Chang, J. S.; Loureiro, J. M.; Rodrigues, A. E. H2 purification by Pressure Swing Adsorption using CuBTC, Sep. Purif. Technol. 2013, 118, 744-756. (42) Majlan, E. H.; Daud, W. R. W.; Iyuke, S. E.; Mohamad, A. B.; Kadhum, A. H.; Mohammad, A. W.; Takriff, M. S.; Bahaman, N. Hydrogen purification using compact pressure swing adsorption system for fuel cell, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2009, 34, 2771-2777. (43) Yang, S.; Ramirez-Cuesta, A. J.; Newby, R.; Garcia-Sakai, V.; Manuel, P.; Callear, S. K.; Campbell, S. I.; Tang, C. C.; Schröder, M. Supramolecular binding and separation of hydrocarbons within a functionalized porous metal–organic framework, Nature Chemistry 2014, 7, 121-129. (44) Hu, T.-L.; Wang, H.; Li, B.; Krishna, R.; Wu, H.; Zhou, W.; Zhao, Y.; Han, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhu, W.; Yao, Z.; Xiang, S. C.; Chen, B. A microporous metal-organic framework with dual functionalities for highly efficient removal of acetylene from ethylene/acetylene mixtures at room temperature, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7328. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1038/ncomms8328. (45) Das, M. C.; Guo, Q.; He, Y.; Kim, J.; Zhao, C. G.; Hong, K.; Xiang, S.; Zhang, Z.; Thomas, K. M.; Krishna, R.; Chen, B. Interplay of Metalloligand and Organic Ligand to Tune Micropores within Isostructural Mixed-Metal Organic Frameworks (M’MOFs) for Their Highly Selective Separation of Chiral and Achiral Small Molecules, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 8703-8710. (46) Geier, S. J.; Mason, J. A.; Bloch, E. D.; Queen, W. L.; Hudson, M. R.; Brown, C. M.; Long, J. R. Selective adsorption of ethylene over ethane and propylene over propane in the metal–organic frameworks M2(dobdc) (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn), Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 2054-2061. (47) Li, B.; Zhang, Y.; Krishna, R.; Yao, K.; Han, Y.; Wu, Z.; Ma, D.; Shi, Z.; Pham, T.; Space, B.; Liu, J.; Thallapally, P. K.; Liu, J.; Chrzanowski, M.; Ma, S. Introduction of Π-Complexation into Porous Aromatic Framework for Highly Selective Adsorption of Ethylene over Ethane, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 8654-8660. (48) Zhang, Y.; Li, B.; Krishna, R.; Wu, Z.; Ma, D.; Shi, Z.; Pham, T.; Forrest, K.; Space, B.; Ma, S. Highly Selective Adsorption of Ethylene over Ethane in a MOF Featuring the Combination of Open Metal Site and π-Complexation, Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 2714-2717. (49) Farooq, S.; Rathor, M. N.; Hidajat, K. A Predictive Model for a Kinetically Controlled Pressure Swing Adsorption Separation Process, Chem. Eng. Sci. 1993, 48, 4129-4141. (50) Farooq, S. Sorption and Diffusion of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Molecular- Sieve RS-10, Gas Sep. Purif. 1995, 9, 205-212. (51) Rama Rao, V.; Farooq, S.; Krantz, W. B. Design of a Two-Step Pulsed Pressure-Swing Adsorption-Based Oxygen Concentrator, A.I.Ch.E.J. 2010, 56, 354-370. (52) Rama Rao, V. Adsorption based portable oxygen concentrator for personal medical applications, Ph.D. Dissertation, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2011. (53) Farooq, S.; Ruthven, D. M.; Boniface, H. A. Numerical-Simulation of a Pressure Swing Adsorption Oxygen Unit, Chem. Eng. Sci. 1989, 44, 2809-2816.
ESI 32
(54) Bloch, E. D.; Murray, L.; Queen, W. L.; Chavan, S. M.; Maximoff, S. N.; Bigi, J. P.; Krishna, R.; Peterson, V. K.; Grandjean, F.; Long, G. J.; Smit, B.; Bordiga, S.; Brown, C. M.; Long, J. R. Selective Binding of O2 over N2 in a Redox-Active Metal-Organic Framework with Open Iron(II) Coordination Sites, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 14814-14822. (55) Habgood, H. W. The Kinetics of Molecular Sieve Action. Sorption of Nitrogen-Methane Mixtures by Linde Molecular Sieve 4A, Canad. J. Chem. 1958, 36, 1384-1397. (56) Torres-Knoop, A.; Krishna, R.; Dubbeldam, D. Separating Xylene Isomers by Commensurate Stacking of p-Xylene within Channels of MAF-X8, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 7774-7778. (57) Minceva, M.; Rodrigues, A. E. Understanding and Revamping of Industrial Scale SMB Units for p-Xylene Separation, A.I.Ch.E.J. 2007, 53, 138-149. (58) Minceva, M.; Rodrigues, A. E. Adsorption of xylenes on Faujasite-type zeolite. Equilibrium and Kinetics in Batch Adsorber, Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2004, 82, 667-681. (59) Mukherjee, S.; Joarder, B.; Desai, A. V.; Manna, B.; Krishna, R.; Ghosh, S. K. Exploiting Framework Flexibility of a Metal-Organic Framework for Selective Adsorption of Styrene over Ethylbenzene, Inorg. Chem. 2015, 54, 4403-4408. (60) Saccoccia, B.; Bohnsack, A. M.; Waggoner, N. W.; Cho, K. H.; Lee, J. S.; Hong, D.-Y.; Lynch, V. M.; Chang, J.-S.; Humphrey, S. M. Separation of p-Divinylbenzene by Selective Room-Temperature Adsorption Inside Mg-CUK-1 Prepared by Aqueous Microwave Synthesis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 5394-5398. (61) He, C.-T.; Tian, J. Y.; Liu, S. Y.; Ouyang, G.; Zhang, J.-P.; Chen, X. M. A porous coordination framework for highly sensitive and selective solid-phase microextraction of non-polar volatile organic compounds, Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 351-356. (62) Maes, M.; Vermoortele, F.; Alaerts, L.; Couck, S.; Kirschhock, C. E. A.; Denayer, J. F. M.; De Vos, D. E. Separation of Styrene and Ethylbenzene on Metal-Organic Frameworks: Analogous Structures with Different Adsorption Mechanisms, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 15277-15285. (63) Takahashi, A.; Yang, R. T. New Adsorbents for Purification: Selective Removal of Aromatics, A.I.Ch.E.J. 2002, 48, 1457-1468. (64) Ren, H.; Ben, T.; Wang, E.; Jing, X.; Xue, M.; Liu, B.; Cui, Y.; Qui, S.; Zhu, G. Targeted synthesis of a 3D porous aromatic framework for selective sorption of benzene, Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 291-293. (65) Lin, J.-B.; Zhang, J.-P.; Zhang, W.-X.; Wei Xue, W.; Xue, D.-X.; Chen, X.-M. Porous Manganese(II) 3-(2-Pyridyl)-5-(4-Pyridyl)-1,2,4-Triazolate Frameworks: Rational Self-Assembly, Supramolecular Isomerism, Solid-State Transformation, and Sorption Properties, Inorg. Chem. 2009, 46, 6852-6660.
ESI 33
23. Caption for Figures
Figure 1. Schematic of a packed bed adsorber.
Figure 2. Schematic of the breakthrough tube. The tube diameter is 4.65 mm, and tube length L = 100
mm. The mass of adsorbent used in the bed is: NiMOF-74 = 576.1 mg, and Kureha carbon = 760 mg.
The gas phase used in the experiments consisted of CO2/CH4/He mixtures. The gas phase compositions
at the inlet were maintained at 25/25/50.The flow rate of He was maintained constant at 4 mL min-1 at
STP conditions.
Figure 3. Experimental breakthroughs of Chen et al.14 and Yu et al.15 for CO2(1)/CH4(2)/He(3) mixtures
in packed bed with NiMOF-74, and Kureha carbon at 298 K. The partial pressures at the inlet are p1 = p2
= 50 kPa; p3 = 100 kPa. In (a) the y-axis represents the % CO2 in the exit gas phase, excluding the
presence of inert gas He. In (b) the y-axis represents the % CH4 in the exit gas phase, excluding the
presence of inert gas He. As indicated for NiMOF-74, it is possible to produce CH4 with 99% purity
during the time interval between t1, and t2. (c) The CO2 captured is plotted against the dimensionless
breakthrough time.
Figure 4. (a, b) Calculations using the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST) of (a) adsorption
selectivity, Sads, and (b) uptake capacity of C2H2, for separation of 50/50 C2H2/CO2 mixture at 296 K
ESI 34
using HOF-3, CuBTC, ZJU-60a, PCP-33, and Cu2TPTC-Me. (c) Comparison of % C2H2 in the exit gas
for beds packed with HOF-3, CuBTC, ZJU-60a, and PCP-33 plottted as a function of the dimensionless
breakthrough time.
Figure 5. Comparison of % CO2 in the exit gas for fixed bed adsorber beds packed with different
adsorbents, fed with 50/50 CO2/CH4 mixture, operating at 298 K and (a) pt = 100 kPa, (b) pt = 600 kPa,
(c) pt = 2 MPa.
Figure 6. Plots of the amount of CO2 captured during the time interval 0 - τbreak as function of the
dimensionless breakthrough time, τbreak, for fixed bed adsorber beds packed with different adsorbents,
fed with 50/50 CO2/CH4 mixture, operating at 298 K and (a) pt = 100 kPa, (b) pt = 600 kPa, (c) pt = 2
MPa. (c) 100 kPa, and (b) 2 MPa.
Figure 7. Adsorption/desorption breakthrough characteristics of 3-component 35.5/47/17.5 H2/CO2/CH4
mixture in adsorber packed with CuBTC at 303 K operating at a total pressure of 0.2 MPa. The
desorption phase is initiated at time t = 6550 s, the 3-component mixture is switched to pure H2. The
experimental data of Silva et al.41 (symbols) are compared with breakthrough simulations (continuous
solid lines) assuming thermodynamic equilibrium, i.e. invoking Equation (10). The experimental
conditions correspond to Run 5 of Silva et al41: L = 0.31 m; voidage of bed, ε = 0.52; interstitial gas
velocity, v = 0.0305 m/s. The isotherm data for CuBTC are from the Silva paper.
ESI 35
Figure 8. (a) Ppm (CO2 + CO) in outlet gas as a function of the dimensionless time for separation of 3-
component 73/16/11 H2/CO2/CO mixtures using five different adsorbent materials. (b) Plot of the
amount of H2 produced (< 10 ppm impurities) per L of material during the time interval 0 - τbreak as
function of the dimensionless breakthrough time, τbreak for separation of 3-component 73/16/11
H2/CO2/CO mixtures.
Figure 9.(a) Ppm CO2 in outlet gas as a function of the dimensionless time for separation of binary
50/50 CO2/CO mixtures using five different adsorbent materials. (b) Plots of the amount of CO2
captured (< 500 ppm impurities) per L of material during the time interval 0 - τbreak as function of the
dimensionless breakthrough time, τbreak.
Figure 10. (a) IAST calculations of the adsorption selectivity, Sads, of 50/50 C2H2/C2H4 mixtures using
four different MOFs. (b) C2H2 uptake capacity of 50/50 C2H2/C2H4 mixtures. (c) Comparison of % C2H2
in the exit gas from adsorber beds. (d) Plot of the amount of C2H2 captured during the time interval 0 -
τbreak as function of the dimensionless breakthrough time, τbreak.
Figure 11. (a, b) IAST calculations of (a) adsorption selectivity, Sads, and (b) C3H6 uptake capacity in
50/50 C2H4/C2H6 mixtures at 318 K using six different M-MOF-74 with M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, and Mn.
(c) Comparison of C2H4 in the exit gas from adsorber beds. (d) Plot of the amount of C2H4 captured
during the time interval 0 - τbreak as function of the dimensionless breakthrough time, τbreak.
ESI 36
Figure 12. (a, b) IAST calculations of (a) adsorption selectivity, Sads, and (b) C3H6 uptake capacity in
50/50 C3H6/C3H8 mixtures at 318 K using six different M-MOF-74 with M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, and Mn.
(c) Comparison of % C3H6 in the exit gas from adsorber beds. (d) Plot of the amount of C3H6 captured
during the time interval 0 - τbreak as function of the dimensionless breakthrough time, τbreak.
Figure 13. Isosteric heat of adsorption of (a, b ) C2H4, and (c) C3H6 in a variety of MOFs.
Figure 14. Transient breakthrough characteristics, with inclusion of diffusional limitations, for 5-
component nC6/2MP/3MP/22DMB/23DMB mixture in a fixed bed adsorber packed with (a)
Fe2(BDP)3, (b) ZIF-77, and (c) MFI zeolite a total pressure of 100 kPa and 433 K. The partial pressures
of the components in the bulk gas phase operating at the inlet are p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = 20 kPa.
Figure 15. Molecular structures of benzene and cyclohexane. Also indicated are the boiling points and
freezing points.
Figure 16. Transient breakthrough characteristics, for benzene/cyclohexane mixtures in fixed bed
adsorbers packed with (a) AgY zeolite operating at 393 K, (b) PAF-2 operating at 298 K, and (c)
MnTriazolate operating at 298 K. The total pressure is 100 kPa.
ESI Figure 1
L = length of packed bed
u = superficialgasvelocity
ε = bed voidage
v = u/ε = interstitial gas velocity
L/v = Characteristic time of contact between gas and liquid
Crystallites
Fixed bed adsorber
ESI Figure 2
Breakthrough apparatus
L = length of packed bed = 100 mm
MOF particles
He flow rate4 mL min-1 (STP)
ID = 4.65 mm
ESI Figure 3
Dimensionless breakthrough time, τ break
40 50 60 70 80 90 100C
O2 c
aptu
red/
mol
L-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
NiMOF-74
Kureha C
CO2/CH4 breakthrough; p1=p2= 50 kPa; 298 K
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% C
O2 i
n ex
it ga
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
NiMOF-74Kureha C
CO2/CH4 breakthrough; p1=p2= 50 kPa; 298 K
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
% C
H4 i
n ex
it ga
s 0
20
40
60
80
100
NiMOF-74Kureha C
CO2/CH4 breakthrough; p1=p2= 50 kPa; 298 K
Breakthrough experimentst1 t2(a) (b)
(c)
ESI Figure 4
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
0 100 200 300 400
% C
2H2 i
n ex
it ga
s0.01
0.1
1
10
100
CuBTCHOF-3ZJU-60aPCP-33Cu2TPTC-Me
Breakthrough;C2H2/CO2 mix;p1=p2= 50 kPa;296 K
500 ppm
Total gas pressure, pt / kPa
0 20 40 60 80 100
C2H
2 u
ptak
e ca
paci
ty /
mol
L-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
HOF-3CuBTCZJU-60aPCP-33Cu2TPTC-Me
IAST calculations; 296 K;C2H2/CO2 equimolar mixture;
Total gas pressure, pt / kPa
0 20 40 60 80 100
C2H
2/CO
2 ads
orpt
ion
sele
ctiv
ity, S
ads
5
10
15
20
HOF-3CuBTCZJU-60aPCP-33Cu2TPTC-Me
IAST calculations; 296 K;C2H2/CO2 equimolar mixture;
C2H2/CO2 separations: comparisons including
Cu2TPTC-Me
(b)
(a)
(c)
ESI Figure 5
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
60 80 100 120 140
% C
O2 i
n ex
it ga
s
0.01
0.1
1
10
MgMOF-74NiMOF-74Kureha CNaX zeoliteCuTDPAT
CO2/CH4 breakthrough; p1=p2= 300 kPa298 K
500 ppm
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
25 30 35 40 45 50
% C
O2 i
n ex
it ga
s
0.01
0.1
1
10
MgMOF-74NiMOF-74NaX zeoliteCuTDPAT
CO2/CH4 breakthrough; p1=p2= 1 MPa298 K
500 ppm
CO2/CH4separations at three different
pressures
(b)
(a)
(c)
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
100 200 300 400 500 600
% C
O2 i
n ex
it ga
s
0.1
1
10
MgMOF-74NiMOF-74Kureha CNaX zeoliteCuTDPAT
CO2/CH4 breakthrough; p1=p2= 50 kPa298 K
500 ppm
ESI Figure 6
CO2/CH4separations at three different
pressures
(b)
(a)
(c)
Dimensionless breakthrough time, τ break
100 200 300 400 500
CO
2 cap
ture
d/ m
ol L
-1
2
3
4
5
6 MgMOF-74NiMOF-74
Kureha C
NaX
Cu-TDPAT
CO2/CH4 breakthrough; p1=p2= 50 kPa; 298 K
Dimensionless breakthrough time, τ break
30 35 40 45C
O2 c
aptu
red/
mol
L-1
7
8
9
10
11
12
MgMOF-74
NiMOF-74
NaX
Cu-TDPAT
CO2/CH4 breakthrough; p1=p2= 1 MPa; 298 K
Dimensionless breakthrough time, τ break
60 80 100 120
CO
2 cap
ture
d/ m
ol k
g-1
6
7
8
9
10
MgMOF-74
NiMOF-74
Kureha CNaX
Cu-TDPAT
CO2/CH4 breakthrough; p1=p2= 300 kPa; 298 K
ESI Figure 7
Breakthrough H2 purification CuBTC
CuBTC
time, t /s
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Mol
e fra
ctio
ns in
out
let g
as0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0 H2: eq simulationsCH4: eq simulationsCO2: eq simulationsH2, experimentCH4, experimentCO2, experiment
Experiment 5 of Silva
35.5/47/17.5 H2/CO2//CH4 mixpt=0.2 MPa; 303K; CuBTC
ESI Figure 8
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
1 10 100
ppm
(CO
2 +C
O) i
n ou
tlet g
as
100
101
102
103
104
105
Cu-TDPATNaXCuBTCUTSA-16a extrudatesAC
10 ppm
Breakthroughcalculations;73/16/11 mixtureH2/CO2/CO mix;pt=0.7 MPa; 298 K
Fuel-cell grade H2 production
(a) (b)
Dimensionless breakthrough time, τ break
0 10 20 30 40 5099.9
99%
pur
e H
2 pr
oduc
ed d
urin
g 0
- τbr
eak /
mol
L-1
0
1
2
3
4
AC
CuBTC
NaX
Cu-TDPAT
UTSA-16a
73/16/11 mixtureH2/CO2/CO mix;pt=0.7 MPa; 298K;< 10 pmm (CO2+CO) in H2 product
ESI Figure 9
CO2/CO mixture separations
Dimensionless breakthrough time, τ break
30 40 50 60 7099.9
5% p
ure
H2
prod
uced
dur
ing
0 - τ
brea
k / m
ol L
-1
2
3
4
AC
CuBTCNaXCu-TDPAT
UTSA-16a
50/50 mixtureCO2/CO mix;pt=0.7 MPa; 298K;< 500 pmm CO2 in exit gas
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
10 100
ppm
CO
2 in
out
let g
as
102
103
104
105
106
Cu-TDPATNaXCuBTCUTSA-16a extrudatesAC
500 ppm
Breakthroughcalculations;50/50 mixtureCO2/CO mix;pt=0.7 MPa; 298 K
(a) (b)
ESI Figure 10
Total gas pressure, pt/ kPa
0 20 40 60 80 100
C2H
2/C2H
4 ads
orpt
ion
sele
ctiv
ity
1
10
100 MgMOF-74M'MOF-3aNOTT-300UTSA-100a
50/50C2H2/C2H4 mixtures; 298 K
C2H2/C2H4separations for 50/50 mixtures
(c)
Total gas pressure, pt/ kPa
0 20 40 60 80 100C
2H2 u
ptak
e in
mix
ture
, q1 /
mol
kg-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
MgMOF-74M'MOF-3aNOTT-300UTSA-100a
50/50C2H2/C2H4 mixtures; 298 K
(a) (b)
Dimensionless breakthrough time, τ break
0 100 200 300
C2H
2 cap
ture
d/ m
mol
L-1
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 MgMOF-74
M'MOF-3a
NOTT-300UTSA-100a
C2H2/C2H4 breakthrough; p1= p2 = 50 kPa; 296 K(d)
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
0 200 400
ppm
C2H
2 in
exit
gas
100
101
102
103
104
105MgMOF-74M'MOF-3aNOTT-300UTSA-100a
40 ppm
C2H2/C2H4 breakthrough; p1= p2 = 50 kPa; 296 K
ESI Figure 11
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
300 350 400 450
% C
2H4 i
n ex
it ga
s
0.01
0.1
1
10
MgMOF-74CoMOF-74FeMOF-74NiMOF-74MnMOF-74ZnMOF-74
1 %
C2H4/C2H6 breakthrough; p1= p2= 50 kPa; 318 K
Total gas pressure, pt/ kPa
0 20 40 60 80 100
C2H
4 upt
ake
in m
ixtu
re, q
1 / m
ol L
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
MgMOF-74CoMOF-74FeMOF-74NiMOF-74MnMOF-74ZnMOF-74
50/50C2H4/C2H6 mixtures; 318 K
Total gas pressure, pt/ kPa
0 20 40 60 80 100
C2H
4/C2H
6 ads
orpt
ion
sele
ctiv
ity
0
5
10
15
20
MgMOF-74CoMOF-74FeMOF-74NiMOF-74MnMOF-74ZnMOF-74
50/50C2H4/C2H6 mixtures; 318 K
C2H4/C2H6separations for 50/50 mixtures
(c)
(a) (b)
(d)
Dimensionless breakthrough time, τ break
250 300 350 400 450
C2H
4 ca
ptur
ed/ m
ol L
-1
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
MgMOF-74
Co
FeMOF-74
NiMnMOF-74
ZnMOF-74
C2H4/C2H6 breakthrough; p1= p2= 50 kPa; 318 K
ESI Figure 12
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
400 450 500 550
% C
3H6 i
n ex
it ga
s
0.01
0.1
1
10
MgMOF-74CoMOF-74FeMOF-74NiMOF-74MnMOF-74ZnMOF-74
C3H6/C3H8
breakthrough; p1= p2= 50 kPa;318 K
1 %
Total gas pressure, pt/ kPa
0 20 40 60 80 100
C3H
6 upt
ake
in m
ixtu
re, q
1 / m
ol L
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
MgMOF-74CoMOF-74FeMOF-74NiMOF-74MnMOF-74ZnMOF-74
50/50C3H6/C3H8 mixtures; 318 K
Total gas pressure, pt/ kPa
0 20 40 60 80 100
C3H
6/C3H
8 ads
orpt
ion
sele
ctiv
ity
0
5
10
15
20
MgMOF-74CoMOF-74FeMOF-74NiMOF-74MnMOF-74ZnMOF-74
50/50C3H6/C3H8 mixtures; 318 K
C3H6/C3H8separations for 50/50 mixtures
(c)
(a) (b)
(d)
Dimensionless breakthrough time, τ break
350 400 450 500 550
C3H
6 ca
ptur
ed/ m
ol L
-1
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
MgMOF-74
CoMOF-74
FeMOF-74Ni
Mn
ZnMOF-74
C3H6/C3H8 breakthrough; p1= p2= 50 kPa; 318 K
ESI Figure 13
Isosteric heats of adsorption for alkene/MOFs
(b)
(a)
(c)C2H4 loading /mol kg-1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Isos
teric
hea
t of a
dsor
ptio
n, Q
st /
kJ m
ol-1
35
40
45
50MgMOF-74CoMOF-74FeMOF-74MnMOF-74ZnMOF-74
C3H6 loading /mol kg-1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Isos
teric
hea
t of a
dsor
ptio
n, Q
st /
kJ m
ol-1
35
40
45
50
55
60
MgMOF-74CoMOF-74FeMOF-74NiMOF-74MnMOF-74ZnMOF-74
C2H4 loading /mol kg-1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Isos
teric
hea
t of a
dsor
ptio
n, Q
st /
kJ m
ol-1
0
20
40
60
80
100 MgMOF-74CoMOF-74FeMOF-74PAF-1-SO3AgMOF-SO3AgNOTT-300CuBTC
ESI Figure 14
Dimensionless time, τ = t u/εL
0 50 100 150Dim
ensi
onle
ss c
once
ntra
tion
in e
xit g
as, c
i / c
i0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
23DMB22DMB3MP2MPnC6
(DnC6/rc2) = 0.002 s-1
(DnC6/D2MP) = 5(DnC6/D3MP) = 5(DnC6/D22DMB) = 10(DnC6/D23DMB) = 10
nC6-2MP-3MP-22DMB-23DMB mixture;Fe2(BDP)3; 433 K;f1=f2=f3=f4=f5 = 20 kPa;with diffusion
Separations for hexane isomers
(b)
(a)
(c)
Dimensionless time, τ = t u/εL
0 50 100 150 200 250Dim
ensi
onle
ss c
once
ntra
tion
in e
xit g
as, c
i / c
i0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
23DMB22DMB3MP2MPnC6
nC6-2MP-3MP-22DMB-23DMB mixture;ZIF-77; 433 K;f1=f2=f3=f4=f5 = 20 kPa
(DnC6/rc2) = 0.0004 s-1
(DnC6/D2MP) = 5(DnC6/D3MP) = 5(DnC6/D22DMB) = 10(DnC6/D23DMB) = 10
Dimensionless time, τ = t u/εL
Dimensionless time, τ = t u/εL
0 50 100 150 200Dim
ensi
onle
ss c
once
ntra
tion
in e
xit g
as, c
i / c
i00.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
23DMB22DMB3MP2MPnC6
nC6-2MP-3MP-22DMB-23DMB mixture;MFI; 433 K;f1=f2=f3=f4=f5 = 20 kPa;Including diffusion;with thermo coupling
(DnC6/rc2) = 0.002 s-1;
(DnC6/D2MP) = 5(DnC6/D3MP) = 5(DnC6/D22DMB) = 25(DnC6/D23DMB) = 25
ESI Figure 15
Benzene, Cylcohexane structures
benzene
f.p. = 278.7 K
b.p.= 353.3 K
Cyclohexane boat Cyclohexane chair
b.p.= 353.9 K
f.p. = 279.6 K
ESI Figure 16
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
0 50 100 150 200
Rel
ativ
e co
ncen
tratio
ns a
t out
let,
c i /c i0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
benzenecyclohexane
Breakthroughbenzene/cyclohexane mix;p1=50 kPa; p2= 50 kPa;393 K; Ag-Y
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Rel
ativ
e co
ncen
tratio
ns a
t out
let,
c i / c
i0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
benzenecyclohexane
Breakthroughbenzene/cyclohexane mix;p1=50 kPa; p2= 50 kPa;298 K; PAF-2
Dimensionless time, τ = t u / ε L
0 50 100 150 200 250
Rel
ativ
e co
ncen
tratio
ns a
t out
let,
c i / c
i00.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
benzenecyclohexane
Breakthroughbenzene/cyclohexane mix;p1=50 kPa; p2= 50 kPa;298 K; MnTriazolate
Benzene/Cylcohexane separations(a) (b)
(c)