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METROPOLITAN MASS TRANSIT PLANNING:
TOWARDS A HIERARCHICAL & CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
PRESENTATION @ UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
THURSDAY, MARCH 18TH, 2010
Richard Layman
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Transit network framework:Five scales
International (connections between countries)
National (Interstate Highways, Freight railroads, Amtrak)
Regional/multi-state covers two or more metropolitan areas(freeways, certain passenger railroad service, inter-city bus)
Metropolitan (transit services in a particular metropolitan area suchas Philadelphia, Baltimore, NYC, or Washington)
Sub-metropolitan (transit subnetworks within a metro, differentiatingbetween foundational cross-jurisdictional services and those withinjurisdictions)
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Population density shapes transit frequency
Source: Belmont, Cities in Full
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DC-Baltimore region
Two commuter focused regional services:Maryland MARC (train + bus) and Virginia VRE(train) + Amtrak, inter-city bus
DC Metro: WMATA subway and regional bus;commuter bus, separate bus services provided byeach of the jurisdictions, light rail/streetcarplanning underway
Baltimore Metro: state-managed MTA subway,bus, light rail, commuter bus; separate bus
services provided by Annapolis and HowardCounty + new Baltimore City Circulator
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Regional transit services
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Washington metropolitan transit network:
Core service
Metropolitan Transit Network
Polycentric
Trunk line service classified by mode,frequency, system vs. route, price
crosses jurisdictions, focused on serviceto major job centers
WMATA subway system
Ferry system if added
Bus Rapid Transit/Commuter Expressbus service
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Washington metropolitan transit network:
Suburban service
Suburban Primary Transit Network
high frequency* bus and streetcar service within the suburbs
WMATA or local service
classify by speed and destination
Suburban Secondary Transit Network
primarily intra-jurisdictional (more monocentric)
* Definition of high-frequency is relative and dependent on population density. Center
cities typically have higher density and therefore higher transit use. (Partly due totransit dependence and automobility, partly due to efficiency.)
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Suburban transit services
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Washington metropolitan transit network:
DC (Center City) Service
Primary Transit Network: Core of the WMATAsystem in DC (29 stations); streetcar system;branded city services (Circulator); high frequency
WMATA bus service Secondary Transit Network: the other 11 subway
stations in the city; other WMATA bus servicewithin the city; water taxi service if added,depending on the routes
Tertiary Transit Network*: intra-neighborhoodbus services; private shuttle services (employer,
university, etc.), shared taxi, jitney* conceptual
In Washingtons core, the WMATA heavy rail system functions monocentrically.
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Center city transit services
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Center city transit services
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Transit planning:
Metropolitan transportation planning vs. operator-driven transitplanning
Planning the network at the metropolitan level is rare(comprehensive planning vs. grab bag of projects)
By default, transit planning is done by the provider and issatisficed based on budget
Need to set metropolitan metrics for network breadth,depth, frequency and quality independent of transit servicescheduling
LOS/LOQ planning for the network vs. LOS delivered by thetransit operator
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Transportation planning:choice vs. optimality
Rockville Pike, Montgomery CountyCapacity in persons/hour of one 12 foot
wide road lane by mode
Left: Washington Post. Right: Planning and Design for Pedestrians and Cyclists: A Technical Guide, VeloQuebec
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Transit shed:Catchment area for a transit route/network
Construct the total catchment area (shed) through
the sum of
the stops/stations on each route/transitline
Terminus stations draw from larger areas
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Transit shed example Baltimore County, MarylandOne mile radius from transit stops and stations
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Mobility shed:Catchment area for station/stop
Area map inside the Columbia Heights Metro Station.
Each circle is mile/5 minute walking distance
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Mobility shed:Catchment area for station/stop
Rings represent the shed of different modes
Typology based on optimality and
sustainability Trip distance shapes mode choice
(e.g., bike share vs. owned-bicycleboth human-powered, vs. electric bicycle)
Sustainable transportation hierarchy: Transportation
Alternatives, New York City.
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Mobility shed:
Modes
Active transportation
-- Walking
-- Bicycling
Shared transportation
-- Bicycle Sharing
-- Car Sharing
-- Taxi/Jitney-- Rental
Transit
-- mode specific to stop
-- intra-neighborhood connectingservices
Owned vehicles
-- Electric bicycle, Scooter,Motorcycle
-- Automobiles
-- Multiple vehicles per household)
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Mode shift through focusedtransportation demand management
Many examples
-- TravelSmart,
Victoria, Australia
-- Arlington County, VA
-- Smart Trips,
Portland, OR
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How these concepts came together
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Seeds
Belmont polycentric vs. monocentric transit systemsand MUNI/BART vs. WMATA comparison
Cervero commutershed (gross grain concept) Transportation demand management planning, Victoria,
Australia (TravelSmart)
Arlington County Master Transportation Plan
definition o
fthe primary and secondary transit network
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Similar/related concepts
Hierarchy of the urban rail network in Metropolitan Tokyo
Professor Shigeru Morichi, President, Institute for Transport
Policy Studies, Japan Mobility hubs University of Michigan Center for Advancing
Research & Solutions for Society
High-frequency transit services HiTrans project, Europe,
http://www.hitrans.org, + many examples of differentiated
service in the U.S. (Minneapolis-St. Paul, Los Angeles, Reno,Portland, etc.)
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What doesnt fit?
Public transit vs. mass transit
-- Dial-a-ride/paratransit services Tourist transit
-- all-day & multi-day tourist services
-- approximately $20+/adult/day
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Next steps/Q&A
Refine, test, strengthen, extend
?
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National blogs
Transport Connection http://thetransportconnection.wordpress.com
Urbanophile http://www.urbanophile.com The Overhead Wire
http://theoverheadwire.blogspot.com/
Streetsblog (NYC) http://www.streetsblog.org
Rebuilding Place in the Urban Space http://urbanplacesandspaces.blogspot.com
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Local-regional blogs
Greater Greater Washington http://greatergreaterwashington.org
Washcycle (bicycling) http://washcycle.typepad.com Transit Miami http://www.transitmiami.com
but there are hundreds, i.e., Streetsblog network
Plus tens of thousands of neighborhood blogs
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Lessons Most blogs are side projects by interested parties
Some are sponsored with paid staff(Streetsblog)
Group blogs enable coverage of a wider area and more issues (GGW)
Challenge finding like-minded, able writers
Comment thread quality trends downward, dependent on participants (10/90 rule)
Need to set high bar for quality and not every author, post, or blog meets it
Perfect as the enemy of the good vs. being a player
Blogs have supplanted e-lists/listservs
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Thank you!
Contact information: