Download - Micro general info
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
1/36
Dr. Rose Elaine D.Tan
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
2/36
What is Microbiology?
Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
Bio life
ology - study
Definition Microbiologybranch of biology which deals with the study of
minute living microorganism usually not visible tothe naked eye
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
3/36
Scope of Microbiology
Bacteriology study of Bacteria
Phycology study of Algae
Parasitology study of Parasites
Mycology study of Fungi
Virology study of Virus
Immunology study of cells, molecules andmechanisms responsible forimmunity
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
4/36
Bacteria - what comes to mind?
DiseasesInfections
Epidemics
Food Spoilage
Only 1% of all known bacteria cause humandiseases
About 4% of all known bacteria cause plantdiseases
95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens
Normal microbiota: microorganisms that arenormally found on or in the body and do
not cause disease
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
5/36
BENEFITS OF MICROORGANISMS
Decompose organic wastes Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
(algae, cyanobacteria, etc)
Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol andacetone
Produce fermented foods (vinegar, cheese, bread, beer,wine)
Fermentation also produces useful products such as solventsto dissolve substances
To be probiotic means to add microbes to your diet
Produce products used in manufacturing (e.g.cellulose) and treatment of diseases (e.g. E colican make insulin)
Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics- Penicillin
Microbial Antagonism- our normal microbial flora prevents potential
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
6/36
Insect Pest Control- Using bacteria to control the growth of insects (Bacillus
thuringiensis)caterpillarsbollwormscorn borers
Recombinant DNA Technology, Gene Therapy, GeneticEngineering
a new technique for biotechnology Bacteria & fungi can be manipulated to produce enzymes
and proteins they normally would not produce Insulin Human Growth Hormone Interferon Vaccines
Bioremediation bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage Bacteria also degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and
mercury
Using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes Exxon Valdez - 1989
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
7/36
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
8/36
BRIEF HISTORY
before microorganism were discovered, ancientpeople regarded diseases as a form ofpunishment sent by GOD for the sins of men
disease were not new to man
Biblical disease - Leprosy- Tuberculosis
- Syphilis
- Plague
treatment and prevention of these diseases weresought by sacrifices and lustration to appease theanger of God
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
9/36
Varro = during the 2nd century B.C. postulated the
concept of contagiondiseases are transmittedby invisible creature
Roger Bacon (13th century) = postulated thatinvisible
living things called germs produced
disease
Fracastorius (1546) = postulated that disease iscaused by invisible living things and can
be
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
10/36
Anton Van Leewenhoek 1st described bacteria in 1677 with the use of a
simple microscope utilizing crude lenses
1st person to actually see livingmicroorganisms
described the 3 major forms of bacteria (rod,sphere, spiral) fungi, protozoa, spermatozoa
considered as the Father of Bacteriology
It was not until 150 years later that thisinvisible living creatures begin to beassociated with human
diseases Germ theory of diseases
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
11/36
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
12/36
Robert Hooke 1665= developed the compound microscope
that used reflected light and was able
to confirm Leeuwenhoeksdiscoveries
= Founded the field ofMicroscopic Biology throughhis published work -"Micrographia
= first person to coin the word
cell to describethe tiniest components ofliving systems
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
13/36
Spontaneous Generation Theory
many scientist at that time believed that lifecould develop spontaneously from
decomposing non-living material
Supported by appearance of living creatures indecaying meat, stagnating ponds, fermentinggrain, and infected wounds
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
14/36
Spontaneous GenerationTheory
Francesco Redi 1668This theory was not refuted until the 17th century
when he demonstrated the appearance of maggotsin decomposing meat as a result on the depositionof eggs by flies
Rudolph Virchow 18581st person to propose the Theory of Biogenesis Cells can only arise from preexisting cells
John Tyndallproved that dust carried germsalso found out that bacterial spores could be killed
by successive heatingtyndallization (Fractional sterilization) - heating
with free-flowing steam for 30-60min for 3
consecutive days at 100C
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
15/36
By 1860, the debate had become so heatedthat the Paris Academy of Sciences offered aprize for any experiments that would helpresolve this conflict
The prize was claimed in 1864 by LouisPasteur, as he published the results of an
experiment he did to disproved spontaneousgeneration in microscopic organisms
Giving rise to the
Theory of Biogenesis
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
16/36
The Theory of Biogenesis Experiment showed that life did not spontaneously
appeared Meat broth was boiled in a flask to kill microorganismsThe neck of the flask was heated and bent into the shape of
an S Microorganisms could not get into broth because they
would settle in S shaped neck before contact with broth
No growth was in discovered in the broth Broth was tilted into the S component and
microorganisms contaminated broth and grew
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
17/36
Pasteurization
Introduced by Louis Pasteur
For fresh beverages such as milk, fruit juices, beerand wine w/c are easily contaminated duringcollection and processing
Require special vats and heat exchangers toexpose the liquid to 71.6C 15sec (flashmethod) or to 63-66C for 30min (batchmethod)
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
18/36
Germ Theory of Diseasedeveloped by Louis Pasteurit states that each specific infectious disease is
caused by a specific microorganism
1860s:Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant(aqueous phenol) to prevent surgical woundinfections after looking at Pasteurs work showing
microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and causeanimal diseases- also developed the first pure culture techniqueusing liquid medium which was the key toidentification of bacteria
1876: Robert Koch establish proof of the microbialetiology of 3 important diseases of this day:
Cholera (Vibrio cholerae) Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)provided the Kochs postulates which are experimental
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
19/36
Kochs Postulate criteria(1) The organism must always
be found in diseased animals
and not in healthy one
(2) Organisms isolated from
the diseased animals must
be grown in pure culture
away from the diseased animals
(3) Organisms grown in pure
culture must initiate and reproduce
the disease when re-inoculated into
susceptible animal
(4) Organisms must be
re-isolated from experimentally
infected animals
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
20/36
Exceptions to the Kocks Postulate :
1) Carrier person = some individual harbors theorganism but do not manifest the diseaseand can transmit the disease to others
2) Some or certain organisms/bacteria cannot be
cultured in vitro (cannot grow in artificial CM)Ex. Mycobacterium leprae / Treponema pallidum
3) Certain animal not susceptible to certainmicroorganism some animals are by natureimmune
cannot replicate even with the same speciesome bacterial specie are host specific
Ex. Vibrio cholerae cannot cause chicken
cholera or vice versa
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
21/36
The Golden Age of Microbiology1857-1914
Beginning with Pasteurs work, discoveries included the
relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, andantimicrobial drugs
PasteurPasteurizationFermentation
Joseph ListerPhenol to treat surgical wounds 1st attempt to control
infections caused bymicrooganisms
Robert KochKochs Postulates
Edward Jennervaccination
Paul Erlich1st synthetic drug used to treat infectionsSalvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis salvation from Syphilis
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
22/36
The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy
1928: Alexander Fleming discovered the firstantibiotic
He observed that Penicillium fungus made anantibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus
1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and massproduced
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
23/36
Mi bi l
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
24/36
MicrobialTaxonomyarea of biologic science comprising of 3 distinct but
highly interrelated disciplines that includeclassification, nomenclature and identification
Taxonomy: the science of the classification oforganisms
Carl Linnaeus, also known asCarl von Linn or Carolus
Linnaeus,is called the Father of Taxonomy
His system for naming, ranking, &
classifying organisms is still in wideuse He established the system ofscientific nomenclature: Genus &specie
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
25/36
Classification
organization of microorganisms that share similarmorphologic, physiologic and genetic traits intospecific groups or TAXA
Species: most basic taxonomic group and maybe defined as a collection of bacterial strains thatshare many common physiologic and geneticfeatures and as a group differ notably from
other bacterial specie
Genus: comprised of different species that haveseveral important features in common but differ
sufficiently to still maintain their status asindividual s ecie
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
26/36
Levels of ClassificationTaxon:
A group or level of classification
Hierarchical; broad divisions are divided up intosmaller divisions:
KingdomPhylum
Class
OrderFamily
Genus
Species
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
27/36
Identificationprocess by which a microorganisms key features are
delineated
the profile is compared with those of other previouslycharacterized microorganisms so that the organism inquestion can be classified within the most appropriate taxaand can be assigned an appropriate Genus and Species name
General categories of identification method:
Genotypic characteristicsRelate to an organisms genetic make-up including the
nature of the organisms genes and constituent nucleic acid
Phenotypic characteristicsBased on features beyond the genetic level and includes
readily observable characteristics and those characteristicsthat require extensive analytic procedures to be detected
Morphology, staining rxn., antigenic properties,environmental & nutritional requirements, resistance profiles
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
28/36
Nomenclature
naming of microorganisms according toestablished rules and guidelines provide theaccepted labels by which organisms areuniversally recognized
Scientific name (Systematic Name)
Binomial System of NomenclatureThe first letter of the genus name is always capitalized,
but never the first letter of the species name
Genus and species are either underlined or italicized
A genus name may be used alone to indicate a genusgroup; a species name is never used alone
The genus may be abbreviated with the first letter,and the species is written out
Eschericia coli
E. coli
acceptable
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
29/36
before microorganisms were discovered all livingthings were believed to be either plants and
animals no transition type were thought to exist
after discovery of microorganism
it was clear that microorganism combines bothplant and animal properties
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
30/36
Haeckel proposed that microorganism be placed inanother kingdom
Kingdom Protista members of this kingdom are distinguished from plants and
animals
Algae
Protozoa
Fungi Molds (multicellular) Yeasts (single-celled)
Kingdom Monera Monera is the only "kingdom" containing prokaryotic
organisms
Bacteria-
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
31/36
Kingdom Protista
members of this kingdom are distinguished fromplants and animals by their followingcharacteristics
1. Simple organization2. Unicellular or Multicellular
Protist- undifferentiated unicellular organisms that do not form thespecialized tissues and organ systems of higher plants and
animals
2 Distinct Cell types:1) Eucaryote (Higher Protista)
2) Procaryote (Lower Protista)
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
32/36
EUCARYOTEShigher protists ex: algae (red algae, brown algae, greenalgae) fungi
protozoaslime molds
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
33/36
characteristics:- possess a well defined nucleus w/c contain the genetic
information of the cell in multiple strands of DNA and proteinscalled chromosomes
- nucleolus w/c exist w/in the nucleus and plays a role inthe production of ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
- contain membrane enclosedorganellesthat have specificcellular functions and site where chemical activities takes
place
- cytoskeleton which provides support for the differentorganelles
- contain complex phospholipids, sphingolipids, histones, sterols- mitochondria are sites of energy production for cellular work- ribosomes are masses of RNA and proteins that function as the
sitefor protein synthesis
- golgi apparatus is where protein is packed for export- endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transport of newly
synthesized proteins
-lysosomesare vesicles that contain enzymes for cellulardigestive process
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
34/36
PROKARYOTES
lower protists bacteria,
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)archaebacteria (methanogens,extreme halophiles,thermoacidophiles)
characteristics:- lack a nucleus or nuclear membrane- has a ribosome- have no organelles, histones and
only in rare cases complex phospholipids,
sphingolipids and sterols- chemical activities takes place in the cytoplasm- have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan with muramic acid- are haploid with a single chromosome composed solely of DNA
method of cell division: binary fission
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
35/36
Eucaryote Procaryote
nucleus true nucleus enclosed
in a well-defined
nuclear memb.
Primitive /
Rudimentary not
enclosed in nuclear
memb.
chromosomes multiple Only 1
mitochondria present absent
ribosomes 80s 70s
Mitotic apparatus present absent
Motility organelle multistranded unstranded
size 20um 0.3 2um
examples Red & Brown algae,
Protozoa, slime molds,
fungi
Bacteria,
Blue green algae
-
8/14/2019 Micro general info
36/36