Download - Microbial Growth Control
Microbial Growth Control
• Growth Inhibition• Sterilization• Bacteriostatic• Bactericidal• Disinfectants
Heat
• Sterilization• Decimal Reduction
Time• Spores• Denaturation
Sterilization
• Autoclave• 121 C, 15 lb, 15 min• Moist heat• Dry Heat• Higher
temperatures• 160 C, 2 hrs
Pasteurization
• Flash Pasteurization• 71 C, 15 seconds• Bulk Pasteurization• 63-66 C, 30 min
Cold SterilizationRadiation
• Gamma radiation• UV light, X-rays
Filter Sterilization
• Filter Sterilization• Depth Filters
– HEPA– 99.9% of 0.3 μm
• Membrane (Millipore) Filters
• Nucleopore Filters
Ethylene Oxide
Gas Sterilization
Sterilants
Packaged plastics
Antimicrobial Agents
• Bactericidal• Fungicidal• Viricidal• Selective Toxicity
Measuring Activity
• Minimum inhibitory Concentration
• Tube Dilution• Agar (Disk) Diffusion
Antiseptic
Disinfectant
Sanitizers
Organic Material
neutralizes
Chemotherapeutic Agents
Paul Ehrlich
• Chemist in Koch’s Lab
• Staining• “Magic Bullet”• Agent 606 • Salvarsan
Target Sites for Antibiotics
Growth Factor Analogs:
- Sulfanilamide –
Folic Acid Synthesis
- Sulfa Drugs
Quinolones – DNA Gyrase
Isoniazid
Worldwide Production of Antibiotics
Antibiotics
-Produced by Microorganisms
-Narrow vs. Broad Spectrum
-500 metric tons/yr
-Natural vs.
-Semisynthetic
Lactam Antibiotics
Lactam Ring• Penicillin G• Semisynthetic
Penicillin– Ampicillin– Methicillin
• Cephalosporin
Aminoglycosides
• Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
• Gram Negative Bacteria
• Streptomycin – TB• Kanamycin,
Gentamicin, Neomycin
Other Antibiotics
• Macrolides – Erythromycin
• 11% worldwide• Legionellosis
• Tetracyclines• First Broad spectrum
Other Antibiotics contd
DaptomycinCytoplasmic membranes
PlatensimycinFatty acid synthesis
Antiviral Drugs
• Nucleos(t)ide Analogs
• Protease inhibitors• Poor Selective
Toxicity???• Interferon
Rhinovirus
Influenza Antiviral agents
• Amantidine– Viral uncoating
• Osetltamvir– Tamiflu
• Zanamivir– Relenza– Neuraminidase
Chromosomal Resistance
R Plasmids
Conjugative
Drug Misuse
20% justified, 80% given, 50% not correctly used
Antibiotic Resistance
Search for New Antibiotics
New Analogstetracylcines, penicillins
Combinational ChemistryComputer Design
SaquinavirNatural Products
PlatensimycinDrug CombinationsBacteriophage
Growth Control Word ListGrowth Inhibition
Sterilization
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal
Disinfection
Heat Sterilization
Decimal Reduction Time
Spores
Autoclave
121 C, 15 lb, 15 Minutes
Pasteurization
63-66 C for 30 Minutes
71 C for 15 Seconds
Radiation
Filter Sterilization
Depth Filters
Membrane (Millipore) Filters
Nucleopore Filter
Growth Control Word List 2
Antimicrobial Agent
Bactericidal, Fungicidal,
Viricidal
Selective Toxicity
Minimum Inhibitory Conc.
Tube Dilution
Agar Diffusion Method
Antiseptic
Disinfectant
Chemotherapeutic Agents
Paul Ehrlich – Magic Bullet
Agent 606 - Salvarsan
Growth Factor Analogs
Sulfa Drugs
Sulfanilamide Folic Acid Synthesis
Quinolones
Antibiotics
Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic
Growth Control Word List 3
β – Lactam Ring
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides
Streptomycin, Neomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamicin
Macrolides
Erythromycin
Tetracyclines
Antiviral Agents
Interferons
Nucleos(t)ide analogs
Protease Inhibitors
Fungal Control
Drug Resistance
Conjugative R Plasmids
Drug Misuse
Growth Control Word List 4
Search for New Drugs
New Analogs
Designer Drugs
04/22/23