Microgrids:FinallyFindingTheirPlace
ChrisMarnay
TrottierInstituteforSustainabilityin
EngineeringandDesign
McGillUniversity,Montreal
AQPER2017Symposium
15February2017
MikeQuashi&GraemeBalint
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WhatistheTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign(TISED)?
• AnInstitutethat‘lives’intheFacultyofEngineeringatMcGill• InstitutesatMcGillgenerallyconductresearchbutcanalsoofferacademicprograms,andfrequentlyhostevents
• TISEDsupportstheworkofengineers,architects,andurbanplannersforsustainabilityadvances.• TISEDisasistertoInstitutdel’énergieTrottier(IET)atPolytechniqueMontréal
Matroxco-founderLorneM.Trottier,
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MissionandGoals• ProduceinnovativeengineeringanddesignsolutionstoprotectandnurturetheEarthforthisgenerationandthenext
• Catalyzeinter-disciplinaryandinter-institutionalresearchprovidingsolutionstolocal/globalsustainabilitychallenges
• Informandadvancepolicyinsupportofgovernments,industries,organizationstoadvancesustainableengineeringanddesign
• Educatecurrentandfuturegenerationsofengineers,architects,andurbanplannerstobeleadersinsustainability
• Createandparticipateinsustainabilityforumsthatengagewithacademiccommunity,decision-makers,andthepublic
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• microgriddefinition• powersectorhistory¶digms• motivationsformicrogrids&
emergenceofresiliency• N.Y.Prize• examples:NYU,BorregoSprings,
Sendai&Higashi-Matsushima• optimizingamicrogrid• unfinishedbusiness
Outline
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CIGRÉC6.22WorkingGroup,U.S.DOE,&NYSERDAMicrogridDefinitions
ConseilInternationaldesGradesRéseauxÉlectriquesInternationalCouncilonLargeElectricSystems
Microgridsareelectricitydistributionsystemscontainingloadsanddistributedenergyresources,(suchasdistributedgenerators,storagedevices,orcontrollableloads)thatcanbeoperatedinacontrolled,coordinatedwayeitherwhileconnectedtothemainpowernetworkorwhileislanded.
U.S.DepartmentofEnergyMicrogridExchangeGroupAmicrogridisagroupofinterconnectedloadsanddistributedenergyresourceswithinclearlydefinedelectricalboundariesthatactsasasinglecontrollableentitywithrespecttothegrid.Amicrogridcanconnectanddisconnectfromthegridtoenableittooperateinbothgrid-connectedorisland-mode.
NewYorkStateEnergyResearchandDevelopmentAuthorityMicrogridsarelocalenergynetworksthatareabletoseparatefromthelargerelectrical
gridduringextremeweathereventsoremergencies,providingpowertoindividualcustomersandcrucialpublicservicessuchashospitals,firstresponders,andwatertreatmentfacilities.
Marnay-+-Microgrids:FinallyFindingTheirPlace
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EnergyIndependenceandSecurityActof2007
8
EISAestablishedthatnationalpolicysupportscreationofasmartgrid,describedas- increaseduseofdigitalinformationandcontrolstechnologytoimprovereliability,security,andefficiency- dynamicoptimizationofgridoperationsandresources,withfullcybersecurity- deploymentandintegrationofdistributedresourcesandgeneration,includingrenewables- developmentandincorporationofdemandresponse,demand-sideresources,andefficiency- deploymentofsmarttechnologiesformetering,communications,anddistributionautomation- integrationofsmartappliancesandconsumerdevices- deploymentofpeak-shavingtechnologies,includingstationaryandplug-inelectricvehiclebatteries,andthermal-storage- provisiontoconsumersoftimelyinformationandcontroloptionsdevelopmentofstandardsforcommunicationandinteroperabilityof
appliancesandgridequipment,includingtheinfrastructureservingthegrid- identificationandloweringofunreasonableorunnecessarybarrierstoadoptionofsmartgridtechnologies,practices,andservices
SmartGridisathree-leggedstool
1.improvedoperationofthelegacycentralizedpowersupplysystem,e.g.synchrophasorsystems
2.improvedgrid-customerinteraction,e.g.smartmetersanddemandresponse
3.localcontroldispersedaroundthesystem,e.g.microgrids&relatedtechnologies
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DefinitionsofReliability&Resilience
• Resilienceisthe"…abilitytoprepareforandadapttochangingconditionsandwithstandandrecoverrapidlyfromdisruptions."U.S.PresidentialPolicyDirective21(TheWhiteHouse,2013)
* Reliabilitybycontrastfocusesonthestatisticalexpectationofpoweravailability,andshortand/orextremeeventsareoftenexcludedfromthecalculation.ASAI=AverageServiceAvailabilityIndex,e.g.99%is“twonines”SAIDI=SystemAverageInterruptionDurationIndex,min/aSAIFI=..................Frequency...,prob.ofevent
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CentralParadigmLimitations* conflictingpolicyobjectives
generationcompetition(equipmentstress,volatilemarkets)connectionofintermittentrenewables
* resiliency,security,…(inherentlyinsecurenetworks)
* infrastructureinterdependency* environmentalconstraints(carbon,water,etc.)
* loadgrowth?(transportationelectrification,heating,…)
* centralizedgenerationheatloss* reliabilityiscostlyforafundamentallyinsecuresystem
* restrictedexpansionofcentralizedsystem
* DCsourcesandsinks,heterogeneouspowerquality
* plug-inelectricvehiclesapotentialgamechanger
* gridparadigmvs.internetparadigm
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nanogrid“n�grid?”
truemicrogrid/facilityisland“μ�grid?”
community/u:litymicrogrid/areaEPSisland/EID/milligrid“m�grid?”
Megagrid“M�grid?”macrogrid/u:litygrid/legacygrid
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source:OmarSaadeh
AdopterMotivations(mostlytruemicrogridsi.e.μgrids)
• reducedirectcostofmeetingenergyservicerequirements
• reduceindirectcosts(emissions,noise,…)/
(increaserenewablefraction)• reliability&resilience• marketopportunities
(direct,wholesale,ancillaryservices,…)• independence&surety
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EUàJapanàUS(RDSI,SPIDERS)àAsia(China,Korea,Singapore)
NEDOprogram(2003-20XX)
Jeju islandHangzhouDianzi Univ. XiamenUniv.
Kythnos
NationalTech.Univ.ofAthens
MVVMannheim-Wallstadt
PalauUbinHuatacondo
HartleyBay
BCHydromicrogrid
Sendai
Aichi
Hachinohe
SPIDERS(2011-2015)
RDSIgrants(2008-2013)
BornholmIslandMultiMicrogrid
Eigg Island
FP5(micro-generation)1998-2002
FP6(MoreMicrogrids)2002-2006
FP7(smartgrid)2007-2011
Kyotango
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
A*STAR
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Japan’sPivottoResilience
• longandnotablehistoryinmicrogridresearch
• outstandingperformanceofSendai(andRoppongiHills)microgridsduringMar2011earthquakeandtsunamiwasnoPcedinpolicycircles
• movetowardsgreaterdependencyonmicrogrids
• interestinmicrogridsmovedbeyondNEDO,toMinistryofEnvironment,andothers,aswellastheprivatesector
• JunMatsumoto,MinisterinChargeofBuildingNationalResilience
• heterogeneouspowerqualityrepresentsonekeytoresiliency
ErikoYamatani
JunMatsumoto
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• followedreleaseofReformingtheEnergyVisionStaffReport,April2014• NYPrizeannouncedinDecember2014• organizedbyNYSERDA&NewYorkGovernor’sOfficeofStormRecovery • availabilityofuptoUS$40M,undertheNYPrizeCommunityGridCompetition• tosupportthedevelopmentofcommunitymicrogrids• theNYPrizecompetitioniscomprisedofthree(3)stages:• Stage1:FeasibilityAssessment(~100pages)
• 83projectsreceived100k$toconductFeasibilityAssessments• (i)preliminaryassessmentofthetechnicaldesignandsystemconfiguration• (ii)assessmentofcommercial,financialandlegalviability,and• (iii)benefit-costanalysisoftheproposedproject.
• Stage2:Audit-GradeDetailedEngineeringDesignandFinancial/BusinessPlan• RFPdeadlinewas12Oct2016• ~8projectswillreceive1M$each• detailedengineeringdesign,financialandbusinessplanassessment
• Stage3:MicrogridBuild-outandOperation• .• .
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NYUCHPFacility:SandySuccessStory• major2011updatetoUS$125MCHPswitchfromoiltoNG• savesUS$5-8M/a,23%lessGHG,65%lesscriteria• doubledcapacityto13.4MW• powers22buildings,HW&cooling&heatingto37• ranislandedforsixdaysinSandyaftermath• notefirmNGsupply
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AllBelowGradePowerStation
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DiamondValley Lake
LakeCasitas
Lake Perris
Big Bear Lake
Lake Piru
Vail Lake
Baldwin Lake
El CapitanReservoir
Skinner Reservoir
Silverwood Lake
San VincenteReservoir
LakeArrowhead
Otay Reservoir
Sweetwater Reservoir
Blythe
Oxnard
Calexico
Temecula
El Centro
San Diego
Escondido
Santa AnaLong Beach
Los Angeles
Laguna Beach
Palm Springs
Thousand Oaks
Santa Barbara
San Bernardino
Huntington Beach
Twentynine Palms
San Buenaventura
DanbyLake
CadizLake
Dale Lake
EmersonLake
Deadman Lake
Mesquite Lake
Riverside
ImperialSan Diego
Ventura
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Imp eria lIrr igat ion
Dis tr ic t
San Diego Gas& E lec t r ic
Anza E lec t r ic C o-op
Los An gelesDepa rtmentof Wate r &
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City ofRiver side
Be ar Val leyElec tr ic
Mo re noVal leyUt il i ty
Glendale Wate r & Pow er
City ofAnahe im
Pa sade naWa te r & Pow er
City ofIndus tr y
Ci ty ofCer ri to s
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Bur bank Water & Pow er
Azus a L ig ht & Wate r
elevation182mrecordhightemp.50°CaverageJul&Aug>40°Cannualrainfall175mm
inAnza-BorregoStateParksummerpopulation3,500winterpopulationreaches5,000largeretiredpopulationRicardoBrecedasculptures
BorregoSprings
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BS1:RDSIProject2008-13• SanDiegoGas&ElectricaprogressivedistribuPoncompany• classicmilligrid• renewableandDistributedSystemsIntegraPonaprogramofU.S.DOE
• 9“microgrid”projects2008-2013,incl.SantaRita&BorregoSprings• goalwas15%peakloadreducPon• BorregoSpringsdependsonsinglevulnerable28MW32km69kVPe
• 26&5MWIPPPVarraysinthearea
• 14MWpeaklocalload+28MWPeunabletoabsorballPVoutput
• environmentallysensiPveareaandsuspiciouspopulaPon
• relaPvelysimpletechnologyandunclearobjecPves
• exampleofadistribuPonuPlityembracingmicrogrids
• butregulatoryresponseunclear
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IslandingFromaDesertSubstation
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6September2013• hotmorning,38°Cby10:00and42°Cat13:20
• thunderstormsbegantoformbetween12:00and13:00
• producedrainfalltotalsof33mmatWarnersby14:00,withsimilaramountsalongthedesertslopeswestoftown
• gusty outflow winds from the thunderstorms began to reach the Borrego area at 14:00.
• peak gusts of 87-105 km/h were measured between 14:20 and 14:30, though evidence supports that a microburst likely occurred near the center of the storm, producing gusts up to 113 km/h
• ~ 167 lightning strikes occurred in the Borrego area
source: SDG&E
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Restoration• 9 transmission and 11 distribution poles were down • all roads into/out of Borrego Springs were closed • restoration took 25 h• >200 employees involved
source: SDG&E
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OutageGeneration
• At14:20,singletransmissionlinetoBorregotripsout
• 1056totalcustomersrestoredduringoutage
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Load
(kW)
Borrego Microgrid
load
(MW)
source: SDG&E
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BorregoSpringsMicrogrid2.0CEC:4.7M$&SDG&E:1.75M$
GoalsEnhanceEmergencyReadiness
IncreaseOperationalFlexibility
DecreaseOutageResponseTimes
IncreaseGridResiliency
DemonstrateNewMicrogridTechnologies
IncreaseMicrogridLoadCapacity
EnhancetheBorregoSpringsMicrogridtobemoreflexibleandautomatedinrespondingtoavarietyofpotentialoutagesituations,andleveragevariousnewtechnologiesand
DistributedEnergyResourcesforincreasedMicrogridcapabilities.
source: SDG&E
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SendaiMicrogridDemonstraPon
32
source: NTT Facilities
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430 VDC bus
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Source:hfp://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/a-microgrid-that-wouldnt-quit/0
TheTOHOKUregionpacificcoastearthquake,March11,2011
SENDAImicrogridsystembyNTTFaciliPes
LongduraPonoutageareacausedbythe
disaster.
SendaiSuccessStory
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MulPplePowerQualiPesDuringOutage
35
source: NTT Facilities
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SecureNaturalGasSupply
36
source: Alexis Kwasinski
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SendaiandHigashi-Matsushima
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Higashi-Matsushima:Disaster-ResilientEco-City
Tokyo
Sapporo
Osaka
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KeyPoints
• collaborationbetweentheCityofHigashi-Matsushima(operator)andSekisuiHouseCo.(buildingdesignerandoperations)
• circa460kWofPV,atdisasterpreventionchannel,communityhall,andcondominium
• 460kWhbatterybankand500kVAbiodiesel“emergency”generator
• Eco-Citycanmaintainservicesatleastfor3dayswithoutgridpower,providingemergencyelectricitytohospitalsandpublicfacilities
• projectfundedbytheMinistryofEnvironment,selectedforthe“ProgramonBuildinganIndependentandDistributedLow-CarbonEnergySociety.”
• CEMSCommunityEnergyManagementSystem estimatedtoeliminate256tofCO2emissionsperyear
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McIntyreMedicalScienceBuilding
42
• built1965,remodeled1998
• 16storeycirculartower(30000m2)
• sickblg.venilationfix2003• 2theatres&classrooms
• officeandlab.space
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PreliminaryDER-CAMAnalysisequipmentdetails
43
technology
capitalcost
($/kW)discretesize(kW)
fixedO&M($/kW-a)
variableO&M
($/kWh)recovery
rate eff(%)
Microturbine-HX 3822 500 0.015 0.003 1.4 0.21Biomass-HX 5434 500 0.017 0.010 1.8 0.29PVsystem 4495 0.025 0SolarThermal 4284 0.050 0
• hourlyelectricityuseandmonthlysteamusefromsimulation
• modeledtotalheatrequirementandshapebasedonaMinneapolishealthcareblg.
• *flat5¢/kWh&14$/kW• 6.5$/GJforNG&biogas• 3.5$/tCO2carbonallowance• gridavailability99%
• outagecost225$/kW(option)• widerangeofsensitivities10$/tCO2,5&10$/GJNG&biogas,emissionsfrombiogasproduction,….• sitevs.sourceemissions500,850,4000gCO2/kWh(RobertHowarth,2015,)
*allinCAD
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PreliminaryFindings
• inefficientbuilding,using≈ moreenergythanatypicalCanadianmedicalbuilding
• withoutreliabilityonlyPVandsolarthermaleverchosen
• except,worsecastshalegasCH4emissionsplus10$/tCO22x500,1x400,&1x100kWbiogasCHPplus75kWsolarthermal
• withreliabilityconsidered,99%availability,NGCHP&PVdominate1500&2x100kWplus15kWPVrobustsolution
• solartechnologiessurprisinglyattractiveoftenhitfootprintconstraint• NGCHPcouldbeattractive,assensitiveloads,butupstreamemissions
• morecarefullookatbiomassandgroundsourceoptionsnecessary
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HypergridVision
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(0.3sec/yr)8
DispersedVision(distributedcontrol&heterogeneousservice)
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possible effect of microgrids
cost of unreliability in the US today
cost of unreliability
cost of reliability
total cost of reliability
lowestinworldtoday
U.S.today Perfection
ChoosingServiceQuality
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ENERGY BY ENDUSE
LIGHTING
NON- CRITICAL SERVICES NON- RESCHEDULE- ABLE, NON-CRITICAL SERVS. (e.g. entertainment)
CRITICAL LOADS
H V A C REFRIG-
ERATION
PQR
REQ
UIR
EMEN
TS
CURRENT PQR
UNSERVED
HIGH PRIORITY
LOW PRIORITY
MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS?
WATER HEATING, DRYING, OTHER RESCHEDULABLE
WATER PUMPING 0
HeterogeneousPQRRequirements
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RelevancetoQuébec
• youcanprobablyguess
• ENEAreportmighthelp
• amorenerdyapproach
52
URBANMICROGRIDJanuary2017
Overview, challengesand opportunities
A study funded by:
http://www.enea-consulting.com/en/urban-microgrids-opportunities/
Marnay-+-Microgrids:FinallyFindingTheirPlace
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WanttolearnmoreaboutMicrogrids?• IsThereaRoleforMicrogridsinQuébec?
workshoporganizedbyTISED,eveningof25April2017NewResidenceHall,3625AvduParc,Montréal
• hfp://microgridknowledge.com/
• Newcastle2017SymposiumonMicrogrids28-30Nov2017–byinvitaPononly–askmenowhfp://microgrid-symposiums.org/Sunday3-Friday8Dec20172017IEEEPESInnovaPveSmartGridTechnologiesAsia(ISGTAsia2017)Conference,Auckland,NewZealand
53
Marnay-+-Microgrids:FinallyFindingTheirPlace
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ChrisMarnayTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign
McGillUniversityoff:+1.514.398.3287-mob:+1.510.508.7705
Marnay-+-Microgrids:FinallyFindingTheirPlace
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ChrisMarnayTrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign
McGillUniversityoff:+1.514.398.3287-mob:+1.510.508.7705
TrottierInstituteforSustainabilityinEngineeringandDesign