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Migration and Health: Some key issues in introduction
Mary Haour-Knipe
Migration and the Right to Health ConferenceInternational Development and Human RightsLondon26th-27th May 2010
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Outline
• International migration today
• Phases of the migration process, and health effects
• Policy and legal frameworks affecting migrants’ health
• Challenges and needs
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World migration: some numbers & trends
• 214 million international migrants • 740 million internal migrants
• Most population movement remains within regionse.g. developing country developing country
• Half of labour migrants now women• Migration of skilled labourers
• Increase of short-term & circular migration
• Migration flows more complex– Most countries simultaneously countries of origin, transit and
destination
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International migration
UNDP Human Development Report 2009
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Migration & human development directly related
• The individual who migrates– Is usually successful before migration– After arrival, migrants from low HDI countries gain:
• Income (x15)• Education (x2 enrolment rate)• Health (x16 less child mortality)
• Factors that increase movement– Differences in income trends – Demographic imbalances– Decrease in transport & communications costs
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The individual who migrates also:
• Is usually both pushed and pulled
• May change official category/status
• Has a family
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Type Reason
International migrants Usually labour migration, or to join family members
Refugees, asylum seekers Flee conflict, violence, human rights violations, natural disasters
Internally displaced persons
Same as for refugees
Irregular migrants Usually the same as for international migrants: labour or family
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Types of population mobility
Type
International migrantsIrregular migrants
Refugees, asylum seekersInternally displaced persons
Reason
Usually labour migration, or to join family members
Flee conflict, violence, human rights violations, natural disasters
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In sum: traditional migration pattern
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Modern migration patterns
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Outline
• International migration today
• Phases of the migration process, and health effects
• Policy and legal frameworks affecting migrants’ health
• Challenges and needs
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Transit:
Especially dangerous for irregular migrants
Return:
Benefits, and also risks, for communities of origin Carry health conditions back home
Health of children of migrants?
Origin:
Healthy migrant effect
Destination:
(see next slide)
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Factors potentially affecting health at destination
• Isolation, separation from family & community, lack of social support
• Health not a priority
• Barriers in access to health & social services– Limited legal rights– Not knowing about rights– Fear, stigma – Language barriers– inappropriate, ill-adapted services
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Factors potentially affecting health at destination (2)
Inadequate living & working conditions (for some)– Dirty, dangerous and
degrading work or working conditions
– Vulnerability to abuses, especially for irregular migrants
• Or working below one’s level of qualification
Pictures: from Thomas, Haour-Knipe, Aggleton (Eds) ‘Mobility, Sexuality and AIDS’, 2010
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Outline
• International migration today
• Phases of the migration process, and health effects
• Policy and legal frameworks affecting migrants’ health
• Challenges and needs
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Destination countries: confrontation between migration trends & migration
policies
• Lopsided demographic patterns will persist
• Growing legal & administrative barriers
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Policy and legal frameworks affecting migrants’ health
• Traditional approach: disease control & containment
• Human rights approach to health– Some rights universal, regardless of migration status– Several legally binding international human rights treaties signed– Basic components
• equality & non-discrimination• active and informed participation of individuals & communities• sustained focus on most vulnerable & marginalized • Effective accountability mechanisms
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Concerted global efforts towards policy change re migrant health
• Migration moving into social equity discourse
• Specific promises re migrants and HIV
• Migrants direct or indirect focus of WHA resolutions
• Several European projects on migrant health
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Outline
• International migration today
• Phases of the migration process, and health effects
• Policy and legal frameworks affecting migrants’ health
• Challenges and needs
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Case study: HIV-related travel restrictions
• Established as soon as HIV test became available – U.S. followed by many other countries
• Arguments– Control and containment– Potential cost to host country
• Activism• Issue became latent
– Approx. 60 countries with restrictions (total, partial)
• Global task force established– Involvement of IAS, some Governments, Global Fund– U.S. removed restrictions Jan. 2010
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Lessons suggested
• Difference between laws, policy and practice!
• Difficulties gathering good data
• Important role of activists… but in alliance with others
• Tension: – Rights & access for all – Limited resources: who should get them?
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Migration & right to health: other challenges & needs (1)
• Better data on– migrants health– access to health services
• Creating linkages / building bridges between – Countries, regions– Sectors
• On broad spectrum of health issues beyond infectious diseases
• Linking with wider focus on social equity – Nationals (policy makers, care givers etc) & migrant groups
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Other challenges & needs (2)
• Tension between access for all and deciding how to distribute limited resources becomes worse during economic downturns…
• Leadership & advocacy– Creative thinking– Models of what works
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Thank you!