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Mike BellExtension Agent
Carroll County
Equal Access Programs
2008 Horse World ExpoJanuary 18, 2008
Center for Food Security and Public HealthIowa state University 2006
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“The Cough: Terror at Your Gate”
Equine Biological Risk Management
For Horse Owners
Center for Food Security and Public HealthIowa state University 2006
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Biological Risk Management (BRM)
• Overall process of awareness education, evaluation, and management
• Designed to improve infection/disease control – Foreign and domestic diseases
• Provide tools to minimize risk
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Biological Risk Management (BRM)
• Disease risk cannot be totally eliminated– Animal, its environment– Decrease exposure to
disease agents
• Minimize threat to
animals and humans
• No one-size-fits-all answer
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Overview
• Importance of BRM
• Risk perception and assessment– Routes of transmission
• Practical management plans
• Increased awareness through communication– Disease introduction and spread
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Importance of BRM
Center for Food Security and Public HealthIowa state University 2006
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Importance of BRM
• Interaction of humans with animals
• Rise in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
• Importance of the equine economy
• Increasing globalization
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Human-Animal Interaction
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Human-Animal Interaction
• 7.1 million people involved in the equine industry– Owners, service providers, employees,
volunteers
• More than 250 potential zoonoses
• Important task– Understand potential health risk
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Human-Animal Interaction
• American population aging• Immunocompromised
population more vulnerable to zoonoses– Young and old– Organ transplant
recipients – Chemotherapy– HIV/AIDS– Diabetes
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The Rise in Emerging and Re-Emerging Diseases
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Do Not Forget Domestic Diseases
• Outbreak of equine herpesvirus-1– University of Findlay
• 118 horses developed fevers
• 45 horses developed neurologic signs
• 14 horses died or were euthanized
• All horses were previously vaccinated against herpesvirus
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Equine Industry and Economics
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Agriculture and Economics
• 1 in 6 U.S. jobs are ag-related
• 6.9 million horses
• $112.1 billion impact on U.S. Gross Domestic Product
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Agriculture and BRM
• Realize the impact on the industry
• Provide employment• Mitigate economic
consequences of a disease outbreak
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Global Travel and Commerce
Center for Food Security and Public HealthIowa state University 2006
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• Increase in personal travel– Increases risk of disease– Spread of foreign
animal disease• Within a food product• On the traveler’s person
• Increase in importation of animals, embryos and semen
Global Travel and Commerce
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Global Travel and Commerce
References: CDC and APHIS
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Global Travel and Commerce
Reference: U.S. Department of Homeland Security
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Conducting a BRM Facility Assessment
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Components of BRM
• Risk perception• Risk assessment
– Routes of transmission
• Risk management• Risk communication
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Risk Perception
• Different perceptions of risk– First identify what is viewed as a threat
• Factors influencing perception– Previous experience – Media– Environment
• Acceptance and tolerance varies
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Risk Perception• Common beliefs
– “We have always done it this way”– “I’ve had most everything on this farm”– “It’s too expensive”
• New beliefs– Disease outbreaks can and do happen– Prevention is less costly than treatment– Too much is financially invested to lose– Prevention through awareness
and management
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Risk Assessment• Objective evaluation• Questions to identify strengths/weaknesses
– Living documents• A starting point• Change over time
• Disease prediction is complicated– Underlying disease risks are not– Horse’s vulnerability is influenced by:
• Cleanliness, stress, nutrition, other management factors
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Routes of Transmission
Center for Food Security and Public HealthIowa state University 2006
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Routes of Transmission
• Apply to all infectious agents
• Animal must be exposed to develop disease
• Understand different routes of transmission = Gain control
• Risk areas must be identified– Design protocols to minimize exposure
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Routes of Transmission
• Spread of disease agents– Animal animal– Animal human
• Different modes of transmission– Aerosol– Oral– Direct contact– Fomite– Vector-borne
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Routes of Transmission
• Herpesvirus-1 example
• Complacency with endemic diseases
• Increased awareness – Foreign animal disease– Bioterrorism/agroterrorism attacks
• BRM will help protect against all
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Aerosol Transmission
• Disease agents contained in droplets– Pass through air
• Most agents not stable in droplets– Close proximity required– Infected and
susceptible animals
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Direct Contact Transmission
• Disease agent in animal or environment– Open wounds, mucous
membranes, skin– Blood, saliva,
nose to nose, rubbing, biting
• Reproductive transmission– Breeding– Dam to offspring
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Transmission by Fomite
• Contaminated inanimate object
• Carries agents to other animals– Brushes,
needles
• Traffic– Vehicle, trailer,
humans
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Oral Transmission
• Consumption of contaminated feed, water– Feces, urine, saliva – Other contaminants
• Licking/chewing contaminated environment
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Vector-borne Transmission
• Insect • Acquires pathogen
from one animal• Transmits to another
animal– Biological vectors
• Fleas, ticks, mosquitoes
– Mechanical vectors• Flies
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Environmental Contamination
• Disease organism in environment– Survive in soil, organic material
• Animals and humans can acquire agent through:– Inhalation– Direct contact– Fomites – Oral consumption– Vectors
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Disease Transmission
• Animals may not exhibit obvious signs of disease
• Awareness of all routes of transmission is essential– Develop strategy to minimize
disease risk for livestock operation
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The Risk Management Plan
Center for Food Security and Public HealthIowa state University 2006
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Risk Management
• Facility/operation evaluated– Challenges identified
• Tailored management plan
• Prioritize– Easy to implement– Inexpensive yet yield rewards
• No common formula
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Risk Management
• Management plan reflects– Immediate challenges– Short-term goals– Long-term goals
• Many possible solutions exist
• Remain open to suggestions– Recommendations vary based on individual’s
experience, knowledge
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Risk Communication
• Communication is key!
• Plan must be understood and supported to be effective
• Success of BRM plan depends on:– How plan is carried out– Who is responsible for changes– Incorporation into daily activities
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Risk Communication
• Risk assessment designed to be all-inclusive communication tool– Feedback can be provided rapidly– Expedites awareness process– Handouts
• Disinfection• Routes of transmission
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Conclusion
Center for Food Security and Public HealthIowa state University 2006
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Key Learning Objectives
• Biological risk management is important
• Risk perception and acceptance differ between people
• Disease risk can be managed
• Awareness education is essential
• You play a critical role!
Center for Food Security and Public Health
Iowa state University 2006
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Conclusion
“Decide what you want, decide what you are willing to exchange for it. Establish
your principle and go to work.”
-H.L. Hunt
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Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public
Health at Iowa State University.
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa state University 2006
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Authors:
Reviewers:
SpecialThanks to:
Carrie Hammer, DVM, PhDStacy Holzbauer, DVMDanelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH
Jim Roth, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVM
Roberta Dwyer, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVPMTom Lenz, DVM, MS, Christine Woodford, DVM, MS
Center for Food Security and Public HealthIowa state University 2006
Acknowledgments
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Equal Access Programs