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Mike Bolf, P.E. Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Office of Drinking Water & Municipal Assistance
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Outline · Why are the rules necessary?· Basic concepts· Brief history backflow prevention
regulations· Who do the rules apply to?· What are the program basics?· Useful references
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What do these things have in common?
ó Lawn sprinkling system ó Air conditioning system ó Metal plating factory ó Home water purification system All have caused illness or death by accidently contaminating a public water supply!
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Why are these rules necessary?
To protect public health
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What is a Cross-Connection? “A connection or arrangement of piping or appurtenances through which a backflow could occur.”
Or
“Any piping arrangement which allows a potable water system to be connected to a non-potable system.”
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Backflow The undesirable reversal of flow of water or other substances into the potable water distribution supply. It can be caused by backpressure, backsiphonage or combination of both.
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Backflow Backsiphonage Backpressure
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What’s wrong with these pictures?
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History of MI’s Drinking Water Regulations
The Waterworks and Sewerage Systems Act 98, P.A. 1913 ó Promulgated August 15, 1913 ó Department of Health authority ó Included water supply
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First Cross Connection Rules ó December 1938: x-conn regulations
adopted by the Advisory Council of Health ó No connection shall be installed or
maintained between a potable public supply and pipes, pumps, or tanks supplied or possible of being supplied, from any non-potable source
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Cross Connection Rules (cont) ó December 1938: first x-conn
regulations adopted by the Advisory Council of Health ó April 1972: x-conn rules were
promulgated into Act 98 ó Very similar to today’s rules ó Definitions, cross connections
prohibited, required local programs, protective devices, annual reporting, piping identification, etc.
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Cross Connection Rules (cont) ó 1974: Federal Safe Drinking
Water Act
ó 1976: Michigan Safe Drinking Water Act (Act 399) ó became effective Jan 4, 1977
ó 1978: 1972 x-conn rules adopted by reference into Act 399 ó Part 14 – Cross Connections
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Cross Connection Rules Manual ó 1st Edition was published in
March, 1977 to supplement the 1972 x-conn rules
ó 2nd Edition – October 1982
ó 3rd Edition – April 1999
ó 4th Edition – October 2008
CROSS CONNECTION RULES MANUAL
FOURTH EDITION
October 2008
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality 525 West Allegan Street
Lansing, Michigan 48909
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Michigan Plumbing Code
ó Regulates design and installation of plumbing systems ó Intended to protect public health,
safety, and welfare ó Adopts the International Plumbing
Code ó Chapter 6 – Water Supply
Objective: Regulate design/installation so the water remains potable.
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Who do the Rules Apply to? Directly → Public Water Supplies ó Municipalities ó Condominium Associations ó Apartments
Indirectly → Water Customers ó Residential ó Commercial ó Industrial
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Here’s How is Works 1. DEQ requires the utility to have a
formal program ó Sanitary surveys ó Surveillance visits ó Approval of written program
2. Local utility requires customers to comply ó Cross connection inspections ó Public education ó Testing/Inspection notices
3. Code inspector requires new construction to conform
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Here’s how it is enforced 1. Act 399: State can impose fines,
public notification, escalatedenforcement on water suppliers
2. Local water ordinance: Waterutility can impose fines andultimately terminate water service
3. Michigan Plumbing Code: Localinspector can deny approval ofnew plumbing work
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Common Inspection Findings No Air Gap Improperly Installed
Backflow Preventer
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Common Inspection Findings Wrong Backflow Preventer for Application
Missing Backflow Preventer
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Common Inspection Findings Unapproved Backflow Preventer
Illegal Bypass
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Common Inspection Findings Unapproved Device
Soap Dispensers
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Approved Backflow Preventers óMust meet or
Standards
ó Required by Plumbing Code
ó Required Standards are listed in Cross Connection Rules Manual and MI Plumbing Code
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Cross Connection Control Program Basics ó Inspect water customers for cross connections ó Inform customers of testing requirements ó Review and track testing results ó Enforce non-compliance óMaintain records ó Report efforts to DEQ
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Common Goal - Work Collaboratively
Hints for success ó Knowledgeable local inspectors ó Transparency – share information ó Challenge questionable testing practices
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Common Misconceptions 1. Utilities profit from enforcing requirements 2. These rules aren’t required in other
communities 3. Backflow doesn’t really occur 4. These rules have never been required before 5. Safe drinking water is the utility’s responsibility
not an employer’s.
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Containment Example
water main
service line
Treated boiler
Plating process
Lawn irrigation
Nontreated boiler
RPZ
meter
Protects the water supply, but not the building occupants
domestic
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Isolation Example
water main
service line
Treated boiler
Plating process
Lawn irrigation
Nontreated boiler
meter
RPZ PVB
RPZ DCVA
Protects the building occupants & the water supply
domestic
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Isolation vs. Containment ISOLATION ó Preferred because in plant personnel are protected. ó Smaller size devices or no devices are required ó Often cheaper ó Educational for plant personnel, managers, & owners
CONTAINMENT ó Facility is contained (separated from public system) ó Frequent plumbing changes ó Untraceable or hidden plumbing ó Confusing plumbing ó Access to facility is refused or prohibited by owner ó Facility employees may not be protected
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Incoming Potable Water Supply
Meter
Domestic Water Supply
RPZ’s
Process Water Supply
Isolation Example
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Resources Google search the following:
1. “MDEQ Community Drinking Water”2. “State of Michigan Plumbing Division”3. “American Backflow Prevention Association”4. “EPA Cross Connection Manual”5. “AWWA Manual M14”6. “ASSE Plumbing”7. “MPMCA”
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Questions?
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800-662-9278www.michigan.gov/deq
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