US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG®
Military Microgrids and SPIDERS Implementation Melanie Johnson Electrical Engineer U.S. Army ERDC-CERL
APEC 2013 Alternative Energy Industry Session 21 March 2013 Long Beach, CA
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
ARI Army Research
Institute ASA(ALT) DCSPER G-1 DA PEOs
TRADOC Training & Doctrine
Command
SMDC Space & Missile
Defense Command
MEDCOM ATEC
Army Test & Evaluation Command
Army Materiel
Command
Corps of Engineers
MRMC Medical
Research & Material
Command
ERDC Engineer
R&D Center
FOC Leads Force Operating
Capabilities RDECOM
SOSI Systems of Systems
Integration
AMRDEC Army Aviation and Missile
RD&E Center
TARDEC Tank and
Automotive RD&E Center
ARDEC Armament
RD&E Center
CERDEC Communications
& Electronics RD&E Center
ARL Army
Research Lab
ECBC Edgewood Chemical
Biological Center
NSC Natick Solider Center
STC Simulation Technology
Center
AMSAA Army Material
Systems Analysis Activity
ARO Army Research Office Army STTR PMO
ARO-Washington Army SBIR PMO
M&S FAST
Int. Programs
Agile Development Center
Integration
Participants in SBIR Participants in SBIR and STTR
Army R&D Organizations
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Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Engineer Research and Development Center
The Dalles Research Facility Dallesport, WA
Eau Galle Laboratory Spring Valley, WI
Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystems
Research Facility Lewisville, TX
Trotter Shoals Limnological Research Facility
Calhoun, SC
Big Black Test Facility
Field Research Facility, Duck, NC
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) Champaign, IL
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) Hanover, NH
International Research Office
Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) Alexandria, VA
Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) Environmental Laboratory (EL) Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory (GSL) Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) Vicksburg, MS
Alaska Projects Office Fairbanks, AK
CRREL Alaska Office Anchorage, AK
Fisheries Engineering Team Columbia River Basin Bonneville, WA
2500 ERDC Team Members
Field Offices
Laboratories
US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG®
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Energy Conservation Measures
Power Generation Technology
Efficient Facilities Microgrids
Building Automation Systems
Base Camp Operational Energy
Air Tightness Standards Building Envelope Loss Modeling Net-Zero Energy Modeling
Energy Audits
Water Sustainability
Energy Security Distributed Generation Renewable Resources Fuel Cells
Waste to Energy
Energy Economics and Markets
Behavior Change Locally-Sourced
Bio-Fuels
BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Army Microgrid Motivation DoD Policy Goals
► EISA 2007, EPAct 2005, Ex. Order 13514
Energy Security ► Army Energy Security Implementation Strategy ► Surety, Survivability, Supply, Sufficiency, and
Sustainability
Renewables Integration ► Economic Optimization ► Islanded Operation
Evolving Energy Market Participation ► Demand Response, Peak Shaving ► Real Time Pricing ► PHEV, BEV Integration
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BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL BUILDING STRONG®1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Net-Zero Pilot Installations IdentifiedArmy Energy Security Implementation StrategyEO 13514Renewable Energy Handbook for InstallationsAR 420-1, Army Facilities ManagementESPC and UESCEnergy Independence and Security Act 2007Army Energy and Water Campaign Plan for InstallationsSec. Army Memo Designation of Senior Official - EO 13423Army Energy ConservationArmy Sustainable Design and Development PolicyArmy Petroleum Reduction StrategyDOD 4500.36-R Authorization of Acquisition of VehiclesIDG Compliance and MILCON TransformationSec. Def. Memo on 13423EO 13423Army Directive Reducing SUVsArmy Green Procurement GuideSustainable Management of Waste in ConstructionArmy Policy SPIRT to LEEDDODI 4170.11Installation Energy GoalsSec. Def. Memo on Fuel ConservationEnergy Policy Act 2005Army Energy Strategy for InstallationsArmy Strategy for the EnvironmentAR-58-1 Management of Motor VehiclesArmy Policy SPIRTEO 13150Army Policy Sustainable Design and DevelopmentEO 13031
Executive Order
Army GuidanceDOD GuidanceLaws and Statutes
► Fossil Fuel Energy Reduction: 55% in 2010 100% in 2030
► 25% renewable energy by 2025
► 30% better energy consumption in new (“If cost effective”)
► 7.5% renewable energy by 2013
Polic
yEx
pans
ion
Army Goals: ► 9 NZE Installations by 2020 ► 25 NZE Installations by 2030
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Microgrid Scalability
Tactical 99% Islanded, 1%
Grid Tied 10s of kWs
Highly Portable
Operational Forward Operating
Bases 100s of kWs
Power Sharing
Installation 99% Grid Tied, 1%
Islanded 10s of MWs
Flexible Distribution
Microgrid Scalability
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BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Microgrid Types
8
The Central Plant (maybe not really a microgrid)
The Central Bus (can be DC!) Distributed Generation
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL 9
Implementing Microgrids
Blue Sites: Microgrids Under Construction Black Sites: Existing “Microgrids” Red Sites: Microgrid Studies/Plans
S.B. Van Broekhoven, N. Judson, S.V.T. Nguyen, and W.D. Ross. “Microgrid Study: Energy Security for DoD Installations.” Prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratories Technical Report 1164. 18 June 2012.
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Energy Storage
Backup Generation
Mission Critical Loads Mission Priority Loads
Electrified NTVs Renewable Sources
E N
L
E N
L
Grid
Non-Critical Loads
AC DC
AC DC
Backup Generation
AC DC
AC DC
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Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Energy Storage
Backup Generation
Mission Critical Loads Mission Priority Loads
Electrified NTVs Renewable Sources
E N
L
E N
L
Grid
Non-Critical Loads
AC DC
AC DC
Backup Generation
AC DC
AC DC
S
C
C C
C
C
C C C
C
C
C
S S
Main Control
HMI/GUI
Sync Sync
Sync
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BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Existing Infrastructure: ► Designing around existing distribution ► “Cherry picking” loads ► Minimum impact mentality ► Practical research projects ► Fiber/Communications Availability
Interconnection: ► Proprietary Protocols/Tools ► Legacy Equipment
► New vulnerabilities (network connectivity) Sustainment
Network and Security Maintenance Testing Warranties
Microgrid Challenges: Integration
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Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Cyber Security Challenges: Operational Capabilities
Security measures can impede system operation, particularly in contingency situations
Control Systems Vendors include known default passwords. Allows easy access:
o Especially for the good guys in a pinch! o …and especially for malicious intent!
Vulnerabilities like this are required for system operation.
"Because these are legacy products nearing the end of their life cycle, ABB does not intend to patch these vulnerable components,"
Good security practices can have
dramatic operational impact.
BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL 14
The Value of Connectivity Communication with a utility/ISO/RTO facilitates
realization of microgrid market capabilities. ►Not just peak-shaving
Funding for large-scale microgrid
projects is scarce. ►Alternative financing and revenue streams are desirable.
Introducing new vulnerabilities largely eliminates the
benefits of the microgrid. ►Defense is needed.
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Energy Storage
Backup Generation
Mission Critical Loads Mission Priority Loads
Electrified NTVs Renewable Sources
E N
L
E N
L
Non-Critical Loads
AC DC
AC DC
Backup Generation
AC DC
AC DC
S
C
C C
C
C
C C C
C
C
C
S
HMI/GUI
Sync Sync
Sync
Grid
Main Control
S
Utility/ISO
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Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL 16
The Challenges of Interconnection and Communication
$
Secure connections to data and information
via the internet
Microgrid Control Area Network interfaces with local controllers
Microgrid Local Controllers interface with legacy equipment
Interface with NEC to communicate with garrison systems
Interact with UMCS to control building and SCADA loads
VLAN M
VLAN S
VLAN U
Installation Campus Area Network
UMCS
The Internet
DMZ
BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
JCTD SPIDERS Overview
Phase1: JB Pearl-Hickam Circuit Level Demonstration • Renewables • Storage • Energy Management
Phase 2: Fort Carson Microgrid • Large-Scale
Renewables • Vehicle-to-Grid • Smart Microgrid • Critical Assets • CONUS Homeland
Defense Demo • COOP Exercise
Phase 3: Camp Smith Energy Island • Entire Installation Smart
Microgrid • Islanded Installation • High Penetration of
Renewables • Demand Side
Management • Redundant Backup
Power • Makana Pahili Hurricane
Exercise
Beyond: Transition • Template for DoD-wide
Implementation • CONOPS • TTPs • Training Plans • DoD Adds Specs to
GSA Schedule • Transition to
Commercial Sector • Transition Cyber
Security to Federal Sector and Utilities
Cyber-Security Solution Development
Intended End Result of SPIDERS: First Complete DoD installation with a secure, smart, islandable microgrid Template for DoD-wide installation energy security
Technical Manager: U.S. Army ERDC-CERL, Deputy TM: Sandia National Laboratory
Slide content courtesy of Juan Torres, SNL 18
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL 19
A. 800kW diesel generator B. PV array C. 1600kW Generator and load control at buildings D. Human Machine Interface (HMI) E. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
11.5 kV Microgrid Communications and Control
Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam SPIDERS Phase 1 Microgrid
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
The SPIDERS Microgrid at Fort Carson
2 MW Solar Array
SPIDERS Microgrid Region
SPIDERS Microgrid at Fort Carson Features: • 1.1 MW Critical Load, 1 MW Priority Load • 3.25 MVA Diesel Generation (three existing assets) • 2 MW Solar Array (existing asset) • 5 Electric Vehicles with Vehicle to Grid Capability • Comprehensive Cyber Security Solution • 72 Hour Operational Demonstration
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BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
The SPIDERS Microgrid at Fort Carson 2 MW solar and 3.25 MVA diesel backup generation
► 500 kW blocks of PV array ► No modifications (except a on/off
signal) to PV inverters ► Proof-of-concept at JBPHH with
150kW PV array ► Testing will experiment with
maximum PV penetration.
5 Electric Vehicles with V2G Capability ► Provide some stabilization to microgrid ► Developmental converter/aggregator
interfaces with microgrid control system ► Intended to provide demand response,
peak shaving, and ancillary services in wholesale market
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BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Wrap Up The DOD is driven to develop innovative solutions
to increase renewable resources at domestic installations.
Microgrids offer the DOD not only renewable energy integration but also increased energy security.
Microgrid pilots are on the cusp of producing results and informing DOD energy decisions
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BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Auxiliary Slides
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BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
SPIDERS JCTD Objectives
Cyber-security ►Layered in-depth defense ► Information assurance
Smart Grid
Technologies & Applications ►Automated load balancing, ►Two-way communication, ►Smart-metering, ►Automatic system
re-configuration ►Demand side
management/Load shedding
Islanded Micro-grid ►Entire installation to island ►Extended continuity of
operations ►Seamless
disconnect/reconnect
Distributed &
intermittent renewable sources ►Off-grid availability ►Reduce fossil fuel
consumption and carbon boot-print
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BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL 26
SPIDERS Participants
USPACOM, USNORTHCOM, DOE, and DHS
DOE - 5 Nat’l Labs
USACE ERDC – Construction Engineering Research Lab (CERL)
Military Services
Navel Facilities Engineering Cmd
Local Utility Companies
States of Hawaii & Colorado
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL 27
SPIDERS Microgrids On Oahu
Phase 1: Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam
Phase 3: Camp Smith
BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL 28
Other Projects Fort Bliss Microgrid Demonstration:
► Dining Facility supported by existing backup diesel, high penetration renewables, and energy storage.
► Partnership with Lockheed Martin ► ESTCP Funded
OpenADR Protocol Demonstration: ► Pilot tariff and protocol demonstration at Fort Irwin,
CA for automated demand response ► Partnership with Honeywell ► ESTCP funded
Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL
Fort Sill Field-Scale Microgrid Demonstration Generation:
► 2 – 210kW Natural Gas Generators
► 30 kW PV ► 2.4 kW Wind ► 500 kWh/250 kW ZnBr
Flow Battery Loads: Chiller Loop Features:
► Adjustable trip-curve breakers
► Microgrid Interface Switch
Demonstration: ► Seamless transition ► Extended islanded
operation
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BUILDING STRONG® Melanie Johnson, ERDC-CERL 30
Expect efficiency gains through eliminating multiple AC/DC conversions
24V DC Power Distribution Generation:
► 7 kW PV ► Energy Storage ► Power Grid
Load: ► Fluorescent Lighting with DC
Ballasts ► Electronics
Nextek DC Power System