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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
Chapter 24Plant Structure
(Primarily Flowering Plants)
Read Ch 24 in TextbookRead pg 199-207 in Cliffs AP Book
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
Ch 24 Plant StructureOverview
• 24.1 Plant Organs• 24.2 Plant Tissues• 24.3 Root
Organization• 24.4 Stem
Organization• 24.5 Leaf
Organization
– 80% of all plants are flowering plants (angiosperms)
– Plants are essential for life on earth.
• Oxygen• Help regulate water
cycle and carbon dioxide cycle of the earth
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.1 Organs of Flowering Plants
• Flowering Plant Organs– Roots
– Stems
– Leaves
• Anchors plant• Absorbs water and minerals• Stores products of photosynthesis (perennial
plants)• Produce hormones• Interact with soil fungi and microorganisms
• Supports leaves• Conducts materials to and from leaves and roots• Helps store plant products
• Take in carbon dioxide, release oxygen• Photosynthesis
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.1 Organs of Flowering Plants
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Flowering plants are divided into two groups based on structural differences– Monocots
• One cotyledon (seed leaf)• Smaller group• Crop plants and others (grasses, lilies, orchids,
rice, wheat, corn)
– Dicots• Two cotyledons• Larger group• Many familiar flowering plants and trees
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.1 Organs of Flowering Plants
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
One cotyledon in seed
Two cotyledons in seed
Root xylem and phloem in a ring
Root phloem between arms of xylem
Vascular bundles scattered in stem
Vascular bundles in a distinct ring
Leaf veins form a parallel pattern
Leaf veins form a net pattern
Flower parts in threes and multiples of three
Flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples
Usually have fibrous roots
Usually have tap roots
Also called Eudicots
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Plant Tissues– Plants can grow their entire lives because
they have embryonic tissue called meristem located in their stems and roots.
– Three types of meristem produce three different specialized tissues.
• Protoderm Epidermal tissue• Ground meristem Ground tissue• Procambium Vascular tissue (xylem and
phloem)
Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.2 Tissues of Flowering Plants
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.2 Tissues of Flowering Plants
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Plant tissue– Epidermal tissue (from Protoderm)
• Forms the outer protective covering of a plant (epidermis)
• Different plant organs have different modifications– Epidermal cells exposed to air are covered with a
cuticle– Roots – root hairs– Leaves – guard cells and stomata and trichomes– Woody stems – epidermis (called periderm) is replace
by dead cork cells (produced by a meristematic tissue called cork cambium)– becomes outer covering of the bark
– Some epidermal cells secrete protective substances
Root Hairs SEM
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.2 Tissues of Flowering Plants
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Plant tissue– Ground tissue (From Ground Meristem)
• Forms the bulk of the plant• Made up of
– Parenchyma
– Collenchyma
– Schlerenchyma
Least specialized and found in all organs of the plantMay contain chloroplasts or plastidsCan give rise to more specialized cellsThis is the “typical“ plant cell
Like parenchyma cells , but have thicker wallsAdd support and flexibilityStrand of celery stalks made of mostly collenchymaVery thick wallsUsusally non livingPrimary function is support of mature plant
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Plant tissue– Vascular tissue (From Procambium)
• Extends from roots to leaves– In roots – located in vascular cylinder– In stems – located in vascular bundle– In leaves – located in leaf veins
• Two types– Xylem
» Transports water and minerals» Have two cell walls – primary and secondary» Two types of cells: tracheids and vessel elements
(members)» Most are non living cells at maturity
– Phloem» Transports organic nutrients» Composed of sieve tube elements (members) and
companion cells» Are living cells at maturity (lack nuclei and
ribosomes)
Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.2 Tissues of Flowering Plants
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Vessel elements – shorter and wider, water passes freely from one to the next through a perforation (area with no cell walls). Water movement faster than in tracheids.
Tracheids – narrower with tapered ends. Water passes through pits in tapered parts.
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
Sieve tube elements – have sieve plates at their ends – area with pores where cytoplasm of the cells connects.
Companion cells – parenchymal cells adjacent to sieve tube elements. Cytoplasm communicates through plasmodesmata. Physiologically support the nuclei free sieve tube elements.
Vascular Tissue Animation Link
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Root Organization– Root tip has three zones
• Zone of cell division (apical meristem)
– Continually dividing cells– Protected by root cap,
which is destroyed and replaced as root pushes through soil
• Zone of elongation– Cells elongate and
become more specialized
• Zone of maturation (has root hairs)
– Mature, differentiated cells
Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.3 Organization and Diversity of Roots
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.3 Organization and Diversity of Roots
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Root Organization– Tissues of a dicot root
• Epidermis– Single layer of thin walled cells. – In zone of maturation, contain root hairs
• Cortex– Thin walled, irregularly shaped, loosely packed parenchymal
cells– Water and minerals can pass between cells.
• Endodermis– Single layer, tightly fit, rectangular cells– Casparian strip surrounded on four sides so that the only entry
into the vascular system is through the endodermal cells – can regulate what enters.
• Vascular tissue– Pericycle – can still grow- forms branches and lateral roots– Star shaped xylem– Phloem found between arms of xylem
Monocot root similar, but xylem and phloem arranged in a circle with pith in the center.
Pith Botany. The soft, spongelike, central cylinder of the stems of most flowering plants, composed mainly of parenchyma.
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
View looking down onto root – see arrow
Water and minerals cannot pass between the endodermal cells, has to go through them.
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
Can you identify these root cross sections?
Can you name the parts?
Dicot Monocot
1. Epidermis
2. Cortex
3. EndodermisMcGraw Hill Tutorial w micro slides
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/histology/html/rootov.htm
Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.3 Organization and Diversity of Roots
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.3 Organization and Diversity of Roots
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Root Organization– Root diversity
• Many adaptations– Associate with fungus – mutualistic - Mycorrhizae– Associate with nitrogen fixing bacteria – mutualistic – root
nodules– Parasitic roots – dodder plant sends roots into vascular
tissue of host plant
• Dicots usually have primary root/taproot– Carrots, sweet potatoes, beets, turnips
• Monocots usually have fibrous roots – Actually arise from the shoot tissue so called Adventitious
roots» prop roots, rhizomes, “holdfast” ivy roots
– Grasses, onions, corn
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.3 Organization and Diversity of Roots
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
Many types of roots
Nodules on pea rootsMycorrhiza on grass roots
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
Aerial roots on Virginia creeper
Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.3 Organization and Diversity of Roots
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Root Nodule Animation
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Stem Organization– Primary growth from shoot
apical meristem, which is protected by the terminal bud
– Leaves are produced by apical meristem at nodes
– Space between nodes = internode, which get longer as plant grows
– Three types of primary meristem develop
• Protoderm epidermis• Ground meristem pith and
cortex (parenchymal cells)• Procambium xylem and
phloem– Herbaceous (nonwoody)
plants have only primary growth
McGraw Hill Tutorial w micro slides.http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/histology/html/
apicbmic.htm
Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.4 Organization and Diversity of Stems
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.4 Organization and Diversity of Stems
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
Herbaceous monocot stem cross section
(corn)
Herbaceous dicot stem cross section (buttercup)
http://www.umanitoba.ca/Biology/lab9/biolab9_4.html#Structure
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.4 Organization and Diversity of Stems
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Stem Organization– Woody stems
• Have primary and secondary growth
• Secondary growth due to vascular cambium, which produces new xylem and phloem each year – increases girth of tree
• Cork cambium produces new cork cells as needed – increases girth of tree
• Epidermis replaced by cork• Bark contains cork, cork
cambium and phloem• Wood contains annual rings
of xylem• Woody Dicot animation link
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.4 Organization and Diversity of Stems
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Stem Organization– Woody stems
• Trees with growing seasons have spring wood and summer wood.
• These two together make an annual rings (mostly xylem)
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/stemanatomy.jpg
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Secondary_Growth/Woody_Stems/Tilia_Stem/Secondary_Growth/1-2-3-year_old_stems_MC_.php?highres=true
How old are we?
1 year 2 year 3 year
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Tree girdling– A way to kill a tree on purpose (without chemicals)
takes a few years– Can happen accidentally due to dog chains, vines
etc
www.umext.maine.edu/onlinepubs/htmpubs/7126.htm
www.plantphys.net/printer.php?ch=10&id=130
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.4 Organization and Diversity of Stems
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Stem Organization– Stem diversity
• Stolens – above ground horizontal stems – strawberry, grape vine
• Rhizomes – underground horizontal stems-some with enlarged portions called tuber - potatoes
• Corms – underground modified stems (gladiolus)
Baobab tree stores water in stem and can live over 100 years!
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• What am I?
Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.5 Organization and Diversity of Leaves
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.5 Organization and Diversity of Leaves
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Leaf Organization– Place where
photosynthesis occurs– Veins contain vascular
tissue– Epidermal cells
covered by cuticle and contain stomates on the lower surface (mostly)
– Body of leaf contains mesopyhll (palisade and spongy parenchymal cells)-this is area where photosynthesis occurs
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Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.5 Organization and Diversity of Leaves
Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• Venus flytrap link
Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.5 Organization and Diversity of Leaves
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
Ch 24 Plant Structure 24.5 Organization and Diversity of Leaves
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
Do you know what this is?
Upper surface of a coleus leaf with thrichomes (epidermal outgrowths)
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
• BBC Secret life of Plants clip
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Mills AP Bio 2003/2013
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOCOTS, DICOTS AND GYMNOSPERMS
Division Spermatophyta - seed bearing plants
SubdivisionAngiosperms
(Angiospermae) (flowering plants with seeds enclosed)
Gymnosperms (Gymnospermae) (cones with naked seeds)
ClassMonocots
(Monocotyledoneae) (means 1 cotyledon)
Dicots (Dicotyledoneae)
(means 2 cotyledons)
Seeds1 cotyledon; endosperm often present
2 cotyledons; endosperm often lacking
1 to many cotyledons; no endosperm; female gametophyte tissue present
Flowers Flower parts in multiples of 3 Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 No true flowers
LeavesLinear; leaf base or petiole (if present) sheathing; parallel venation
Broad; petiole present; net venation Needle-like or scale-like
Vascular System of Stem
Scattered vascular bundles; no cambium or secondary growth
Ring of vascular bundles in primary growth; cambium present; may have woody secondary growth
Ring of vascular bundles in primary growth; cambium present; may have woody secondary growth
Growth HabitHerbaceous to wood-like (ex. palm), but no true wood (secondary xylem)
Herbaceous or woody Herbaceous or woody
General Appearance
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The End