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Minerals
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Minerals
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition.
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4,000 Different Minerals
• Share 4 Characteristics– All minerals are formed in a natural process– Minerals are inorganic– Every mineral is an element or a compound
with a definite chemical composition– Minerals are crystalline solids
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A. Naturally occurring
• A mineral has to be found on the earth's surface or dug up out of the crust, not made in a lab somewhere by people.
• Examples of man- made objects are bricks, cement, and glass
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B. Inorganic
• This means that they do not come from living things.
Since coal forms naturally in the crust and from living things it is not a mineral
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C. Solid• Solids are
substances that have a definite shape and a definite volume.
• The particles are tightly packed and can not flow freely.
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D. Crystal structure
• The atoms that minerals are made of are connected to each other in a pattern.
• This pattern is called its crystal structure.
• The flat sides form faces
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E. Definite Chemical Composition
• This means that there is a specific chemical formula for each mineral.
• The mineral pyrite is made of 1 atom of iron for every 2 atoms of sulfur. (FeS2)
• Pyrite will have the same chemical formula regardless of where it is found.
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Identifying Minerals
Each mineral has its own characteristics or properties that help you identify it.
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Identifying Mineralsa. Hardness
• Hardness is one of the best clues to identify a mineral.
• Mohs hardness scale ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest.
• A mineral will scratch any mineral softer than itself.
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Identifying MineralsB. Color • Color is a physical
property that is easily observed, however not many minerals have distinct colors.
• Malachite is always green
• Azurite is always bluemalachite
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Identifying Minerals
C. STREAK• Streak refers to the
color of a mineral’s powder.
• Testing a mineral’s streak is done on an unglazed piece of tile.
• Although a mineral’s color may change its streak color does not.
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Identifying MineralsD. Luster
• Luster is another simple test for determining a mineral.
• Luster refers to how a mineral reflects light.
• Metals are often shiny other minerals may be glassy,waxy or pearly.
Tourmanline has a
vitreous (glassy) luster.
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Identifying Minerals
E. Density• The density of a
mineral always remains the same.
• Density measures the “heaviness” of an object.
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Identifying MineralsF. Crystal structure
• Each mineral has a particular crystal structure.
• There are 6 groups bases on the number and angle of the crystal faces.
• If a crystal grows in an open space it produces perfectly shaped crystals, however if it grows in a tight space the crystal are often incomplete.
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Identifying MineralsG. how it breaks
• The way a mineral breaks apart also can help identify it.
• If it splits easily along flat surfaces it has a property called cleavage.
• However if it does not break evenly it has a characteristic type of fracture.
Calcite has cleavage
Copper will fracture
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How do minerals form?• In general minerals can form in two ways:
through crystallization of melted materials, and through crystallization of materials dissolved in water.
• Magma that cools at a slow rate will produce large crystals while magma or lava that cools rapidly will produce small crystals.
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• Minerals are the source of metals, gemstones, and other materials used to make many products.
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Gemstones
• Gemstones are hard, colorful and have a brilliant or glassy luster.
• Gemstones are valued for their color, luster and durability.
• Once cut a gemstone is referred to as a gem.
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Metals• Metals are useful
because they can be stretched into wire or hammered into sheets.
• Metal is use in making tool framing buildings and even the filament in a light bulb.
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Other uses• Some minerals are
used in foods, medicines, fertilizers and other building materials.