![Page 1: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Minerals
![Page 2: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why are we studying crystals?
Crystals make up mineralsMinerals make up rocksRocks make up the Earth
….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science
2
![Page 3: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What is a mineral? A mineral is a naturally occurring,
inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition
![Page 4: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
WHY STUDY MINERALS? FOUND IN/USED IN MAKING ALMOST
EVERYTHING! HOUSES AND APPLIANCES MEDICATIONS FOOD FLAVORINGS JEWELRY COMPUTERS/PHONES
All electronics contain at least 30 minerals
If it wasn’t grown, it was mined!
![Page 5: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5 Characteristics of Minerals 1. Naturally occurring- forms by
natural geologic processes, synthetic gems are not considered minerals
2. Solid Substance- within temperature ranges that occur at Earth’s surface
3. Orderly crystalline Structure- atoms are arranged in an orderly and repetitive manner
![Page 6: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
5 Characteristics of Minerals 4. Definite Chemical Composition-
minerals are chemical compounds made up of a two or more elements (exception- native elements)
5. Generally Considered Inorganic- table salt is inorganic, sugar is organic and is not a crystal. Sugar comes from a plant Calcium carbonate- secreted by marine
animals, inorganic or organic?
![Page 7: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How do minerals form? Four major processes by which minerals
form 1. Crystallization from magma 2. Precipitation 3. Pressure and Temperature 4. Hydrothermal Solutions
![Page 8: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Crystallization of Magma Magma is molten
rock that occurs deep within the Earth
As magma cools, elements combine to form minerals
First minerals formed are rich in iron, calcium, magnesium
Next are minerals rich in sodium, potassium, and aluminum
![Page 9: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Different types of minerals crystallize at different temperatures
Decreasing temperature
Mineral formation in a Magma ChamberBowen’s Reaction Series
![Page 10: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Precipitation Minerals form when
water evaporates in lakes, rivers, ponds, and oceans
Minerals are left behind or precipitated from the water
Halite and calcite form this way
![Page 11: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Naica Mine of Chihuahua, Mexico, is a working mine that is known for its extraordinary crystals. Naica is a lead, zinc and silver mine in which large voids have been found, containing crystals of selenite (gypsum) as large as 4 feet in diameter and 50 feet long. The chamber holding these crystals is known as the Crystal Cave of Giants, and is approximately 1000 feet down. The crystals were formed by hydrothermal fluids emanating from the magma chambers below.
Largest Selenite Crystals In The
World
11
![Page 12: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
He said that the sight was beautiful “…like light reflecting off a broken mirror”. The translucent crystals lie pitched atop one another, as though moonbeams suddenly took on weight and substance. One month later, another team of Naica miners found an even larger cavern adjacent to the first one.
12
![Page 13: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
These mountains are 200 million year old limestone massifs hosting networks of caves crossed by very deep hot and mineralized thermal waters. When these waters reached the relatively colder and closer to the surface environments they deposited much of their salt content as lead,zinc and silver .
13
![Page 14: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
![Page 15: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pressure and Temperature Some minerals from when others are
subject to changes in pressure and temperature
Atoms are rearranged to form more compact minerals
Talc and muscovite are formed this way
![Page 16: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hydrothermal Solutions Hydro (water)
thermal (heat) Very hot mixtures of
water and dissolved substances
Can have temperature between 100oC and 300oC
Chemical reactions occur at these temperatures causing minerals to form, or as solution cools minerals form
![Page 17: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Of the almost 4000 known minerals, only about 30 are common.
The most common are quartz, feldspar, mica, and calcite.
17
![Page 18: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mineral Chemistry (Main Mineral Groups)
• Continental crustal chemistry:
18
![Page 19: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Mineral Groups There are over 3800 named minerals on
Earth and more are identified each year Common Minerals are classified into
groups based on their composition Seven mineral groups-
Silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, halides, native elements
![Page 20: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Silicates These are the most common- remember from
chemistry unit, the most abundant elements in Earth’s crust are oxygen and silicon
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron- structure which consists of one silicon to four oxygen molecules (most silicates occur in this form)
Most silicate minerals form from crystallization of magma near or far below earth’s surface
Examples include- quartz, augite, micas
![Page 21: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
![Page 22: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Carbonates Second most
abundant mineral group Contain carbon,
oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements
Examples include calcite, dolomite, limestone, marble
![Page 23: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Oxides Oxides contain oxygen and one or more
other elements, which are usually metals
Some form under Earth’s surface from crystallization of magma (rutile), others from when minerals are subject to changes in temperature and pressure (corundum), others form when a mineral is exposed to liquid water (hematite, iron oxide)
![Page 24: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sulfates and Sulfides Both contain sulfur Sulfates- (anhydrite, and gypsum) form
when mineral rich waters evaporate Sulfides- (galena, sphalerite, pyrite)
form from hydrothermal solutions
![Page 25: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Halides This group contains
a halogen ion plus one or more other elements
Halogens occur in group 17 (7a) of the periodic table
Examples include- halite and fluorite
![Page 26: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Native Elements This group occurs in pure elemental
form Examples include- gold, silver, copper,
sulfur, carbon (graphite and diamonds)
![Page 27: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
STOP
![Page 28: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Properties of Minerals and Mineral Identification
Properties of minerals are determined by composition and structure Color Streak Luster Crystal Form Hardness
Cleavage Fracture Density Unique properties
include- magnetism, double refraction, chemical reactions with HCl
![Page 29: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Color Color can be unique
to some minerals, but for most it is not the most useful for identification Color within
minerals can vary depending on other elements present within the mineral
![Page 30: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Color
30
Pure quartz is colorless or white, impurities can make the mineral rose, purple or pink!
![Page 31: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
LusterLuster- how light is reflected from
the surface of a mineral Metallic (metal like), vitreous/glassy
(quartz), pearly, silky, earthy
Metallicexample:Galena
Non-metallicexample:
Orthoclase
![Page 32: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Luster Some other ways to describe luster are Dull - just a non-reflective surface of any kind Earthy - the look of dirt or dried mud Fibrous - the look of fibers Greasy - the look of grease Gumdrop - the look a sucked on hard candy Metallic - the look of metals Pearly - the look of a pearl Pitchy - the look of tar Resinous - the look of resins such as dried glue or
chewing gum Silky - the look of silk, similar to fibrous but more
compact Submetallic - a poor metallic luster, opaque but
reflecting little light Vitreous - the most common luster, it simply means the
look of glass Waxy - the look of wax
32
![Page 33: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Streak Color of a mineral
in its powdered form
We can use a streak plate (a sheet of unglazed porcelain) to determine this property
![Page 34: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Crystal Form Crystal form- visible expression of
internal arrangement of atoms When a mineral forms without any
space restrictions it will develop into a perfect crystal with well developed faces 6 Crystal Forms
![Page 35: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Type 1: Isometric (Cubic) 6 sides All sides are
square Examples
*pyrite*halite*diamond*galena
![Page 36: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Mineral with a Cubic or Isometric Crystal Shape
Pyrite has a Cubic Crystal Structure
![Page 37: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Type 2: Tetragonal6 sides4 rectangles, 2
squares (right angles)
Example*zircon
![Page 38: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Mineral with a Tetragonal Crystal Shape
Rutile has a Tetragonal Crystal Structure
![Page 39: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Type 3: Hexagonal8 sides2 hexagons, 6
rectangles (right angles)
Examples*ice*quartz*emeralds
![Page 40: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Mineral with a Hexagonal Crystal Shape
Ruby has a Hexagonal Crystal Structure
![Page 41: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Type 4: Orthorhombic6 sides6 rectangles (3
pairs of rectangles with different sizes at right angles)
Examples*topaz*barite
![Page 42: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Minerals with Orthorhombic Crystal Shapes
The is a very big crystal system containing gemstones such as topaz, peridot, tanzanite, and many others
Aragonite
![Page 43: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Type 5: Monoclinic6 sides4 rectangles, 2
parallelograms (several angles)
Examples*gypsum*muscovite
![Page 44: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Mineral with a Monoclinic Crystal Shape
Gypsum is a mineral with a Monoclinic Crystal Structure
![Page 45: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Type 6: Triclinic6 sidesParallelograms
(no right angles)Example
*turquoise
![Page 46: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Mineral with a Triclinic Crystal Shape
Calcite- Triclinic crystal look like a rectangular box that someone pushed from one side to make it lean
![Page 47: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Hardness One of the more
useful properties for identification
Done by rubbing two minerals together, one will scratch the other unless they have the same hardness
Mohs Hardness Scale- 1-10 Talc is the softest,
what is hardest?
![Page 48: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Cleavage and Fracture Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to
cleave or break along flat, even surfaces Fracture is what happens to all other
minerals that do not display cleavage Fracture can be described as the uneven
breakage of a mineral
Internal atomic structure determines whether a mineral will display cleavage or fracture
![Page 49: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Fracture or Cleavage?
![Page 50: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Density Ratio of an objects mass to its volume D= M/V For minerals we would use g/cm3, since
we are looking at solids Density of pure minerals are of
constant value. Therefore we can use density to identify pure minerals or to tell if a mineral is not in pure form.
![Page 51: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Other Properties Magnetism- some types of magnetite are
magnetic and can be used to pick of metal objects
![Page 52: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Magnetism
![Page 53: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Other Properties Double Refraction- When calcite is
placed over printed words the letters appear doubled
![Page 54: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Double Refraction of Calcite
![Page 55: Minerals Why are we studying crystals? Crystals make up minerals Minerals make up rocks Rocks make up the Earth ….aaaannndd this is Geo(earth)science](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062323/5697c0141a28abf838ccd1f3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Other Properties Chemical Reactions with HCl- Carbonate
minerals will fizz when they come into contact with hydrochloric acid