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ZIGBEE-GSM BASEDAUTOMATIC
METER READING SYSTEM
by
MINHAJ AHMED
USN NO:1BI08EC404
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ABSTRACT
Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB).
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) technology.
(LPC, Large Power Customers)are used for
industrial purpose and for domestic customers(OPC, Ordinary Power Customers).
System for Mobile communication-based (GSM)
AMR technology is used.
ZigBee module will be attached to the meter byusing interface board.
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INTRODUCTION
In 2008, Malaysian Energy Commission has
introduced a standard for electricity supply in
order to enhance the services in utility
industries. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) as a utility
company which deal with electricity has to
follows this standard.
TNB reported that for year 2008, numbers of
customers with estimated readings are 839,478
customers and all of them are given notice about
this method.
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AUTOMATIC METER READING (AMR)
This technology can be implemented to solve this
metering problem.
The idea ofAMR technology is todo the meter
reading automatically and accurate.
With high precission.
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1.WIRE-BASED AND WIRELESS
This system are Power Line Carrier (PLC) and
Telephone Line Network.
Where both of these systems use the existingelectricpower line and telephone line network to
transfer data from each meter to a server in the
utility company.
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PROBLEMS WITH WIRE-BASED AMR
Transmission distance are less.
Transmission cost are more.
Maintenance and security ofdata transmission.
Stability and reliability is low.
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ZIGBEE-GSM MODULE
It consists ofdigital meters.
Microcontroller, data collector.
ZigBee module and GSM module.
Customers power meter are divided to a small
cluster.
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GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications.
In 1980s, cellular telephone system was already
used in Europe.
It is most popular standard for mobile telephonesystems.
GSM Association estimates that 80% of the
global mobile.
GSM is usedby over 1.5 billion people. Across the worldmore than 212 countries and
territories.
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HISTORY
In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT).
In 1987, a memorandumofunderstanding was
signedby 13 countries. In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to
the European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI).
1993, over a million subscribers were using GSMphone networks being operatedby 70 carriers
across 48 countries.
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TECHNICAL DETAILS
GSM cell site antennas in the Deutsches
Museum, Munich, Germany.
There are five different cell sizes in a GSMnetwork.
Macro, micro, pico, femto andumbrella cells.
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THE MODULATION USED IN GSM
Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK).
GSM use Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
A kindofcontinuous-phase frequency shift
keying.
Signal tobe modulatedonto the carrier is first
smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter.
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GSM FREQUENCY BANDS
It operate in a number ofdifferent carrier
frequency ranges.
2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or
1800 MHz bands. 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz
frequency band.
This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate
sp
eech
channels
per ra
dio
frequ
ency.
All 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame
duration is 4.615 ms.
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VOICE CODECS
It used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1
kHz audio intobetween 5.6 and13 kbit/s.
HalfRate (5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s).
These used a systembasedupon linear predictive
coding (LPC).
Variable-rate codeccalledAMR-Narrowband.
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OBJECTIVES OF A GSM
Provide wide range of services.
Toprovide facilities for automatic roaming.
Provide locating andupdating.
Provide efficient use of frequency spectrum.
Provide low cost services.
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NETWORK STRUCTURE
Mobile Station (MS).
Base Station Sub-system (BSS).
Network and Switching Subsystem(NSS).
Operation and Support System (OSS).
Mobile switching center(MSC). etc
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ZIGBEE
It is a standard-based network protocol
supported. ZigBee Alliance that uses the
transportservices .
ZigBee Smart Energy is the world's leadingstandard for interoperable products that monitor.
High level communication protocols using small
low-power digital radios based.
On the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard.
Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-
WPANs).
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HISTORY OF ZIGBEE
ZigBee-style networks began tobe conceived
around1998.
The IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard was completed
in May 2003. By December 2005 membership hadpassed 200
companies.
The groups ZigBee Alliance are calledpromoters
are Chipcon, BM Group, Ember, Freescale,
Honeywell, Mitsubishi, Motorola,Philips, and
Samsung.
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TECHNICAL OVERVIEW
ZigBee is a low-cost.
It is low-power.
Wireless mesh networking standard.
It provides high reliability andmore extensive
range.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF ZIGBEE
Data rates 250,40,20kbps.
Star topeer operation.
Available in 16bit short and 64bit extended.
Carrier sense multiple access with collisionavoidance(CSMA-CA).
Low power consumption.
Energy detection.
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TYPES OF DEVICES
Full Function Device (FFD).
Reduced Function Device (RFD).
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ZIGBEE LAYERED ON TOP OF IEEE
802.15.4 STANDARD
Physical (PHY) layer .
MediumAccess Control (MAC)layer.
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PHYSICAL (PHY)LAYER
Defines dual PHYlayer, which are 2.4 GHz and
868/915 MHz.
In 2.4 GHz PHYlayer, Quadrature Phase-ShiftKeying (O-QPSK)
868/915MHz PHYlayer Binary Phase-Shift
Keying(BPSK)modulation technique.
ZigBee use Direct Sequence SpreadSpectrum
(DSSS) andCSMA-CA(Carrier Sense Multiple
Access-CollisionAvoidance).
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PHY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TASKS
Data transmission and reception.
Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) for CSMA-CA.
Activation anddeactivation of the radio
transceiver. Energy detect within the current channel.
Channel frequency selection.
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THE MAC IS USED TO INTERFACING
BETWEEN ZIGBEE
Providing a reliable link between twopeer MAC
entities.
Handling the CSMA-CAmechanism for channel
access. PersonalArea Network (PAN) association and
disassociation.
Beacon generation and synchronization
Device security.
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BLUETOOTH
It is use 2.4 GHz frequency.
It use Frequency Hopping SpreadSystem (FHSS)
with master slave protocol.
ZigBee andBluetooth are two solutions for two
different applications.
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APPLICATIONS OF ZIGBEE
Intelligent homes.
Industrial control.
Healthcare centers.
Computer peripherals.
Consumer electronics.
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DETAILED DESIGN OF THE
SYSTEM
The system will use ZigBee and GSM system.
Need tobe low powered and low cost.
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METER TO ZIGBEE INTERFACE
Metronix single phase 2 wire kWh meter loaned
by MiM.
PIC18F4520 is be used since it can support
UARTcommunication.
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ZIGBEE COMMUNICATION IN
DETAIL
ZigBee modules has a unique 64-bit permanent address.
ZigBee route discovery is basedon Ad-hocOn-demand
DistanceVector(AODV)routingprotocol
ZigBee modules serial engine is slower than the
microcontroller.
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PARAMETERS FOR MODULES
ID-PAN ID is set 0 for the collector tochoose
random PAN ID.
SC-Scan Channels is set 0x1FFE for scan.
ZS-ZigBee Stack Profile is set 2 tochoose ZigBeePROStack.
NJ-Node Join Time is set to 0xFF for always
allow joining.
BH-Broadcast Radius is set 0 for maximumradius.
PL-Power Level is set 4 for +3dBmoutput power.
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