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Mitosis & meiosisGametogenesis & fertilization
References:
Alberts, et al. 2008. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed., Garland Science, NY.
Hickman, et al. 2006. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 13th ed., McGraw-Hill, NY.
Hoefnagels, Mariëlle. 2009. Biology, 1st ed., McGraw-Hill, NY; Ch 8-9.Mader, Sylvia S. 2010. Biology, 10th ed.,
McGraw-Hill, NY; Ch 9-10.
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The cell cycle
G1
S
G2
M
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The cell cycle
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Cell cycle
●Interphase
– G1, S, G
2
●Mitosis– Cytokinesis is division of 1 cell into 2.– Mitosis is separation of chromatids.
● In preparation for cytokinesis●Chromatids are replicate chromosomes.
G1
S
G2
M
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Figure 4-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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Mitosis & cytokinesis
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Phases of mitosis
●Prophase– Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
●Metaphase– Chromosomes line up across cell.
●Anaphase– Spindle fibers pull chromatids apart.
●Telophase– Chromosomes separate into daughter cells.
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Ploidy doesn't change during mitosis.
●Ploidy: # of homologues– Homologues: versions of same chromosome– Don't confuse with chromatids
●Haploid (n) or diploid (2n)
●Parent cell is 2n daughter cells are 2n
●Parent cell is n daughter cells are n
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Mitosis
Metaphase
2n
2n
2n
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Meiosis I
Metaphase I
Meiosis II
Metaphase II
2n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
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Meiosis
●Segregation of homologous chromosomes
●Into haploid gametes
●Meiosis I is the reduction division
●Meiosis II works like mitosis– (But the cells are already haploid)
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Meiosis I (reduction division)
●Prophase I– Chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
●Metaphase I– Homologous pairs line up across cell.
●Anaphase I– Spindle fibers pull homologues apart.
●Telophase I– Chromosomes separate into daughter cells.
●Ploidy is reduced from 2n to n
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Meiosis II
●Metaphase II– Chromosomes line up across cell.
●Anaphase II– Spindle fibers pull chromatids apart.
●Telophase II– Chromosomes separate into daughter cells.
●Parent and daughter cells are haploid.
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Gametogenesis
●Spermatogenesis in mammals
●Oogenesis in mammals
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Spermatogenesis in mammals
●Primary spermatocyte (2n)
●Secondary spermatocytes (n)
●Spermatids (n)
●Sperm (n)
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Oogenesis in mammals
●Primary oocyte (2n)
●Secondary oocyte and polar bodies (1n)
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Fertilization
●Ovum (1n) and sperm (1n) combine
●Zygote (2n) results
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Fertilization and activation
Prevention of polyspermy
Fast block Change in membrane potential.
Slow block Cortical reaction causes vitelline membrane to
separate from cell membrane.
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Figure 08.04
From Hickman et al. 2006 (13th ed.)