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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 1
Topic: basic training agglomeration
The Pioneer in Material Processing
Mixing and Agglomerationin Eirich Mixers
22. – 23. November, 2016 PFI - BuildingGl∅shaugen, Trondheim
Marcus Müller
Welcome!
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 2
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
AGENDA:
1. Solid mixing1. Theory of solid mixing2. Homogeneity
2. Build-up agglomeration1. Particle size distribution2. Moisture
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 3
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
1. Process of thoroughly combining different materia ls to produce a homogenous mix
2. Mixing is a critical process3. Quality of the final product attributes depend on the
mixing performance
1. Non homogenous product lacking consistency in chemical composition, colour, flavour, reactivity
2. Failed batches3. Loss of high value product4. Cost of poor mxing estimated as US $ 100 million per
year!
Poor Mixing:
Mixing:
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 4
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
1. Lack of understanding of material characteristics2. Inadequate, inaccurate definition of mixing objec tives3. Incorrect selection of mixer4. Wrong scale - up techniques5. Limited knowledge on mixing equipment design,
parameters
Reasons for Poor Mixing:
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 5
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
1. Diffusion Blending2. Convection Blending3. Shear Blending
These three mechanisms occur to varying extents
depending on the type of mixers, blenders and the
characteristics of the solids to be blended!
Mechanisms of Solid Blending
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 6
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
Diffusion Blending
• Diffusion blending is characterized by small scalerandom motion of solid particles
• Blender movements increase the mobility of theindividual particles and promote diffusive blending
• Diffusion blending occurs where the particles aredistributed over a freshly developed interface
• In the absence of segregation effects, the diffusiveblending will in time lead to a high degree ofhomogeneity
• Tumbler blenders like the double cone blenders, v-blenders function by diffusion mixing
Mechanisms of Solid Blending
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 7
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
Convection Blending
• Convection blending is characterized by large scalerandom motion of solid particles
• In convection blending, groups of particles are rapidlymoved from one position to another due to the action ofa mixing agitator or cascading of material within a tumbler blender
• The blending of solids in ribbon blenders, paddle blenders, plow mixers is mainly a resuld of convectionmixing
Mechanisms of Solid Blending
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 8
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
Shear Blending
1. Shear blending is the high intensity impact or splittingof the bed of material to disintegrate agglomerates orovercome cohesion
2. Shear blending is very effective at producing small-scale uniformity generally on a localized basis
3. Blenders with a high speed chopper blades, intensifi ersare an example of shear blending.
Mechanisms of Solid Blending
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 9
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
1. Moving of particles which are different in one or more properties or characteristics (particle size, parti cle shape, moisture, chemistry, density, reactivity.... )
2. Moving of particles in one closed process room3. The aim is to achieve a homogeneous distribution of
the particles in the process room4. Different parts of the material must move with different
velocities 5. The whole content must move with different velocities
Theory of Mixing
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Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
• Simultaneous macro and micro mixing
• Macro mixing = exchange of bigger parts of thematerial between the streaming lines
• Micro mixing = change of neighbouring particles
Impulse forces destroy adhesive strength in order t o segregate the material
Theory of Mixing
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Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
• Dispersive Mixinghigh input of shearing energy
• Distributive Mixingno input of shearing energy
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 12
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
• Distributive Mixingno input of shearing energy
Totally demixed Ideally homogenized mix
Stochastically homogenized mix
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Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
• Distributive Mixing no input of shearing energy
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 14
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
Totally demixed Stochastically homogenized mix
Dispersive mixing
• Dispersive Mixinghigh input of shearing energy
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 15
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
• Dispersive Mixinghigh input of shearing energy
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 16
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
Eirich Intensive Mixer: R-Type
Wall and bottom scraper
Mixing tool
Rotating mixing pan
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Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 17
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing Technology
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 18
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
σZ/p
Ideale Vermischung Reale Vermischung Entmischung Homogene Zufallsmischung
Var
iatio
nsko
effiz
ient
V=s
/p
Zeit t
( )σ Z2 x,P
P
p 1 pm
M= −
Var
iatio
n co
effic
ient
Mixing time t
Ideal mixing procedureRealistic mixing procedureDemixing effectHomogeneous random mix
Homgeneity - mixing time
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 19
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
σZ/p
Ideale Vermischung Reale Vermischung Entmischung Homogene Zufallsmischung
Var
iatio
nsko
effiz
ient
V=s
/p
Zeit t
pFσ
Mixer 1
Mixer 2
Mixer 3
Mixer 4
Variations because of vol.-spec. energy densities
Vol.-spec. Energy density
Ideal mixing procedureRealistic mixing procedureDemixing effectHomogeneous random mix
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 20
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
pregiven mixing time t M
Normally t M= 0,5 - 5 minutes, special tasks longer: swelling, d e-gasing,
reacting; total batchtime mostly much more longer: tGes = tFüll + tMisch + tEnt +tRein
Mixing time and Mix quality
• Mixing time and mixing quality
are directly connected (bad
quality → short mixing time).
• Different quality-parameters
(sample sizes) might cause
different mixing times
(Macromixing,
Desagglomerating).
• quality-development is a function
of time .σ
Z/p
Ideale Vermischung Reale Vermischung Entmischung Homogene Zufallsmischung
Var
iatio
nsko
effiz
ient
V=s
/p
Zeit t
( )σ Z2 x,P
P
p 1 pm
M= −
Mixing time
Homgeneity - mixing time
Ideal mixing procedureRealistic mixing procedureDemixing effectHomogeneous random mix
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 21
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
Improvement of the homogeneity
σZ/p
Ideale Vermischung Reale Vermischung Entmischung Homogene Zufallsmischung
Var
iatio
nsko
effiz
ient
V=s
/p
Zeit t
pFσ
Quelle: Prof. Habermann
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Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 22
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Build -up agglomeration
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 23
Topic: basic training agglomeration
BinderSoftener
Pressing agent
Dispersing liquidDispersing agent
Ceram. raw materialsSinter additives
Thermal granulationSuspension
Fluid bed agglomeration(fluid bed, tumbling bed,
spouted bed)Fluid-bed coating
Spray-freeze granulationEVACHTERM®
Mechanical granulationPowder mix
Fluid bed agglomerationBuild-up agglomeration
(rolling method, disk granulator, intensive mixer)
Press agglomerationEVACHTERM®
Granulatingprocess
Dr. Nebelung, IKTS Dresden
Granulating process
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 24
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Process technology: Build-up agglomeration
Spray on liquid
Granulating time
Granulating time
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 25
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Verfahrenstechnik: Aufbau-Agglomerierung
Bedüsen Flüssigkeitszugabe
Granulierzeit
Granulierzeit
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Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 26
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Granulate design: porosity
Narrow particle size distributions, monodisperse distributions, are to be agglomerated with binder, especially if a high porosity is requested
Spray on Moistening Stabilizing Finished agglomerate
Powder Liquid bridge Solid bridge "Blackberry" structur e
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 27
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Granulat-Design: Porosität
Enge Partikelverteilung, monodisperse Verteilungen mittels Binder agglomerieren, vor allem, wenn eine hohe Porosität erzielt werden soll
Besprühen Befeuchten Verfestigen Fertiges Agglomerat
Pulver Flüssigkeitsbrücke Fests toffbrücke „Brombeer“-Struktur
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 28
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Process technology: Build-up agglomeration
Dry mixing Liquid additionSeparation
Primary grain size distribution
"Blackberry" structure
Agglomeration
Primary grain size distribution is too coarse !!!
Created micro pellets are moistend in a wrong way
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Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 29
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Process technology: Build-up agglomeration
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 30
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 31
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Verfahrenstechnik: Aufbau-Agglomerierung
Trocken-mischen
Flüssigkeits-zugabe Separation
Primärkorn-verteilung
„Brombeer“-Struktur
Agglomeration
zu grobe Primärkornverteilung
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 32
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Granulation in the Eirich mixer Examples
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Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 33
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Granulation in the Eirich mixer Examples
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 34
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Granulation in the Eirich mixerExamples
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 35
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Granulation in the Eirich mixer Examples
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 36
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Granulation in the Eirich mixer Examples
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 37
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Basic material:lumpy materialdry, fine dispersed matter
Granulating liquid:filter cake, suspension,solution, plastic bodies
Process technologies:dispersive + distributive mixing build-up agglomeration
Granulating mixer
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 38
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Process technology: Build-up agglomerationGranulating mixer
Granulating time
Powder, dust
Liquid addition as filter cake, sludge, suspension or solution
Homogenizing by dispersive mixing
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 39
Topic: basic training agglomeration
7
Basicmaterial
BinderI II III
Screen
H2O
Weighing
Belt conveyor
*Container for agglomerate material, only dust-free andpourable
**Container for granulate material
Pelletizing mixerbatch or continuous
Return material
Drier
Standard system for dusts:
* dust-free agglomeration** pelletizing
Pellet size: approx. 0.2 - 5 mm
Throughput: up to150 t/h/unit
Roll crusher
OversizeUndersize
Standard plant design
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 40
Topic: basic training agglomeration
1. Particle size distribution
1. Determines the result of agglomeration (structural distribution)
2. Determines the granulation moisture
2. Granulate size distribution1. A given value and the primary target to
be achieved2. Parameter determination
Particle size distribution
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 41
Topic: basic training agglomeration
1. Essential parameter to be measured primarily2. 100 µm is the natural limit for this process to be
applicable3. Coarse particles (return material, agglomerated nuc lei,
recycled material) are only incorporated if suffici ent fine material is contained
4. Crushing in preparation for agglomeration5. Fine material can determine the stability of
agglomerates6. Narrow particle size distributions, monodisperse
distributions, are hard to agglomerate7. Agglomerate coarse particles with binder, especiall y if
a high porosity is requested
Particle size distribution ranges:
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 42
Topic: basic training agglomeration
1. Grain size and grain size distribution range
2. Specific surface
3. Shape of the individual particles
4. The RRSB grain grid allows assessing a known grain size distribution as to its pelletizing abilitySteep curve + medium to coarse grain boundary = cri ticalFlat curve + medium to coarse grain boundary = sati sfactory
5. Ultrafine material → flatter grain boundary curve→ increases the specific surface
Criteria of pelletizing ability:
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 43
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Particle size distributions
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 44
Topic: basic training agglomeration
100 %
Mt∆
xGran = x1 = x2 x3 >> xGrann1 >> n2 n3 << n1
D[%]
dp[mm]
Granules particle size distributions
X = moisture
n = speed of the rotor
Process of granulating in the
Eirich – Intensive - Mixer
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 45
Topic: basic training agglomeration
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000Diameter / µm
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cum
ulat
ive
dist
r. un
ders
ize
in %
(lin
ear)
VolumeParticle size distribution
30.01.2006Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich74736 Hardheim, http://www.eirich.deCILAS 850 HR061011
Sample
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
800 min -1
700 min -1
600 min -1
500 min -1
400 min -1
Example: Granulating pigments in the 250 L mixer
The higher the rotor speed, the smaller the particle diameters
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 46
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Example: Granulating fertilizers in the 10 L mixer
Influence of granulating time
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000Diameter / µm
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cum
ulat
ive
dist
r. un
ders
ize
in %
(lin
ear)
VolumeParticle size distribution
23.10.2007Maschinenfabrik Gustav EirichD-74736 HardheimCILAS 930e071196
Sample
V3 5 min V3 6 min V3 7 min V3 8 min V3 9 min V3 10 min V3 11 min V3 12 min V3 13 min V3 end (15 min)
The longer the granulating time, the coarser the product
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 47
Topic: basic training agglomeration
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000Diameter / µm
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cum
ulat
ive
dist
r. un
ders
ize
in %
(lin
ear)
VolumeParticle size distribution
12.12.2005Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich74736 Hardheim, http://www.eirich.deCILAS 850 HRR05_72mm
Sample
V24 V26 V27 V30
Slow secondary rolling causes the larger granules to grow
+240 s 600 min -1
+ 60 s 300 min -1
+240 s 600 min -1
+ 0 s 300 min -1
Example: Granulating proppants in the 750 L mixer
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 48
Topic: basic training agglomeration
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000Diameter / µm
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cum
ulat
ive
dist
rib. u
nder
size
in %
(lin
ear)
VolumeParticle size distribution
14.12.2005Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich74736 Hardheim, http://www.eirich.deCILAS 850 HRR05_72mm
Sample
V135 V142 V149 V151 V72 V73
The higher the peripheral rotor speed, the narrower the particle size distribution
1080 min -1
920 min -1
770 min -1
Example: Granulating proppants in the 750 L mixer
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 49
Topic: basic training agglomeration
X < XGran Particle size distribution shifted toward smaller p article diameters, impeded growth of particles
X > XGran Particle size distribution shifted toward larger pa rticle diameters, risk of plastification
Granulation moisture = f (Grain size distribution)
Granulation moisture
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 50
Topic: basic training agglomeration
100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000Diameter / µm
0
20
40
60
80
100
Cum
ulat
ive
dist
ribut
ion
unde
rsiz
e in
% (
linea
r)
VolumeParticle size distribution
09.12.2005Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich74736 Hardheim, http://www.eirich.deCILAS 850 HRR05_72mm
Probe
V100.1 V100.2 V100.3 V100.4 V100.5
Granulierzeit + CMC
4 min + 69,0 kg
6 min + 69,8 kg
8 min + 70,5 kg
10 min + 71,3 kg
12 min + 72,0 kg
Example: Granulating proppants in the 750 l mixer
Influence of mixing time and moisture content
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 51
Topic: basic training agglomeration
1. The free moisture content is important for the bind ing mechanism
2. Max. moisture content = 90 – 95 % of the pore volume
3. Exceeding this value just slightly may result in sl udge (degree of saturation)
4. The feeding mode is decisive for growth and quality⇒ The moisture content has to be lower
5. The wettability is the most important property beca use the green strength is determined by surface tension forces or capillary forces
Granulation moisture
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 52
Topic: basic training agglomeration
VH VF
• Moistening / wettingDistributing small amounts of liquidin the bulk material.
Liquid volume VF << cavity VH.degree of saturation
S = VF/ VH<1
Liquid saturation degree S
σZ
Granulation moisture
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 53
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Example: Granulating pigments in the 250 L mixer
Power required by rotor
Power required by pan
Rotor speed
Product temperatureDry mixing
Moistening
Compacting Granulating
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 54
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Moistening Coating Compacting Powdering
Process technology: Improving the pourability/ flowability
Moistening Coating Compacting Thermal drying
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 55
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
Granulation of fine iron ore concentrate
1. Trials in the Test Center 100 kg/batch scale2. 3 days production tests with 50 t/h
Test Center :Moisture 7,8-8,1 %Batch time: 5 min1 min dispersive mixing 22 m/s4 min build up agglomeration 7 m/sBinder: calcium hydroxide Production Test :
capacity : 4800 kg/batchBatch time: 5 min1 min dispersive mixing 20 m/s2 min build up agglomeration 7 m/sBinder: calcium oxide+hydroxide
Granulation Iron Ore Concentrate
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 56
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 Durchmesser / µm
0
20
40
60
80
100
Dur
chga
ngsv
erte
ilung
in %
(lin
eare
Ver
t.)
Volumen Teilchengrößenverteilung
18.01.2010 Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich D-74736 Hardheim CILAS 930e 10GH007
Probe Erz Ausgang
Iron ore
Diameter of the particles / µm
Cum
ulat
ive
dist
r. un
ders
ize
in %
(lin
ear)
Particle size distribution
Granulation Iron Ore Concentrate
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 57
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
20
40
60
80
100
Durc
hgangsv
ert
eilu
ng in
% (
lineare
Vert
.)
VolumenTeilchengrößenverteilung
18.01.2010Maschinenfabrik Gustav EirichD-74736 HardheimCILAS 930e10GH007
Probe
V6 P1 V6 P2 V7 V8 V9
Cum
ulat
ive
dist
r. un
ders
ize
in %
(lin
ear)
Diameter of the particles / µm
Particle size distribution
Granulation Iron Ore Concentrate
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 58
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 59
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
Results :
1.The productivity of the sintering can be higherthan 40 t/m² h
2.Even when there is more than 10 % fines3. If the fine iron ore is agglomerated
Granulation Iron Ore Concentrate
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 60
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
Granulation of fine iron ore + 60+80 % Pelletfeed
Trials in the Test Center 240 kg/batch scaleMixing + agglomerating in the granulating mixer
Test Center :Moisture 5,5 %1 min dispersive mixing 7 m/s1-3 min agglomeration 2 m/sbinder: calciumoxide 4 %
Parameter study: adding water in the mixer/ granulatortime difference between mixing and agglomerating
Granulation of Iron Ore Concentrate
+ 60 - 80 % Pelletfeed
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 61
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
Pelletfeed
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 62
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
Sinter iron ore
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 63
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
Mixing drum
Granulating mixer: agglomeration immediately after mixing
Granulating mixer: agglomeration 8 min after mixing
mixing agglomeration
Granulation of Iron Ore Concentrate
+ 60 - 80 % Pelletfeed
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 64
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
Results
1.After 60 s mixing and 60 s granulating thepermeability is very high
2.After 180 s agglomerating in the mixer thepermeability is higher than after 240 s in the drum
3.Adding 90 % of the water during mixing and10 % during agglomerating brings thehighest permeability
4.The agglomeration should be doneimmediately after the mixing
5.2 m/s tip speed of the rotor is ideal foragglomeration, 7 m/s for the mixing
Granulation of Iron Ore Concentrate
+ 60 - 80 % Pelletfeed
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 65
Topic: basic training agglomerationTopic: basic training agglomeration
EIRICH Test CenterCenter for process technology
testing - developing - optimizing
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Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 66
Topic: basic training agglomeration
EIRICH Test CenterCenter for process technology
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Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 67
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Thank you
for your
attention!
The Pioneer in Material Processing ®
Copyright by: Maschinenfabrik
Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG
Autor: Marcus MüllerSeite: 68
Topic: basic training agglomeration
Bibliography
K.Sommer, Agglomeration/Instatisierung , Hochschul kurs 2002
W. Pietsch, Agglomeration Process, Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim 2002
W. Pietsch, TAW-Seminar 1993, Agglomerieren – Granuli eren
W. Pietsch, TAW-Seminar 1993, Pressagglomeration
H.B. Ries, TAW-Seminar 1993, Aufbau-Agglomeration
H.B. Ries, Granulaterzeugung in Mischgranulatoren und Granuliertellern, Aufbereitungstechnik Nr. 12/75
H.B. Ries, Aufbaupelletierung, Verfahren und Anlagen ,Aufbereitungstechnik Nr. 12/79
H.B. Ries, Zur Praxis der Pelleterzeugung, Aufbereitu ngstechnik Nr. 4/81