Modeling the PlanetModeling the Planet
Maps and map makingMaps and map making
GlobeGlobe
Virtual GlobesVirtual Globes• http://www.virtual-globe.info/http://www.virtual-globe.info/• http://earth.google.com/http://earth.google.com/• http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/• http://resources.esri.com/arcgisexplorer/http://resources.esri.com/arcgisexplorer/
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MapsMaps
Maps are used to represent the Earth Maps are used to represent the Earth or part of the Earth in an easily or part of the Earth in an easily accessible manner.accessible manner.
We often find these 3 types of mapsWe often find these 3 types of maps• Mercator ProjectionMercator Projection• Gnomonic ProjectionGnomonic Projection• Polyconic ProjectionPolyconic Projection
MercatorMercator
Cylindrical Projection MapCylindrical Projection Map
Gerardus MercatorGerardus Mercator
Don’t Write This DownDon’t Write This Down (5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) (5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594)
was a was a FlemishFlemish cartographercartographer. He was . He was born in born in RupelmondeRupelmonde in the in the County of FlandersCounty of Flanders. He is . He is remembered for the remembered for the Mercator projectionMercator projection world mapworld map, , which is named after him. This which is named after him. This proved very useful to many later proved very useful to many later explorers. explorers.
GnomonicGnomonic
Azimuthal Projection MapAzimuthal Projection Map
PolyconicPolyconic
Conic Projection MapConic Projection Map
What Are They Good For?What Are They Good For?
http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjTbl/projTbl.htmlhttp://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjTbl/projTbl.html
Longitude and LatitudeLongitude and Latitude
Lines of longitude and latitude are Lines of longitude and latitude are circles around the Earth.circles around the Earth.
LatitudeLatitude
Equator- The “great circle” that runs Equator- The “great circle” that runs around the middle of the Earth.around the middle of the Earth.
All other lines of latitude are smaller All other lines of latitude are smaller circles.circles.
These lines run from East to West These lines run from East to West and measure North to South.and measure North to South.
LongitudeLongitude
All lines of longitude are great circles.All lines of longitude are great circles. They run from North to South and measure They run from North to South and measure
East to West.East to West. Longitude is measured in degrees from the Longitude is measured in degrees from the
prime meridian, which passes through prime meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England.Greenwich, England.
Each degree of longitude can be further Each degree of longitude can be further split into 60 minutes and again into 60 split into 60 minutes and again into 60 seconds.seconds.
ScalesScales
Map scales relate map distance to Map scales relate map distance to real world distance.real world distance.
OrientationOrientation
A compass helps us A compass helps us find our direction.find our direction.
The Earth has two The Earth has two sets of poles. sets of poles. Geographic and Geographic and Magnetic poles.Magnetic poles.
Orienting the MapOrienting the Map
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3-25-26/ch11.htm
How we make mapsHow we make maps
Cartographers make maps by Cartographers make maps by viewing the land from a high viewing the land from a high elevation point.elevation point.
The map is created with the use of a The map is created with the use of a plane table.plane table.
This method of map making This method of map making dominated until the 1940’s.dominated until the 1940’s.
TechnologyTechnology
Today, map making can be a much Today, map making can be a much faster and more accurate process.faster and more accurate process.• Arial PhotographyArial Photography• RadarRadar• Satellite ImagerySatellite Imagery
We can make maps of the Earth, We can make maps of the Earth, Moon, and even Mars.Moon, and even Mars.
GPSGPS
http://www8.garmin.com/aboutGPS/
Topographic MapsTopographic Maps
Contour LinesContour Lines
The contour lines on a topographic The contour lines on a topographic map indicate lines of constant map indicate lines of constant elevation.elevation.
Contour lines form loopsContour lines form loops Contour lines never cross.Contour lines never cross. Contour lines always have equal Contour lines always have equal
increments.increments. The contour interval is often The contour interval is often
indicated on the mapindicated on the map
mapping_contours_001.pdfmapping_contours_001.pdf
Contour LinesContour Lines
http://raider.muc.edu/~mcnaugma/Topographic%20Maps/determining_contour_interval.htm
Slope and ElevationSlope and Elevation
The distance between contour lines The distance between contour lines shows you slope. shows you slope.
When contour lines are jam packed, When contour lines are jam packed, this indicates a steep drop off.this indicates a steep drop off.
The slope can be calculated by The slope can be calculated by dividing the change in elevation by dividing the change in elevation by the distance between two points.the distance between two points.
Elevation ProfileElevation Profile
http://www.heywhatsthat.com/profiler.html
Map ActivityMap Activity
Mapactivity2.docMapactivity2.doc
Local MapsLocal Maps
Maps can be downloaded from USGSMaps can be downloaded from USGS http://store.usgs.gov/b2c_usgs/usgs/http://store.usgs.gov/b2c_usgs/usgs/
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