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Module A-1 Overview
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Overview
• How small is nano?• What is the history of nanotechnology?• What is the definition of nanotechnology? • Why being small is such a big deal? • What kinds of nanoproducts are already on
the market?• What Events Have Driven the Development
of Nanotechnology?
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What is Nanotechnology?
WHAT DOES NANO SCALE
MEAN TO YOU?
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What is Nanotechnology?
• How small is nano?• What is the history of nanotechnology?• What is the definition of nanotechnology? • Why being small is such a big deal? • What kinds of nanoproducts are already on
the market?• What events have driven
the development of nanotechnology
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How Small is Nanometer?
1 nm = 10-9 meter
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How Small is Nanometer?
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Fantastic Voyage
• In the 1996 movie, Fantastic Voyage, a medical team was miniaturized and injected into the body of an ailing scientist.
• Your red blood cells are about 7 microns, and DNA about 2 nm.
• In PhD thesis, Einstein estimated size of sugar molecule to be about one nanometer.
• One hydrogen atom has diameter of 0.1 nm
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What is Nanotechnology?
• How small is nano?• What is the history of nanotechnology?• What is the definition of nanotechnology? • Why being small is such a big deal? • What kinds of nanoproducts are already on
the market?• What events have driven
the development of nanotechnology
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History of Nanotechnology
Some have argued that nanoscience started billions year ago, when the first living cells emerge. Cells house nanoscale biomachines perform such tasks as manipulating genetic
materials and supplying energy.
Dunin-Borkowski Science (98)
Natural chains of Natural chains of magnetic nano-crystals magnetic nano-crystals in bacteriain bacteria
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Nanoscale gold and silver particles
Depending on their sizes, the gold and silver nanoparticles make the stained glass red, orange, purple, green, or blue.
Mark Ratner, Northwestern U.
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The Lycurgus Cup
When illuminated from outside, it appears green. However, when Illuminated from within the cup, it glows red. Red color is due to very small amounts of gold powder (about 40 parts per million)
-- British Museum; 4th century A. D.)
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Lycurgus Cup
When illuminated from within, the Lycurgus cup glows red. The red color is due to tiny gold particles embedd-ed in the glass, which have an absorption peak at around 520 nm
British Museum; 4th century A. D.
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“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
Most, however, consider Richard Feynman’s famed talk in1959 as a historical moment for nanoscale
science and technology
The accuracy of Feynman’s vision is breath-taking. A few of his predictions include: •electron and ion beam fabrication,•molecular beam epitaxy, •nanoimprint lithography, •scanning tunneling microscopy, •single electron transistors, •spin electronics, and •nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).
To read the entire Feynman’s classic paper, please Click
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The Drexler Vision
• In Engines of Creation. K. Eric Drexler, 1986, extended Feynman’s vision.
• “Molecular assemblers will bring a revolution without parallel … can help life spread beyond Earth …”
• “These revolutions will bring dangers and opportunities too vast for the human imagination to grasp …”
• These ideas are the source of controversies. • Nobelist Smalley and Drexler debate molecular manufacturing. • Drexler’s forecasts trouble Bill Joy of Sun Microsystems
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Nanoscale Science and Technology Emerge
• Nanotechnology operates at new scale. • “Nanotechnology” coined by Tokyo University
Professor Norio Taniguchi in 1974. • Objects are so small that their properties lie between
classical and quantum physics. • Development of nanoscale science and technology
were accelerated by several significant scientific accomplishments exemplified by their Nobel prizes.
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Genesis of Nanotechnology
00
Ch
em
istry
96
Ch
em
istry
86
Ph
ysic
s
56
Ph
ysic
s
97
ch
em
istry
(Mitre 96)
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What is Nanotechnology?
• How small is nano?• What is the history of nanotechnology?• What is the definition of nanotechnology? • Why being small is such a big deal? • What kinds of nanoproducts are already on
the market?• What events have driven
the development of nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology is about:
• Nanoscience and nanotechnology refer to research and development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels, at a scale of about 1 – 100 nm, • providing a fundamental understanding ofphenomena and materials at this scale and• creating and using structures, devices and systemsthat have novel properties and functions because of their small size.
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What is Nanotechnology?
• How small is nano?• What is the history of nanotechnology?• What is the definition of nanotechnology? • Why being small is such a big deal? • What kinds of nanoproducts are already on
the market?• What events have driven
the development of nanotechnology
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Why Being Small Is Such A Deal?
• The advances of STM measuring sciences • It started with the computing industry
– Small means cheap, fast, and very large economic
impacts.
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What’s New about Nano?
• New material properties at nanoscale• Dominance of interfaces and GBs in the materials
behavior• Biomimetics aided by Atomic Force Microscopy
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Nanocrystals – Quantum Dots
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Small is …..Different!
Five different quantum-dot (QD) solutions are exited with the
same wavelength UV lamp; the size of the QD determines the
energy band structures, and thus its color.
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Direct Bandgap vs. Indirect Bandgap
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Luminescence in Nanosilicon
• Size-dependent discrete optical transitions for direct band-gap
semiconductors (e.g., CdSe and InAs ) are well known.• Si, as an indirect band-gap semiconductor, shows strong
luminescence.
Luminescent Si nanocrystals excited at 320 nm in hexane: (A) 15 Å diameter Si nanocrystals and (B) 25-40 Å diameter nanocrystals.
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What is Nanotechnology?
• How small is nano?• What is the history of nanotechnology?• What is the definition of nanotechnology? • Why being small is such a big deal? • What kinds of nanoproducts are already on
the market?• What events have driven
the development of nanotechnology
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Electronics and Computing
• Processors with declining energy use and cost per gate, thus increasing efficiency of computer by 106
• Small mass storage devices: multi-tera bit levels
• Integration of logic, memory and sensing
• Higher transmission frequencies
and more efficient utilization of
optical spectrum to provide at least
106 times the bandwidth existed at
the present time.
• Integration of IT network, communi-
cation, sensing, Ex: intelli-gent
appliance
• Display technologies
• Quantum computing
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Health care and Medicine
• Expanding ability to characterize genetic makeup will revolutionize the specificity of diagnostics and therapeutics– Nanodevices can make gene
sequencing more efficient• Effective and less expensive health care
using remote and in-vivo devices• New formulations and routes for drug
delivery, optimal drug usage• More durable, rejection-resistant
artificial tissues and organs• Sensors for early detection and
prevention
Nanotube-basedbiosensor forcancer diagnostics
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Materials and Manufacturing
• Ability to synthesize nanoscale building blocks with control on size, composition etc. -- leads to further assembling into larger
structures with designed properties -- will revolutionize materials and manufacturing– Manufacturing metals, ceramics,
polymers, etc. at exact shapes without machining
– Lighter, stronger and program- mable materials
– Lower failure rates and reduced
– life-cycle costs
– Bio-inspired materials
– Multifunctional, adaptive materials
– Self-healing materials
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Energy Production and Utilization
• Energy Production– Clean, less expensive sources enabled by
novel nanomaterials and processes– Improved solar cells– In-situ refinery and gasoline out of well
• Energy Utilization– High efficiency and durable home and – industrial lighting– Solid state lighting can reduce total electricity
consumption by 10% and cut carbon emission by the equivalent of 28 million tons/year (Source: Al Romig, Sandia Lab)
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Environment
• Nanomaterials have a large surface area. For example, single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) show ~ 1600 m2/g. This is equivalent to the size of a football field for only 4 gms CNTs. The large surface area enables:
– Large adsorption rates of various gases/ vapors
– Separation of pollutants
– Catalyst support for conversion reactions
– Waste remediation
• Filters and Membranes
– Removal of contaminants from water
– Desalination
• Reducing auto emissions, NOx conversion
– Rational design of catalysts
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Transportation
•More efficient catalytic converters
•Thermal barrier and wear resistant coatings
•Battery, fuel cells
•Improved displays
•High temperature sensors for ‘under the hood’; novel sensors for “all-electric” vehicles
•High strength, light weight composites for increasing fuel efficiency
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National Security
• Improved collection, transmission, protection of information
• Very high sensitivity, low power sensors for detecting chemical/bio/nuclear threats
• Light weight military platforms, without sacrificing functionality, safety and soldier security– Reduce fuel needs and logistical
requirements
• Reduce carry-on weight of soldier gear– Increased functionality per unit
weight
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Examples of Nanoproducts on Market
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Nanodot Lasers
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Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Storage
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New Catalysis
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New Materials – UV Protection
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New Materials -- Biomarkers
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Information Technology
Optical communication and computing are
both enabling technologies
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Toward an All Silicon Vision
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Increasing Silicon Over Time
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World's First Hybrid Silicon Laser
Hybrid silicon laser die containing hundreds of hybrid silicon lasers.
Curtsy of UCSB
September,2006
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What is Nanotechnology?
• How small is nano?• What is the history of nanotechnology?• What is the definition of nanotechnology? • Why being small is such a big deal? • What kinds of nanoproducts are already on
the market?• What events have driven
the development of nanotechnology
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Seeing Small things
• Optical microscopes use light to see objects as small as 200 nm. – Invented in 1600s.
• Electron microscopes use beams of electrons to see through objects as small as 0.1 nm. – Produces 2D image. – Requires objects be in a vacuum. – Invented in 1931.
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Seeing Small Things
• Scanning probe microscope (SPM) sense very small objects (0.2nm)
– Produce 3D image – sense heights – Does not require vacuum. – Can move molecules around. – Invented in 1981.
• Led to an explosion in nanotechnology research.
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Electron Microscopy
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Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
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New Tools for Atomic-Scale Studies
Atomic Force Microscopy
Carbon Nanotubes Showing Hexagonal Carbon structures
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Tools of Nanotechnology
Bright spotselectrons, dark spots holes.
Images of movement of electrons and holes through a semi-conductor substrate
Yoo et al, Science (97)
Development of STM-related techniques greatly accelerates
the progress of nanotechnology
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STM Art Gallery
IBM IBM
coronene
OmicronLi, PRL(02)
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What Events Have Driven the Development of Nanotechnology?
• The invention of scanning tunneling microscopes• Moore’s Law drives microelectronic technology to
nanoscale – Small means cheap, fast, and very large economic impacts.
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Why Being Small Is Such A Big Deal?
• It started with the computing industry – Small means cheap, fast, and very large economic impacts.
• All biological things are nanoscale – Nanotechnology can be used to create new materials and treat diseases at nanoscale.
• Materials at nanoscale show surprisingly favorable properties
– Optical silicon, hydrophobic (anti-stain) properties, all optical communication, etc.
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Moore’s Law of Miniaturization
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How Do You Naomanufacture?
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Top-down Processing is reaching a Limit
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Lithography is Imperfect
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What are the Challenges?