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Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
AP Chemistry – Ch 9Mr. Christopherson
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VSEPR Theory
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
Electron pairs orient themselves around the central atom in order to minimize repulsive forces. They get as far apart from each other as possible.
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VSEPR Theory
Types of e- PairsBonding pairs - form bondsLone pairs - nonbonding electrons
Lone pairs repel
more strongly than
bonding pairs!!!
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VSEPR Theory
Lone pairs reduce the bond angle between atoms because they repel more strongly than bonding pairs.
Bond AngleCourtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Draw the Lewis Diagram.
Count up e- pairs on central atom.double/triple bonds = ONE pair
Shape is determined by the # of bonding pairs and lone pairs.
Know the 8 common shapes & their bond angles!
Determining Molecular Shape
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Molecular Shapes
AB2
Linear AB3
Trigonal planar
AB4
Tetrahedral
AB3EAngular or Bent
AB3ETrigonal
pyramidal
AB2E2
Angular or Bent
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......
The VSEPR Model
O OC
Linear
The Shapes of Some Simple ABn Molecules
O OS
BentO O
S
O
Trigonalplanar
FF
F
N
Trigonalpyramidal
Squareplanar
F F
Xe
F FF
F
FP
F
F
Trigonalbipyramidal
Octahedral
FF
F
S
F
F
F
SF6
SO2
Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Chemistry The Central Science, 2000, page 305
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Bonding and Shape of Molecules
Number of Bonds
Number of LONE Pairs Shape Examples
2
3
4
3
2
0
0
0
1
2
Linear
Trigonal planar
Tetrahedral
Pyramidal
Bent
BeCl2
BF3
CH4, SiCl4
NH3, PCl3
H2O, H2S, SCl2
-Be-
B
C
N
:
O
:
:
CovalentStructure
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Molecular Geometry
H
H
H
H
109.5o
C
Linear Trigonal planar
Tetrahedral
Trigonal pyramidalBent
109.5o
107.3o104.5o
H2O CH4 PCl3 BeH2 BF3 CO2
180o
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molecular formula
structural formula
molecular shape
ball-and-stick model
CH4 C
H
H
HH
H
H
H
H
109.5o
C
tetrahedrontetrahedralshape ofmethane
CH
H
H
H
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Methane & Carbon TetrachlorideMethane & Carbon Tetrachloridemolecular formula
structural formula
molecular shape
ball-and-stick model
CH4 C
H
H
HH
H
H
H
H
109.5o
C
CCl4
space-filling model
C
Cl
Cl
ClCl
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C109.5o
H
HHH
N107o HH
H
..
O104.5o H
H
..
..
CH4, methane NH3, ammonia H2O, water
..
O
O
O
lone pairelectrons
OOO
O3, ozone
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Common Molecular Shapes
2 total
2 bond
0 lone
LINEAR180°BeH2
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B BA
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CO2
O C O2 total
2 bond
0 lone LINEAR
180°
Examples
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3 total
3 bond
0 lone
TRIGONAL PLANAR
120°
BF3
Common Molecular Shapes
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B
B
A
B
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Common Molecular Shapes
3 total
2 bond
1 lone
BENT
<120°
SO2
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4 total
4 bond
0 lone
TETRAHEDRAL
109.5°
CH4
Common Molecular Shapes
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B
A
BB
B
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4 total
3 bond
1 lone
TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL
107°
NH3
Common Molecular Shapes
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PF3
4 total
3 bond
1 lone
TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL
107°
F P FF
Examples
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4 total
2 bond
2 lone
BENT
104.5°
H2O
Common Molecular Shapes
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5 total
5 bond
0 lone
TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL
120°/90°PCl5
Common Molecular Shapes
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A Be
Be
Be
Ba
Ba
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6 total
6 bond
0 lone
OCTAHEDRAL
90°
SF6
Common Molecular Shapes
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B
B
B
B
B
BA