![Page 1: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Monophyletic ApocritaOrussidae as sister group
• Chalinus braunsi • Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)
![Page 2: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The lack of robustness of the basal lineages of the Apocrita make inferring the groundplan biology problematic. Dowton &
Austin (2001)
![Page 3: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Generalists Ectoparasitoids attacking hosts concealed in
wood
![Page 6: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Stephanidae
• Foenatopus• Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)
![Page 7: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Stephanidae
• Share a number of morphological characteristics with orussids
• Idiobiont ectoparasitoids from start to finish
• Permanently paralyze host, oviposit on it
• No cocoon
![Page 8: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Megalyridae
• Megalyridea capensis• Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)
![Page 9: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Megalyridae
• Presumed idiobiont ectoparasitoids of larval hosts
• Best studied species on cerambycids in wood
• Early Jurassic
• No subgenual organs?
• No cocoons
![Page 10: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Aulacidae and Ibaliidae
• Attack hosts deeply buried in wood
• Oviposit in host eggs
• Koinobiont endoparasitoids
• Cocoons/No cocoons
![Page 11: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• If ancestral biology = generalist ectoparasitoid attacking deeply concealed xylophagous and/or mycophagous hosts
• Then diversification of attack strategies on these hosts facilitated successful colonization of hosts in other habitats
![Page 12: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Diversification of attack strategies on deeply
concealed hosts is suggested by the biologies of orussids,
stephanids, megalyrids, aulacids, and ibaliids, among
others
![Page 13: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Subgenual Organs
• Substrate-borne vibrations
• Orussids (Vilhelmsen et al. 2001) and stephanids
• Xoridines and Labena
![Page 14: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Detection of substrate-borne vibrations
• Makes for easy transition from the ancestral log– To stems and twigs– To other habitats with concealed hosts– Xanthopimpla on stems of stout grasses
![Page 15: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Chemoreception
• Alternative/supplementary strategy for host location
• Ibaliidae and perhaps Aulacidae– Detection of symbiotic fungi in oviposition
hole
![Page 16: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Chemoreception
• Host specificity through detection of host-associated odor cues (kairomones)
![Page 18: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
What Drives Diversification?(more questions than answers)
• Host stage attacked
• Koinobiosis
• Competition or Predator Avoidance?
• Synovigeny
![Page 19: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Getting Inside
• Oviposition in the host egg– Ibaliid pathway to koinobiont endoparasitism
• Gradual internalization of parasitoid egg– Attaching to inside of cuticle instead of
outside (M. Shaw 1983)
• Changes in venom gland proteins
![Page 20: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Oviposition in the Host Egg
• A commonly employed strategy
• Idiobiont egg parasitoids
• Koinobiont egg-larval parasitoids
• Mymaridae
![Page 21: Monophyletic Apocrita Orussidae as sister group Chalinus braunsi Photograph copyright Simon van Noort (Iziko)](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4b5503460f94a28d3b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Transitions
• Abundant evidence for repeated forays into an endoparasitic lifestyle
• And a variety of ways for doing so
• The Challenge– Does the endo to ectoparasitoid transition
ever occur, and if so, how is it achieved, biologically speaking