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Month Day Topic
Nov. 27 Ecosystem services
29 Global change biology
Dec. 1 MM’s research
4 Review for exam
6 Final exam—ecology
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Energy flow through ecosystems
Only 5% of the solar energy that arrives on earth is captured by photosynthesis.
The energy captured powers life.
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Trophic levels
Level Source of energy
Primary producers Solar energy
Herbivores Primary producers
Primary carnivores Herbivores
Secondary carnivores Primary carnivores
Omnivores Everything!
Decomposers Dead things
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Energy flow
versus
Biogeochemical cycles
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Consumers
Producers
Abiotic reservoir
Geological processes
Decomposers
A generalized biogeochemical cycle
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Carbon cycle
Carbon is the conduit for energy flow!
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Carbon cycle
Carbon is the conduit for energy flow!
Carbon cycles through the atmosphere, organisms, soils, and oceans
(and rocks at very long time scales)
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Carbon cycle
Carbon is the conduit for energy flow!
Carbon cycles through the atmosphere, organisms, soils, and oceans
(and rocks at very long time scales)
Gaseous, mineral, organic
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Carbon cycle
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Ecosystem carbon balance
C in = storage + C out
NPP
Soil, plant growth (wood)
CO2, C leaching, erosion
C in > storage + C out: accumulating C
C in = storage + C out: balanced C
C in < storage + C out: loosing C
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Carbon stocks
Sedimentary rocks > deep oceans >
atmosphere = organisms and soils
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Nitrogen cycle
• N cycles through the atmosphere, organisms, soils and sediments
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Nitrogen cycle
• N cycles through the atmosphere, organisms, soils and sediments
• Organically bound N is one of the main constituents of organisms (after C and H)– enzymes for photosynthesis, metabolism
– proteins
– building blocks of DNA...
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Nitrogen cycle
• N cycles through the atmosphere, organisms, soils and sediments
• Organically bound N is one of the main constituents of organisms– enzymes for photosynthesis, metabolism
– proteins
– building blocks of DNA...
• Gaseous, mineral, organic
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Nitrogen cycle
• Although N2 gas makes up 72% of the
atmosphere, few organisms can use it.
• N is the element that is most likely to
limit plant growth
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Nitrogen cycle
• N enters system through biological
fixation
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Nitrogen accumulates over primary succession
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Nitrogen cycle
• N enters system through biological
fixation
• If organisms can fix N, why don’t they
take over and fix enough N so that it is
no longer limiting to plant growth?
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Why is N in short supply?
• Only a few types of organisms can do it
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Why is N in short supply?
• Only a few types of organisms can do it
• Energetically expensive to fix N
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Why is N in short supply?
• Only a few types of organisms can do it
• Energetically expensive to fix N
• Chemically expensive to fix N
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Why is N in short supply?
• Only a few types of organisms can do it
• Energetically expensive to fix N
• Chemically expensive to fix N
• N can be lost from the system– Leaching– Fire– Erosion
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Hydrological cycle
Water cycles through the oceans, fresh waters, atmosphere, and land
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Hydrological cycle
Water cycles through the oceans, fresh
waters, atmosphere, and land
Gaseous phase and liquid phase
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Hydrological cycle
Evaporation: liquid to gas
Transpiration: plant transport of water from the soil to the atmosphere
Precipitation: gas to liquid
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Water inputs to ecosystems
• Precipitation– THE major water input to ecosystems
• Groundwater (in some ecosystems)
• Fog deposition (in some ecosystems)
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Water balance in ecosystems
Inputs = storage + outputs
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Water balance in ecosystems
Soil is like a bucket
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Water balance in ecosystems
Soil is like a bucket
• Inputs– Mainly precipitation
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Water balance in ecosystems
Soil is like a bucket
• Inputs– Mainly precipitation
• Storage– Plants, soil and water bodies
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Water balance in ecosystems
Soil is like a bucket• Inputs
– Mainly precipitation
• Storage– Plants, soil and water bodies
• Outputs– Evaporation– Transpiration– Drainage
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Hydrological cycle
• Over oceans, evaporation >> precipitation
• On land, evaporation << precipitation and transpiration– Lakes, rivers, streams, groundwater
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Ecosystem services
Processes by which the environment produces fundamental life-support
services enjoyed by humans
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Ecosystem services
Key ingredients of our agricultural, pharmaceutical, and industrial
enterprises
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Ecosystem services1. Purify air and water water2. Pollination of crops3. Detoxify and decompose wastes4. Stabilize climate5. Ozone protection from UV6. Maintain biodiversity7. Control agricultural pests8. Generate and preserve soil fertility9. Maintain recreational areas
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Ecosystem services
We know that they are:
• Essential to civilization
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Ecosystem services
We know that they are:
• Essential to civilization
• So complex that they can’t be replaced by technology (???)
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Ecosystem services
We know that they are:
• Essential to civilization
• So complex that they can’t be replaced by technology (???)
• Impaired by human activities
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Ecosystem services
We know that they are:
• Essential to civilization
• So complex that they can’t be replaced by technology (???)
• Impaired by human activities
• Altered at an unprecedented rate
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What are ecosystem services worth?
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What are ecosystem services worth?
Examples:
• 1993 floods on the Mississippi due to land use change cost $12 billion.
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What are ecosystem services worth?
Examples:
• 1993 floods on the Mississippi due to land use change cost $12 billion.
• Top 118 prescription drugs in the US are from natural sources (US: $40 billion/year).
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What are ecosystem services worth?
Examples:• 1993 floods on the Mississippi due to land use
change cost $12 billion.
• Top 118 prescription drugs in the US are from natural sources (US: $40 billion/year).
• 1/3 of human food comes from plants that are naturally pollinated (US: $4-6 billion/year).
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Valuing ecosystem services
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Valuing ecosystem services
• NYC water quality decreases due to – Suburban sprawl– Bad septic systems– Loss of forested areas
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Valuing ecosystem services
• NYC water quality decreases due to – Suburban sprawl– Bad septic systems– Loss of forested areas
• Estimated cost of $6-8 billion for new treatment plant
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Valuing ecosystem services
• NYC water quality decreases due to – Suburban sprawl– Bad septic systems– Loss of forested areas
• Estimated cost of $6-8 billion for new treatment plant
• Estimated cost of $6 million for conservation and restoration of ecosystem services
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Ecosystem services1. Purify air and water water2. Pollination of crops3. Detoxify and decompose wastes4. Stabilize climate5. Ozone protection from UV6. Maintain biodiversity7. Control agricultural pests8. Generate and preserve soil fertility9. Maintain recreational areas
Which would you pay for?
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Ecosystem services1. Purify air and water water2. Pollination of crops3. Detoxify and decompose wastes4. Stabilize climate5. Ozone protection from UV6. Maintain biodiversity7. Control agricultural pests8. Generate and preserve soil fertility9. Maintain recreational areas
How much would you pay?