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ICARDA’s Experience in rangeland rehabilitation and management in NENA region:
Case of sustainable development of landscape depressions in pastoral ecosystems
3rd NEFW 26‐28 January 2014Amman ‐ Jordan
Mounir Louhaichi
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Outline
• Rangelands?• Facts abut rangelands• Main causes of rangeland degradation• Case study: Sustainable development of landscape depressions in pastoral ecosystems
• New tools for rangeland monitoring and assessment (time)
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Syrian rangelands: Badia)البادية(المراعي الطبيعية في سورية
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Facts about Rangelands
• Represent largest land use in the region• Rangelands are usually characterized by sharp climatic extremes, limited precipitation, highly variable soils, frequent soil salinity, diverse topography, and generally sparse vegetation.
• Dynamic ecosystems:– Temporal variability (year to year variation)– Spatial variability
Dixon et al (2001)
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• The majority of rangelands are either state or communally‐owned
• Conflicts due: land tenure regime (communal), weak institution, and lack of adequate infrastructure
• Do not have an accurate assessment on their status (degree of degradation)
Facts about Rangelands
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Rangelands decreasing area and productivity
• Decreasing contribution to animal feeding: 10 to 25% today, 65% in 1960.
• Increasing rangeland degradation:1000-1500 kg DM/ha to 200-500 kg DM/ha in 50 years (Steppes of North Africa)
Facts about Rangelands
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• They contribute to the living of the poorest and most marginalized strata populations (pastoral communities)
• Pastoralism is one of the most efficient production system (zero input)
• It is also the most resilient system (Pastoralists are the most capable to adapt to climate change)
• Pastoralism also provides various services to other sectors
Facts about Rangelands
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Improper grazing practices: Overgrazing and early grazing الرعيالجائر والمبكر • Overgrazing occurs: : أسباب الرعي الجائر
– Too many animal (high SR) العدد الكبير من الحيوانات – Fewer animals combined with bad timing (early grazing) or prolonged grazing period
أو استمرار ) كالرعي المبكر(عدد أقل من الحيوانات ترعى في وقت غير مناسب الرعي لفترة طويلة
CausesofRangelandDegradationالعوامل الرئيسية المتسببة في تدھور المراعي الطبيعية
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Removal of Vegetation For:
Fuel: The destruction of woody plant species by burning them as fuel.القضاء على النباتات الخشبية وذلك لحرقھا من أجل استخدامھا كوقود: االحتطاب
العوامل الرئيسية المتسببة في تدھور المراعي الطبيعية
االحتطاب
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Removal of Vegetation For:Medicinal Purposes: The destruction of woody plant species by uprooting them
القضاء على أنواع النباتات الخشبية وذلك بسبب الحصول على جذور ھذه النباتات: االستخدامات الطبية
االحتطاب
CausesofRangelandDegradationالعوامل الرئيسية المتسببة في تدھور المراعي الطبيعية
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The shift from the traditional pastoral systems “nomadism” to the agro‐pastoral way of life have lead to:التحول من النظام الرعوي التقليدي إلى النظام الرعوي الزراعي أدى إلى
Disruption of the Traditional Grazing System: Use of vehicles for transportation of water to the herds and of the animals to new pastures fosters prolonged grazing on rangelands and uncontrolled movement of
the herds. :تغيير نظام الرعي التقليدياستخدام السيارات لنقل المياه لمالكي األغنام وللقطعان إلى مراعي جديدة عزز فترة الرعي
الطويلة وحركة الرعي غير المتحكم بھا
CausesofRangelandDegradationالعوامل الرئيسية المتسببة في تدھور المراعي الطبيعية
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The shift from the traditional pastoral systems “nomadism” to the agro‐pastoral way of life have lead to: :التحول من النظام الرعوي التقليدي إلى النظام الرعوي الزراعي أدى إلى
Encroachment of Agricultural Practices into Traditional
Rangeland Areas
The conversion of the best rangeland (deeper soils with higher nutrient status) to cropland. إلى أراضي ) ذات التربة العميقة والغنية بالعناصر الغذائية(تحول أفضل أراضي المراعي الطبيعية
زراعية
استصالح ارض المراعي للزراعة
انتشار الزراعات و استعمال تقنيات زراعية غير مالئمة
Plow
ingsoilwith
disc plower
مة الئر مغي
ت عدا بماثةحر
:سكلديا
CausesofRangelandDegradationالعوامل الرئيسية المتسببة في تدھور المراعي الطبيعية
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Monocropping of barley has resulted in the depletion of soil nutrients and the elimination of perennial range species (total eradication of natural vegetation)
SalamiaZone 4
CausesofDegradation
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Zone 4
Cultivated land after harvesting is unprotected and prone to wind erosion
Khanasser
Signs of Desertification
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Signs of Desertification
Sandstorms
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MANIFESTATION OF DESERTIFICATION AND SAND ENCROACHMENT
Sand encroachment of road
Sand encroachment of a mosque Sand encroachment of village deserted by its inhabitants
Sand encroachment of a school
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Lack of grazing policies and law enforcement (pastoral code) النقص في التشريعات الرعوية والقوانين التنفيذية
Pastoral communities have no guaranty to protect their improved land from intruders
ال يوجد ضمانة للمجتمعات الرعوية لحماية أراضيھم المحسنة من استخدام اآلخرين لھا
Privatization of collective lands stimulated the desire of land appropriation mainly through cropping and tree planting of best rangelands خصخصة األراضي التعاونية عزز الرغبة على استيالء األراضي من خالل زراعة المحاصيل واألشجار في أفضل أراضي المراعي الطبيعية
Governmental Policies: Confused Land Tenure / Grazing Rights
قصور التشريعات عن معالجة المخالفات وعن حماية المراعي
CausesofRangelandDegradationالعوامل الرئيسية المتسببة في تدھور المراعي الطبيعية
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النظم البيئة للمراعي الطبيعية القاحلة المستدامة للفيضات في التنمية Sustainable development of landscape depressions
in pastoral ecosystems
REMU DSIPS/ICARDA 19Mounir Louhaichi OFID Workshop
Case Study
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Study site
The primary objective of this project is to improve the livelihood of rural communities through sustainable use of technologies that enhance the productivity of landscape depressions in arid and semi‐arid rangelands to provide additional feed and food, while conserving the environment and biodiversity.
Objective
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Techniques for rangeland (depressions) improvementتقنيات تحسين المراعي الطبيعية
• Short rest (exclusion of grazing) )منع الرعي(الراحة
• Water harvesting techniques تقنية حصاد المياه
• Land scarification الفالحة السطحية للتربة
• Direct seeding الزراعة المباشرة
• Pitting machine استخدام آلة النقر
• Shrub plantations زراعة الشجيرات الرعوية
• Integrated Conservation Agriculture + Alley Cropping (new)
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فيضة مفتوحة للرعي الجائرLandscape depressions open to grazing
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Landscape depressions cultivated in barleyفيضة مزروعة بالشعير
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Soil surface scarificationالفالحة السطحية
Fall الخريف
Spring الربيع
Water Harvesting Techniquesتقنية حصاد المياه
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Contoursاألخاديد، الخطوط الكونتورية
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Direct seedingالبذر المباشر
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Scarification + Direct Seedingالفالحة السطحية و البذر المباشر
Hand Bradcasting
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Pitting Machineآلة النقر
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Direct Seeding Using Pitting Machineالبذر المباشر باستخدام آلة النقر
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Seedlings production and transplantation
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Landscape depressions protected for <2 yearsفيضة محمية من الرعي
ينسنت
ن ل مأق
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Differences in density (number of plants m2)بين فيضة محمية واخرى مفتوحة للرعي) 2م/عدد النباتات( الكثافة النباتيةمخطط بياني يظھر الفرق في
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Protected Grazed
Den
sity
(Pla
nts/m
2 )
28 fold
31
868
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Differences in biomass production (KgDM/ha)
بين فيضة محمية واخرى مفتوحة للرعي) ھـ/كغ( األنتاجية من المادة الجافةمخطط بياني يظھر الفرق في
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Protected Grazed
Bio
mas
s (kg
/h)
2,299
467
5 fold
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Percent cover in grazed and protected depressionsخرى مفتوحة للرعيأبين فيضة محمية و النسبة المئوية للتغطيةمخطط بياني يظھر الفرق في
0
20
40
60
80
100
Plant cover Bare ground Litter Stones
Cov
er (%
)
Protected Grazed
نباتات تربة معراة بقايا نباتية احجار
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Shannon diversity index for the grazed and protected sitesخرى مفتوحة للرعيأبين فيضة محمية و مؤشر التنوع النباتي
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1 2 3 3 2 2 15 13 11 17 20 18
Number of species
H Inde
x
Protected depression
Grazed depression
عدد النباتات المرصودة
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Palatability class for species encountered in depressionsخرى مفتوحة للرعيأللنباتات المرصودة في فيضة محمية و درجة األستساغة
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
I II III
Palatability class
Num
ber o
f spe
cies
Protected Grazed
I = high palatable; II = medium palatable; III = low‐unpalatable
استساغة عالية = ا استساغة متوسطة= اا استساغة منخفضة = ااا
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100% germinationSummer
Fall
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# # # # # # # # # # #
####
###
#
# # #
# ## #
# #
#
#
###
Rangeland VegetationMonitoring & AssessmentUsing DVCT
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Inventory, Monitoring & Assessment• The first step before engaging in any rangeland
rehabilitation and management activities should be centered toward inventorying and assessing rangeland condition.
• To assure that these lands are capable of providing sustainable products for future generations their ecological condition should be monitored to specific standards.
• Given the dynamic nature of plant community response to climate fluctuation (drought and wet conditions) and man‐made disturbances mainly through overgrazing, there is a need for short and long‐term monitoring of rangelands.
• This activity should be part of a long‐term national strategy. With the advances in technology, particularly the use of geographical information systems and remote sensing, large areas can be mapped and monitored rapidly.
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Main Criteria Rangeland Health
Vegetation Cover
Reduced Run‐off
Higher infiltration
More forage
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• Subjective (human error)
• Time consuming• Costly• Destructive• Not repeated frequently enough to monitor important changes over time
Traditional sampling techniques for monitoring changes in vegetation cover
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Digital Photography
Hardware
GPS TrackerSoftware
Image Processing
Image Rectification
Digital Vegetation Charting Technique
‐ Digital camera with built in GPS
‐ Smartphone
• Farm/community level (local scale)
• Capture details• Rapid• Repetitive in time
and space• Objective
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Example Using DVCT
Field Office
Training sites for satellite RS
Monitoring & Assessment
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Original Image
Original Image
processed Image
processed Image
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Perennial grasses layer
<5 cm8 – 13 > 20
(Unit cm)
GIS Layers – Spatial analysisGeo
‐database
• Vast areas can be mapped quickly and objectively.• Users do not have to be remote sensing specialists or GIS experts.• For each agro‐ecological site (same plant community) only few images are
used to calibrate the software (threshold or training sites). Then the software can analyze hundred of pictures in just few minutes, summarize data and save it as a CSV format.
• Document the effects of year‐to‐year variation in weather on vegetation dynamics
• Characterization of key indigenous species‐Extract environmental variables and model (predict) where identified species may grow