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Mr. ButtellWBHS APUSH
Religion & Reform, 1820-
1860K.C. 4.1 Part III
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Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)
e Liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reasoning.”
e “Transcend” the limits of intellect and allow the emotions, the SOUL, to create an original relationship with the Universe.
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Transcendentalist Thinking Argue for a mystical and intuitive way
of thinking to discover one’s inner self
Challenged materialism of society – artistic expression more important than pursuit of wealth
They instinctively rejected all secular authority and the authority of organized churches and the Scriptures, of law, or of conventions
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Transcendentalism(European Romanticism)
“Therefore, if man was divine, it would be wicked that he should be held in slavery, or his soul corrupted by superstition, or his mind clouded by ignorance!!”
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Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers
Concord, MA
Ralph WaldoEmerson
Henry DavidThoreau
Nature(1832) Walden
(1854)
Resistance to Civil
Disobedience(1849)
Self-Reliance (1841)
“The American Scholar”
(1837)
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The Transcendentalist Agenda Give freedom to the slave.
Give well-being to the poor and the miserable.
Give learning to the ignorant.
Give health to the sick.
Give peace and justice to society.
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e Their pursuit of the ideal led to a distorted view of humannature and possibilities: * The Blithedale Romance
A Transcendentalist Critic:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-
1864)
e One should accept the world as an imperfect place: * Scarlet Letter * House of the Seven Gables
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TheHudson River
School:
1820s-1870
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1. Paint grand, scenic vistas.
2. Humans are an insignificant [even non-existent] part of the picture.
3. Experiment with affects of light on waterand sky.
4. Symbol of the school a broken tree stump
Characteristics of the Hudson River School
A new art for a new land.
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In Nature’s WonderlandThomas Doughty, 1835
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NiagaraFrederic Church, 1857
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View of the Catskills, Early Autumn
Thomas Cole, 1837
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View from Mt. Holyoke: The OxbowThomas Cole, 1836
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The Course of Empire: The Savage State
Thomas Cole, 1834
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The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole,
1836
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The Course of Empire: Consummation
Thomas Cole, 1836
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The Course of Empire: DestructionThomas Cole, 1836
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The Course of Empire: DesolationThomas Cole, 1836
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Kindred Spirits – Asher Durand, 1849
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Watercolors by John Audubon
Stanley Hawk Barred Owl
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3. Utopian Communities
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The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848
John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)
e Millenarianism --> the 2nd
coming of Christ had already occurred.
e Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.
• all residents married to each other.• carefully regulated “free love.”
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Secular Utopian Communities
IndividualFreedom
Demands ofCommunity Life
e spontaneity
e self-fulfillment
e discipline
e organizationalhierarchy
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Brook FarmWest Roxbury, MA
George Ripley (1802-1880)
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Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation” – New Harmony
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Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
New Harmony in 1832
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New Harmony, IN
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Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)
e Early religious communal movement, 6,000 members
e Men and women kept strictly separate, forbid marriage and sexual relations
e Lack of new recruits saw its demise.
e Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries.
The Shakers
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Shaker Meeting
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Shaker Simplicity & Utility
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Religion and Class Divisions• Better educated,
wealthier were little touched by the movement in the East.
• Methodists, Baptists and other new sects prospered from less prosperous, less “learned” communities in the South and West
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The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints)
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
1823 Golden Tablets
1830 Book of Mormon
1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL
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Violence Against Mormons
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The Mormon “Trek”
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The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints) Deseret
community
The Mormon “Moses”
Salt Lake City, Utah/Frontier Theocracy
Statehood delayed until 1896 due to polygamy stance Brigham Young
(1801-1877)
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Penitentiary Reform
Dorothea Dix(1802-1887)
1821 first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY
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Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
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7. “Separate Spheres” Concept“Cult of
Domesticity”e A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was arefuge from the cruel world outside).
e Her role was to “civilize” her husband andfamily.e An 1830s MA minister:The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!
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Early 19c Women1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own
property.4. Married no control over her
property or her children.5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a
contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.
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What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own
Way!
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Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.
Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké
e Southern Abolitionists
Lucy Stone
e American Women’sSuffrage Assoc.
e edited Woman’s Journal
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Women’s Rights1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.
London World Anti-Slavery Convention
Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
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Seneca Falls Declaration