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Solid StateMr. Davis Baltimore Poly
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1. Are electrons more likely to fill the highest or lowest available energy states?
2. What is a valence electron?
Do Now (4/2/14) (3 minutes)
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What is the potential energy of an object at height ‘H’
Potential Energy = mgh
Energy Levels
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Is the ball’s potential energy increasing or decreasing?
Energy Levels
Decreasing!!!
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What type of energy transfer is this?
Energy Levels
Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy
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In your Phet Lab, what happened when the electron was hit by a photon?
1) The electron jumped to a higher energy state
2) Soon after the electron fell back down to the ground state.
3) The electron emits a photon
Electron Energy Levels
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1) The electron jumped to a higher energy state
Electron Energy Levels
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2) Soon after the electron fell back down to the ground state.
Electron Energy Levels
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3) The electron emits a photon
Electron Energy Levels
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In your Phet Lab, did the electron spend more time in the ground state or a higher state?
The Ground State.
Electron Energy Levels
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Electrons work in the same way as the ball does. They tend to have a lower potential energy.
Energy
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The lowest band of allowed energy states of an atom.
Band: a range of states.
Valence Band:
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Valence electrons reside in the Valence Band.
If given enough energy, electrons can escape the Valence Band.
Valence Band
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Conduction Band: Upper band of allowed energy states
Electrons are free to move around the crystal/lattice and have very high energies.
Conduction Band
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Is the Conduction band more likely to have more or fewer electrons than the Valence
band?
MUCH LESSConduction Electrons must have high
energies
Conduction Band (30 seconds)
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Often Empty◦Electrons need energy to get to
this band
Electrons only last in this band for fractions of a second
◦Drop back down to the Valence Band
Conduction Band
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Are there more electrons in the Valence band or the Conduction Band?
Valence Band!!!!Electrons in the Conduction Band quickly fall
back down to the Valence Band
Conduction Band (30 seconds)
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The energy needed to break electron bonds in an atom◦Releases the electron from its atom
Electron leaves the Valence Band and “jumps” to the conduction band.
Band Gap Energy
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What are different ways we can energize atoms?
Light Increases the energy
How do we energize atoms?
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What are different ways we can energize atoms?
Heat Increases the energy
How do we energize atoms?
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Heat
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Light
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What is generated when Electrons move through a material?
A Current is caused by moving electrons
Moving Electrons
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What is a conductor?
A material that permits the flow of electrons
Conductors
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What is a Insulator?
A material whose electrons do not flow freely
Insulator
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No band gap ◦ The valence band overlaps the conduction band
Conductors
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Used in electronics to facilitate electron flow.
Conductors What is an example of a Conductor you use
everyday? Power Lines!!!
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Small Band Gap
Used in electronicsto transmit electrons
Semi Conductors
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Thermal energy can bridge the gap for a small fraction of electrons
Semi Conductors
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At ordinary temperatures, no electrons can “jump” to the conduction band
Prevent the flow of electrons
Insulators
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All Three Materials
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Match the description on your desks to one of the three material types we learned yesterday.
Afterwards we will go over it as a class.
Classwork (3 minutes)
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Describe how the band gap of the materials we learned about today, Insulators, Semi-conductors, and Conductors effects the flow of electrons through the material.
Periods 4 and 7
Exit Ticket (3 minutes)
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Match the description on your desks to one of the three material types we learned yesterday.
Afterwards we will go over it as a class.
Do Now (4/3/14) (5 minutes)
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What is generated when Electrons move through a material?
A Current is caused by moving electrons
Moving Electrons
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Describe how electrons move through an Insulator, if they move at all.
In an Insulator current cannot flow freely.
Moving Charges
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Describe how electrons move through an Conductor, if they move at all.
In a Conductor electrons can flow freely through the material.
Moving Charges
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An Electron in the Conduction Band that moves through the
material
Not attached to an atom
Free Electrons
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What is Avogadro’s Number?
The number of atoms in a mole of a substance
Avogadro’s Number
molatomsxN A /1002.6)( 23
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Free Electrons (1)
))(1
)()(( mM
Natom
efreeA
Number of Free electrons =
Free electrons per atomM = Molar Massm = mass of the substance
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Cadmium has 2 free electrons per atom and a Molar Mass of 112.40 g/mol. How many free electrons are there in 1g of cadmium?
What is our unknown?
◦ The Number of Free Electrons
Guided Practice (2 minutes)
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Cadmium has 2 free electrons per atom and a Molar Mass of 112.40 g/mol. How many free electrons are there in 1g of cadmium?
What are our knowns?
◦ Free Electrons per Atom = 2◦ Molar Mass = 112.40 g/mol.◦ Mass = 1g
Guided Practice (2 minutes)
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Cadmium has 2 free electrons per atom and a Molar Mass of 112.40 g/mol. How many free electrons are there in 1g of cadmium?
What is our equation?
Guided Practice (2 minutes)
))(1
)()(( mM
Natom
efreeElectronsFreeofNum A
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Free Electrons (2)
Vcm
eFree)(
3
Number of Free electrons =
V = Volume
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Free Electrons
What is the unit for volume?
cm3 or a distance cubed
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Free Electrons (2 continued)
))(( 33
cmcm
eFree Number of Free electrons =
Number of Free electrons =
eFree
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Free Electrons (3)
))(1
)()((#
3
MN
atom
eFree
cm
efreeofA
ρ =Density
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Free Electrons (4)
))(1
)((#
3
MN
cm
atomsofA
ρ =Density
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Free Electrons (5)
))(1
)((# mM
Natomsof A
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Free Electrons (6)
))((#3V
cm
atomsatomsof
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That was a lot of equations!!!
How will you know when to use which equation?
Free Electrons
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Identify your Unknown
Determine your Givens
When solving a problem,
WRITE THESE THINGS DOWN
Free Electrons
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Silver, with a density of 10.5 g/cm3 and an atomic mass (molar mass) of 107.87 g/mol, has one free electron per atom. How many free electrons are there in each cubic centimeter of silver?
Practice (5 Minutes)
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Classwork
Spend the rest of class working on “Solid-State Electronics”.
It is due Monday.You must complete three problems by the end of class.
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1. At 200.0K, silicon has 1.89 x 105 free electrons/cm3, a density of 2.329 g/cm3, and an atomic mass of 28.09 g/mol. How many free electrons are there per atom at this temperature?
Do Now (4/4/14) (5 minutes)
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How does doping work in sports?
We insert a foreign substance into our bodies to improve performance
Doping
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Not in sports but in Semiconductors!
Semiconductor: conducts electricity under some conditions but not others
Doping
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Doping- Inserting a different element into a material to change its properties
Doping
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Dopant: a trace impurity element that is inserted into a substance
Inserted at LOW Concentrations
Alters the electrical properties
Dopant
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Goal is to increase the number of free charge carriers (moving electrons) .
Add material that takes away our free electrons, causing them to move
P-Type Semiconductor
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Hole: vacancy left behind by the electron
P-Type Semiconductor
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Our element wants to have three electrons per table.
Now we want to element p-type doping. Do we want to add a table with
more or less electrons?
Less
Classroom Example
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Want to create an abundance of holes to increase electron flow.
What is generated when electrons are moving?
A Current!!!!
P-Type Semiconductor
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Add material that provides us extra free electrons
Creates an excess of negative electron charge carriers
N-Type Semiconductor
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These Extra Electrons allow for the flow of Current
N-Type Semiconductor
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Our element wants to have three electrons per table.
Now we want to element n-type doping. Do we want to add a table with
more or less electrons?
More
Classroom Example
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Device that conducts electricity in only one direction
Diodes
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Used to:◦ Tune Radios and TV receivers ◦ Generate Radio Frequencies
Diodes
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A semiconductor used to amplify and switch electronic signals
Transistor
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcrBqCFLHIY
Watch a quick video on transistors
Shows us how this works for all of our technology we use everyday.
Video
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Classwork
Spend the rest of class working on “Solid-State Electronics”.
It is due Monday.Exit Ticket at the end of class.
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Based on what you saw in the video and in class today, Describe how the two different types of semiconductors allow for the movement of electrons to generate a current.
Exit Ticket (5 minutes)
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1. A metal has 1.92 x 1023 free electrons per cubic centimeter. If its atomic mass is 26.982 g/mol and it has three free electrons per atom, what is its density?
Keep your Do NowsPass in your Homework
Do Now (4/7/14) (5 minutes)
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Today we will be headed to the lab, Room 127
The lab is due tomorrow so work diligently.
Lab
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At the end of the lab there is a chance to earn bonus points and a bonus assignment.
Lab
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1) How many atoms of germanium are there in one cubic centimeter of
germanium? The density of germanium is 5.35 g/cm3 and its molar mass is
72.64g/mol.
2) What do the “N” and “P” in the different types of dopants stand for?
Pass in your lab
Do Now (4/8/14) (7 minutes)
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Today:◦Quiz Review, Key at the front and back of the class
Tomorrow:◦Tic-Tac-Toe Review◦You pick which activities you want to do.
Two Day Review
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By the end of class today you need to have completed:
◦ 8 Problems of your Quiz Review◦ I will come around and stamp this for a
grade.
◦ If you finish the Quiz Review you will be given tomorrow’s Review activity.
Group Exit Ticket at the end of class
Classwork (4/8/14)
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What is at least one thing you would like to review as a class tomorrow before the Quiz on Thursday?
Group Exit Ticket (3 minutes)
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1) Cadmium has 2 free electrons per atom. How many free electrons are there in three cubic centimeters of
cadmium?
Do Now (4/9/14) (5 minutes)
Element Density (g/cm3) Atomic mass (g/mol)
Copper 8.94 63.54
Gallium 5.91 69.72
Cadmium 8.65 112.40
Germanium 5.323 72.59
Zinc 7.14 65.37
Indium 7.31 114.82
Aluminum 2.70 26.98
Silicon 2.3290 28.09
Sodium 0.968 22.99
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You can pick any three boxes that give you Tic-Tac-Toe◦Two of the boxes require materials from
the classroom The Challenge Problems Text Book Problems
◦ If you want to work on those boxes, materials are up front.
Tic-Tac-Toe
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By the end of class today you need to have completed:
◦ Two Boxes on your Tic-Tac-Toe Review◦ I will come around and stamp this for a grade.
Each extra box on the Tic-Tac-Toe Review you complete is an extra point on your quiz◦ (Up to 6% Extra Credit to your Quiz)
Classwork (4/9/14)
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EXTRA SLIDES AFTER THIS
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Crystal Structure
Variety of ways to build molecules:
Ranges from Simple lattice to Complex shapes