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10-4 (04).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1
10-4-2012 pmrsufESm 5
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10-4 (05).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1
pmrsufESm 6 10-4-2012
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10-4 (06).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1
pmrsufESm 710-4-2012
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A[kdjynfolYtpkd;&ESifh jynfolYw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfwkdYonf ]] trsKd;om;jynfolYuGef*&uf}}ukd wm0efcH&rnfjzpfaMumif;? ]uGef*&uf}tpnf;ta0;usif;yonfh
umvr[kwfvQif ]trsKd;om;jynfolYuGef*&uf\ tNrJwrf;aumfrwD (The
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) ukd wm0efcH
&rnf[kvnf;aumif;? xkd ]tNrJwrf;aumfrw D}onf A[kdtpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
jynfolYw&m;pD&ifa&;ukd BuD;MuyfuGyfuJ&rnf[kvnf;aumif;? zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'ESifhOya'rsm;ukd teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqkd&rnf[kvnf;aumif; tajccH
Oya'wGif tmPmrsm;tyfESif; jy|mef;usifhokH;vsuf&Sdonfukd awGU&ayrnf/
Oyrm(2) 1974 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkqkd&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmf
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yk'fr 41? 44? 201 ESifh 200(*)wkdYwGif ]]jynfolYvTwfawmf
onf EkdifiHawmf\ tjrifhqkH;tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;jzpfaMumif; -----Oya'
jyKrItmPmukd jynfolYvTwfawmfüom tyfESif;aMumif;? ---zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'\ teuft"dyÜm,fukd jynfolYvTwfawmfuom zGifhqkdEkdifaMumif;? ---
EkdifiHawmfaumifpD? A[kdESifha'oqkdif&mtmPmykdiftzJGUtpnf;rsm;\ vkyfaqmif
csufrsm;onf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifhukdufnDjcif; &Sd? r&Sd qkH;jzwf&ef vkdtyfygu
jynfolYvTwfawmfuom qkH;jzwf&rnfjzpfaMumif;---}} jy|mef;usifhokH;cJhonf/
xkdYjyif yk'fr 73 yk'frcGJ(c)ESifh(!)wkdYt&---jynfolYvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wpfckESifh
wpfcktMum; EkdifiHawmf\ tjrifhqkH;wm0efxrf;aqmif&onfh EkdifiHawmfor®w?
EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOuú| OD;aqmifaom ]EkdifiHawmfaumifpD}tm; ]]zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'rSty tjcm;Oya'rsm;\ teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqkd&ef (tmPm)}}ESifh ]]A[kdESifh
a'oqkdif&m tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ Oya'ESifhukdufnDjcif;r&Sdaom
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;? trdefYrsm;ukdy,fzsufykdifcGifh}} tmPmrsm;tyfESif;jy|mef;usifhokH;
cJhaMumif; awGU&Sd&rnf jzpfonf/
rsufarSmufurÇm\ t"duOya'pepfBuD;wpfckjzpfaom Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;u
pwifusifhokH;cJhaom udk"Oya'^jy|mef;Oya'pepf (Code Law System)]]wpf
enf;}} qDADvfOya'pepf (Civil Law System )wGifrl..]]zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
ESifh Oya'rsm;udk teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdjcif;ESifh Oya'jyKvTwfawmfrsm;u jy|mef;
onhf Oya'rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHtpkd;&? tmPmykdifrsm;\ jyKvkyf
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onfvnf;aumif;----]]EkdifiHESifh jynfoloabmwltwnfjyK
jy|mef;xm;onfh wnfqJzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihfnDñGwfjcif; &Sd ? r&Sd pdppfjcif;}}
ponfh tajccHOya'a&;&m tjiif;yGm;jyóemrsm;udk pD&ifqkH;jzwfEkdif&ef
orm;½kd;us&SdNyD; w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfESihf tjcm;w&m;½kH;rsm; (Supreme Court
and other Courts) tjyif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m w&m;½kH;wpf½kH;
oD;jcm;zGJUpnf; wnfaxmifí tajccHOya'qkdif&m ygvDrefEkdifiHa&;udk
w&m;pD&ifa&;enf;vrf; (Judicialization of Constitutional Parliamen-
tary Politics)jzifh ygarmu© a'gufwm [ef;(ef) u,f(vf)pif (1881-1973)
\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;&m tawG;? tjrif? oD0&D Oya'rl oabmw&m;
(Constitutional Doctrine of the ''Constitutional Court'' and the ''Con-stitutional review ''of the constitutionality of the acts of legislativeand executive powers )ukd vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmfcJhMuonfrSm
ESpfaygif;&Spfq,fru MumcJhNyDjzpfonf/
ygarmu© u,f(vf)pif\ oD0&DESihf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&mw&m;½kH;?
w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfonf EkdifiHawmftmPmudk ykdif;jcm;okH;pGJjcif;ESihf tcsif;csif;
tjyeftvSefxdef;ausmif;jcif;rlrsm; (Doctrine of Seperation of Power
and the Principle of Check and balance) tygt0if Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;rl
udkvnf; yHhykd;axmufulvsuf tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk tajccHOya'ESihftnD
ykdif;jcm;cGJa0 usifhokH;Muonfh Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;?
tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYtm; tyfESif;xm;aomvkyfief;wm0efrsm;
udk azmfaqmif&mwGif wpfzufapmif;eif;rjzpfapbJ [efcsufnDnD tajccH
Oya'ESifhtnDom EkdifiHawmfESifhEkdifiHom;rsm;twGuf vkyfukdifaqmif&GufMua&;
jzpfonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm ---Oya'jyKolwdkYu tajccHOya'ESihfrnDaomOya'rsm;
rjyKvkyfa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfolwdkYuvnf; tajccHOya'ESihfqefYusifaom tqkH;
tjzwfrsm; rjyKvkyfMua&; jzpfonf/ ]]zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;rI}}
(Supremacy of Constitution) [laom Oya'rloabmw&m;ukdvnf;
vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufapjcif;jzpfonf/
ygarmu© u,f(vf)pif\ oD0&Dt& u,f(vf)pifw&m;½kH;ykHpH (The Kels-
enian Court model)jzifh wnfaxmifaom tajccHOya'qkdif&m ]]oD;oefYw&m;½kH;}}onf tajccHOya'udk teuft"dyÜm,fudkzGifhqkdykdifcGifhtmPmtyfESif;
jcif;cH&vsuf w&m;pD&ifa&;pepftwGif;wGif tajccHOya'qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rI
rsm;(Constitutional disputes)ukd t"duwm0ef,lpdppfpD&ifqkH;jzwfonf/
xkdyHkpHudk 1920 jynfhESpf MopBwD;,m;]yxr}or®wEkdifiH zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'
(The First Republic of the Austrian Constitution, 1920)wGif pwif
jy|mef;toHk;jyKcJhonf/ ygarmu©u,f(vf)pifvnf; MopBwD;,m;0efBuD;csKyf
(Chancellor, Karl Renner)\ wm0efay;tyfcsuft& 1930 jynfhESpftxd
xkdtajccHOya'qkdif&mw&m;½Hk;wGif wm0efxrf;cJhonf/ xkdrSaemufü *smreD?
tDwvD? pydef? ay:wl*DEkdifiHrsm;ESihf Oa&mytv,fykdif;EdkifiHrsm;vnf;
u,f(vf)pif w&m;½Hk;yHkpHESihf tajccHOya'qkdif&mw&m;½Hk;pepfudk usihfoHk;azmf
aqmifcJhMuonf/
1990-1993 ckESpfrsm;...vGefavaomf...
(u) ta&SUOa&my qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHrsm;tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif;-
(c ) ,cif]],l*dkpvm;AD;,m; qkd&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkor®wEkdifiH}}
onf 1990 jynfhESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif NydKuGJí ay:aygufvmonfh
'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHopfrsm;jzpfaom '' Bosnia and Harzegovina;
Croatia; Macedonia; Montenegro; Serbia; Slovenia"
EdkifiHajcmufEkdifiHonfvnf;aumif;-
(* ) ,cif ]]qdkAD,ufqkd&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkor®wEkdifiHrsm;}} (USSR)
onf NydKuGJí 1991 ckESpfwGif 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHopfrsm;tjzpf
wnfaxmifcJhaom 15 EkdifiHteuf '' Turkmenistan'' EdkifiHrS
ty ''Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belaru; Estonia; Georgia;
Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Lavia; Lithuania; Moldova;
Russia; Tajikistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan" EdkifiH 14 EkdifiH
onfvnf;aumif;-
(C) 1993 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwGif ,cif ]]csufudkpvkdAufuD;,m; qkd&S,fvpfor®wEkdifiH}} udk ]]csufor®wEkdifiH}} ESihf
]]pvdkAufuD;,m;or®wEkdifiH}}[lí ydkif;jcm;wnfaxmifcJhonfh
'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHopfESpfckonfvnf;aumif;-
(i ) ta&SUawmiftm&S 10 EkdifiHrS ]]xdkif;? uarÇm'D;,m;? tif'dkeD;
&Sm;ESihf jrefrm}}EkdifiHwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? ,cktcg ta&SU
tv,fykdif;a'oEkdifiHrsm;ESihf tm&S? tmz&du? vufwif
tar&duEkdifiHrsm;tygt0if(t*Fvdyf? tar&duefOya'pepf
usihfoHk;aomEdkifiHrsm;' Common Law Countries'ryg? qkd&S,f
vpfpepfusifhoHk;aom EkdifiHrsm;ryg) ,aeY rsufarSmufurÇm\
EkdifiHaygif; 70 ausmfonf rdrdwkdYrJqE´ay;í twnfjyKxm;
aom]]EkdifiHESihf jynfolYoabmwlcsKyfqdkxm;onfh pmcsKyfBuD;}}
jzpfaom]]EkdifiHzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'}}udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf
Ekdifa&;ESihf tmrcHEkdifa&;wkdYtwGufvnf;aumif;? tajccHOya'
t&zGJUpnf;onfh tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;uvnf; tajccH
Oya'ESifhtnD vkyfudkifaqmif&GufMua&;twGuf u,f(vf)pif
w&m;½Hk;yHkpHukdtajccHí zHGUNzdK;vmaom acwfopfOa&my tajccH
Oya'qkdif&m w&m;pD&ifa&;yHkpH (modern European model
of Constitutional review)udk rdrdwdkY EkdifiH\orkdif;ay;vkdtyfcsuf
ESihftnD ]]tajccHOya'qkdif&mw&m;½Hk;? cHk½Hk;? aumifpDrsm;
(Constitutional Court/ Tribunal/Council)}} zGJUpnf;wnf
axmif taumiftxnfazmfvsuf&SdMuaMumif; avhvm&&Sday
onf/ /
tajccHOya'ESifh zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m w&m;½kH;? ckH½kH;rsm;ygarmu© a'gufwmwifatmifat;
pmtkyfpifu@ 9-4-2012
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10-4 (07).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1
10-4-2012pmrsufESm 8
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10-4 (11).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1
10-4-2012
tdkifwDenf;ynmokw á tmumausmf - pkpnf;onf ¶
pmrsufESm 15
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10-4 (15).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1
pmrsufESm 20 10-4-2012
aejynfawmf {NyD 9
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jynfaxmifpktxufvTwfawmftrwf Mr. James Henry Webb
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10-4 (20).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1