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Mughal Empire
1526-1707Section 3
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Babur “The Tiger” (1483-1530)• Who: Babur• What: Founder of the
Mughal Empire • India
• Why:• Built up army & took over
Delhi (1526)– First Gunpowder Empire
• Expanded empire• Laid foundations for great
Mughal Empire
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HIS SON WASN’T GREAT.. SO HIS GRANDSON TOOK OVER…
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Akbar “The Great” (1556-1605)• Why: • Developed bureaucracy
– Mansab, Mansabars (like regions & governors)• Improved taxes
– Land tax– Jizya – levied non-muslim taxes
• Religious Tolerance:• Hindu-Islam relations• Law codes
– Hindus stayed under their law-Dharmashastra – Muslims – Shari’a Law, Akbar – Court of last resort
• “Divine Faith” (his own religion)
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• “Divine Faith”– All the world’s religions
wrapped up into one– Mainly based on Islam– Stressed loyalty to Emperor– Monotheistic– Also had parts of: Jainism,
Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism
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The Last Three Emperors
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1. Jahangir
• Akbar’s son• His wife was pretty much in charge..• Her dismissal of one of his sons led the son to
become Sikh = religious tension…
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“Sikhs” (NC)• Who: religious group the Mughals were against• What: Non-violent religious group that blended
beliefs from Buddhism, Hinduism, & Sufism (Islamic Mysticism)
• Where: India• When: 1600s• Why:
– A Leader is a Guru- Sikhs are their disciples– They formed as a non-violent group that was a blend of
religions which the Islamic Mughals didn’t like = tension!
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2. Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
• Why:• Military wars of
conquest– Expanded empire once
again– Put the empire back
together• Moved capital to Delhi• Est. Amazing
monuments... Such as…
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Taj Mahal
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Where Shah Jahan lived
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More on the “Why” to Shah Jahan..
• The monuments took $$$ to make• = people paid more taxes• = people • = famine & suffering!
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3. Aurangzeb (1658-1707)• Who: Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan’s 3rd son & successor• What: Mughal leader that imprisoned his father, killed his
brothers & took over; Master at military strategy & aggressive empire builder
• Why:• Wars of conquest
– Empire expanded to greatest limits– too great = too $$$– Last great conqueror of Mughal history
• Oppressive on Hindus– more strict– Replaced Hindu temples– Taxes on Hindus– They had to obey Islamic law
• System started falling apart– Individual states rebelled
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THE COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE 3:
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The Dynastic State
• All Military creations• Rulers felt: land is their personal possessions• Emperors command the armies• Dismiss who they want at will• Grant land • Religion, ancestors- justify rules
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Dynastic Changes
• Compete for succession• Mughals and Safavids kill• Ottomans isolate men in palaces
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Economics
• Use crops from the Americas– Maize, potatoes
• Convinced tobacco is good for medicinal purposes
• Coffee houses develop– Moral decline
• Sultan outlaws them– Doesn’t work
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Trade
• All had been centers of trade• Ottomans trade esp. w. France and GB• Safavid center= Isfahan• Mughals= traded w. all major Europeans
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Population
• India- New crops and growing agricultural economy causes population to grow
• Ottoman Empire– Population skyrockets bc of expanding boundaries– Declines after 1700 bc of loss of territory
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What about the Religious Minorities?
• People did not HAVE to convert to Islam• Paid tax (jizya)
– Akbar abolishes this– Auranhzeb reinstates it
• Protected people– Dhimmi
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THE END…• Ottomans: Lost territories slowly first in
Egypt then Europeans and Russia got into it ends officially after WWI
• Safavids: Afghans block Isfahan Cannibalism Abdication Execution
• Mughals: Post-Aurangzeb= Rebellions– Invasions British rule