-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
1/12
THE
NUMISMATIC
CHRONICLE
AND
JOURNAL
OF THE
ROYAL
NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY
Edited
by
JOHN
WALKER
M.A.
.LITT.
.B.A.
.S.A.
Keeper
f
CoinsBritish
useum
E.
S. G.
ROBINSON
C.B.E. .A.
.LÍTT.
.B.A.
.S.A.
and
C. H. V. SUTHERLAND
M.A. .LITT.
.S.A.
Keeper
f
Coins
Ashmolean
useum
SEVENTH
SERIES
Volume
PRICEFOURPOUNDS
LONDON
THE
ROYAL
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
1961
This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Thu, 28 May 2015 17:10:32 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
2/12
©
The
Royal
Numismatic
ociety
961
PRINTED
NGREAT
RITAIN
N
962
AT
HE
NIVERSITY
RESS
XFORD
BY
VIVIAN
IDLER
PRINTER
O
HE
NIVERSITY
This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Thu, 28 May 2015 17:10:32 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
3/12
'MULES' IN
THE
CAROLINGI AN
SERIES
Known mules
n
Carolingian
ssues are
very
ew,
nd,
as errors f
mintage,
hey
are
poorly
represented
n
scholarly
writing
nd
in
public
and
private
ollections.
Yet,
in
a series
where
questions
of
attribution
re
largely
till
unresolved,
hese
pieces
are of
great
m-
portance;
presenting
wo
contemporary
bverses
or
two contem-
porary
everses,
hey
re evidence
hat
t
one time nd at one
place
certain iverse ypes orone sideof the oin wereknown nd struck.
I intend o consider
hese
pieces
more
fully
n
a later
essay,
but,
n
the
hope
thata list
of
mules
presently
nown
may
ead to the
dis-
covery
f still
more,
propose
n this
note to
describe
he ones
now
on
record
nd
briefly
o indicate
heirhistorical
ignificance.
The
mules
now known
re
listedbelow:
I.
TwoObverses
1.
+HLVDOVICVSHP
circumscriptional.
ross.
Rev
+
H
LOT
ARJ
WI
P
circumscriptional.
ross.
Denarius.
ran-
çois LeBlanc,Traité istoriquees monnaiese FranceParis, 690),
106,
no. 1.
One
may
lso mention
everal
orgeries
f
related
ypes:
(a)
+LVDOVVICVS*
IMP*
circumscriptional.
emple.
Rev
+
HLOTHARJVSM
circumscriptional.
ross
with ne dot
in eachcorner.
opper
denarius.
10
gr.
CNI
v 15.
(b)
+
HLVODOVVICVSIMP
circumscriptional.
ross.
Rev. H
LOTH ARI
VSI
MP
circumscriptional.
ross. ecker or-
gery.
.
F.
Hill,
Becker he
Counterfeiter,
i
(London,
925),
3,
no.
309,
l.
xvi.
This
piece
ccurs
n theNelson
ollection,
ow he
property
f
the
Liverpool
City
Museums
Inventory
umber
53.114.1857),nd is probably hatreferredo byA. Soetbeer,
'Beiträge
urGeschichte
es
Geld-
und Münzwesens
n
Deutsch-
land:
II,'
Forschungen
ur
deutschen
eschichte
vi
1866),
6.
2.
+LOTHARJVSR.EXIMPE
ircumscriptional.
ross.
+GRATI
AD-IRwEX
ircumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
enarius.
E.
Gariel,
es
Monnaies
oyales
e
France
ous
a
deuxième
ace ii
(Strassburg,
883), l.
ix,
. Cf.
M.
Prou,
es
Monnaies
arolingiennes
(Paris,
896),
ix.
3.
+LVDOVICVHM
circumscriptional.
ross.
+GRATIAD-RE circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
enarius.
Glizy
ind
deposited
.
880)
Gariel
,
106; i,
pl.
xxxvii, .
B
9944
Q
This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Thu, 28 May 2015 17:10:13 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
4/12
226 K. F. MORRISON
4.
+CAROVSVED
circumscriptional.
ross.
+
ORATI
AD-RE
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
bolus.
Moulin-Gargot
ind
deposited
.
880-f).
F.
Roger,
Mémoires e la
Société
es
Antiquaires
uCentre
Bourges),
xix
1905),
1-93,
o. 18.
5.
+CAROVSVER
circumscriptional.
ross.
+
ORATI AD-R
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
enarius.
Prou 1082
Gariel
i,
pl.
xli,
37,
this
iece).
6. (a) +CAROLVSRER circumscriptional.ross.
+
ORATI
AD- REX
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
Denarius. rou
1078.
(b)
+CARLVSRER
circumscriptional.
ross.
+ORATIAD-R
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
bolus.
Marsům
ind
deposited
.
880).
P. C.
J.
A.
Boeles,
Les Trouvailles
de monnaies
arolingiennes
ans
les
Bays-Bas',
Jaarboek oor
Munt-
n
Penningkunde
ii
(1915),
6.
Koninklijk enningkabinet
(The
Hague)
nv.
17650,
-50
gr.
7.
+CAROLVSRER
circumscriptional.
ross.
+CRATI AD-IPI circumscriptional.arolus
monogram.
enarius.
Prou
1079.
8.
(a)
+CAROLVSDJ.P.
circumscriptional.
ross.
+C
RATI
AD-
R.
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
Denarius. rou
1081.
{tí)
+
O
ARO
VSRE
R
circumscriptional.
ross.
+CRATIAD-ER
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
Denarius. ariel
i,
pl. xli,
36. Prou
1080.
9. +CAROLV3RE circumscriptional.ross.
+
ORATI
AD-
RX
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
bolus.
Prou
1083.
10.
+CARLVSREXFR
circumscriptional.
ross.
+CRATI AD-IREX
ircumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
enarius.
LeBlanc,
39.
11.
+CARLVSREXFR
circumscriptional.
ross with
ne
dot
in
each
corner.
CAROLVSREXFR
ircumscriptional.
emple
with
hree
riangularly
arrangedotsbeneath.Wagenborgeninddeposited. 860).Boeles,88.
Koninklijk
enningkabinet
The
Hague)
nv.
17657,
-95
r.
frag-
ment).
This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Thu, 28 May 2015 17:10:13 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
5/12
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
6/12
228 K. F. MORRISON
6.
CONSTANTI AC
V
circumscriptional.
rosswith ne dot n
each
corner.
X
PISTI
AN
ARE
CIO
circumscriptional.
emple.
Denarius,
road
flan. uerdale
ind
deposited
.
903).
Unpublished.
ritish
useum.
7.
+BITVRICESCIVIT
circumscriptional.
ross.
+BITVRICESCIVITA
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
Denarius. uerdale
ind.
ritish
useum.
rou749.
8.
+BITVRIGESCIVIT
circumscriptional.ross.
+BITVRJ
GESCI
VIT
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
Denarius.Gannat
ind
deposited
. 880
).
Gariel
i,
pl.
xxii,
5.
9.
+BITVRICESCIVITA
circumscriptional.
ross.
+BITVRICESCIVITA
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
Denarius.
Gariel
i,
pl. xxii,
6.
10. +METVLLO
circumscriptional.
ross.
META/LLVM
in two
ines.
Denarius.
eBlanc,
88,
no.
7.
Cf.
A.
Richard,
Les
mines
d'argent
t
l'atelier
monétaire
e
Melle,'
RN
1893,
19.
11.
+
P
CT
A
V
C
IV
circumscriptional.
ross.
+METXVLLO
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
enarius.
Bonnevaux ind
deposited
.
880),
hree
xamples.
ariel
,
125.
12.
+CLAROMIIATX
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
+D IVI
O
NC ASTRO
circumscriptional.
ross.
Denarius.
ourgneuf
find
deposited
70-80).
.
Pinette,
Le
Trésor
e
Bourgneuf,'
ulletin
num.
rang,
(1897),
no.
45.
Prou,
xxi.
13. +1 .
.
.
KAMERACVSC
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
+SCIGAVGERICIMON circumscriptional.ross.Denarius.Le-
Blanc,
129.
14.
+CAINONICASTRO
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
+TVRON ESC
VITAS
circumscriptional.
ross.
Denarii.
vreux
I
find
deposited
20-50),
4
examples.
ariel
,
128
f.
15.
+
.
. .
ADTPE+CIOA
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
+...NO...CODEONITII
circumscriptional.
ross
with
dot
in
each
corner.
enarius.
Gariel
i,
pl.
1,
7
Cabinet
e
France).
rou
97
(the
ame
piece?).
16. +INVICODEONANT (retrograde) ircumscriptional.arolus
monogram.
INVICODEONAN
circumscriptional.
ross.
Obolus.
Gariel
i,
pl. 1,
28.
This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Thu, 28 May 2015 17:10:13 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
7/12
'MULES' IN THE CAROLIN GIAN SERIES 229
17.
+NOVIRIO-M
circumscriptional.
arolus
monogram.
+BRVCVI/IOVTI
circumscriptional.
ross.
Denarius. Gariel
ii,
pl.
xxvii,
6.
Prou949.1
Of the
pieces
under
the first
eading,
hose which
combine
the
names
of two rulers
nos.
1,
2,
3)
are
certainly
he most
nteresting.
Unfortunately,
ne
cannot
deduce
the
places
where
hey
may
have
been
minted
hrough
nalogous
types
on
normal
pieces.
The
types
of no. 1 are
common, specially
n the series
whichbears
the
words
'Christiana
Religio'
on the
reverse
nstead
of a
city
name.
Further,
the Lothaire'
type
f
no.
2,
otherwise
nknown,
s
paralleled
nly
y
the
nscription
OTARIVSRE+AGVSTVI/I
on a
unique
Christiana
Religio'
denarius
n the
Muizon-les-Maines
ind,2
nd
the
Gratia
Dei Rex'
type
s
known
for
mostmint
ities
f the
middle
nd
later
ninth
entury.
his ast
difficulty
s also valid
for
no.
3,
whose
Louis'
style,
ike
thatof
Lothaire',
s
otherwise nknown.
Although
oet-
beer
was
nclined o
accept
variant
f
no.
1
possibly
forgery)
s a
joint
ssue
acknowledging
he
laim of
Lothaire
to
equality
nomis-
mate'withhisfather,3nemust lso accept hepossibilityhat twas
struck
under Lothaire
and his
son,
Louis
II,
who
was
crowned
Emperor
n
850,
five
years
before
Lothaire's
death.
The
other
wo
pieces
can
be
more
accurately
ttributed:
o.
2 can
only
represent
Lothaire
and Charles
the
Bald,
and
no.
3,
because
of
the
find-
context,
ouis
the tammerer
nd
Charles
he
Bald.
Two
explanations
1
Although
he
ollowing
ieces
ppear
o
beof
Carolingian
abric,
exclude
hem
from
he
ist fmules
boveince
heir
ypes
re ot
losely
nalogous
ith
ypes
n
he
normal
arolingian
eries
1.
+TRJECASICIVI
ircumscriptional.
ross.
+ RHEM SCIVITA O circumscriptional.arolusmonogram.indof
S.
Paolo uorieMura
confessional
ffering
eposited
n heleventhentury?).
RN,
1846,
23.
Gariel
,
154
.,
i,
pl.
i,
66.
2.
+
RO
TOM
CI VI
TAS
circumscriptional.
arolus
onogram.
+SA-TEAV&OEI/II
circumscriptional.
ross.
rou
94.
3. +
ROT O
M
C
IV
T
AS
circumscriptional.
arolus
onogram.
+SATEAVTOEI/II
circumscriptional.
ross.
rou
95.
Types
arallel
o those
f no.
1
appear
n a mid-twelfth
entury
ind
f
Troyes
(+MELPISCIVITAO/+TRECASICIVI),
and am
nclined
o
consider
he
piece
n
uestion
n leventh-
r
welfth-century
triking.
ee
Ann.
e
a Soc.
ranç.
e
num.
tďarch.
i
1887),
6, 0,
2f.
nscriptions
imilaro
he
ouen
ype
f
nos.
and
appear
n oins f
Louis
V
Prou
93),
ut nnoother.
onsequently,
hese
pieces erelmostertainlytruckn hemid-tenthenturyr ater.2H.RoosensnRBNxxxvi1950),03-8.
3
See
my
rticle,
TheGold
Medallions
fLouis he
ious
nd othaire
and he
Synod
f
Paris
825)',
peculum
October
961.
This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Thu, 28 May 2015 17:10:13 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
8/12
230 K. F. MORRISON
have been advancedwith
egard
o no.
2,
which
may
be extended o
nos. 1 and
3
Engel
nd
Serrure
roposed1
hat
t
ndicated n alliance
between
he
two
rulers,
nd
Prou,
rejecting
hat
proposal,
was in-
clined
o
believe
hat
n
old die of
Lothairewas
mistakenly
sed with
a die
of
Charles fter
harles
had assumed
government
ver
part
of
Lotharingia.
rou's
explanation
s
clearly pt
for
no.
3,
where die
of the son and
successor s combinedwith ne of his
father, nd,
to
be
sure,
t
may
apply
to
nos.
1 and 2 as
well.
But for
these
atter
pieces,one mustacknowledge till furtherossibilities.t is clear
that
Lothaire I
and his father
did,
as Soetbeer
proposed, enjoy
equality
n
the
right
f
coinage,
nd,
as there
was
no territorialivi-
sion
between
hem,
heymay
well have
used
the same
mints.The
mule could
have
been
struck, herefore,
hen
the
dies for the two
emperors
ere
mistakenly
ombined
y moneyer
mployed
y
them
both.
Presumably,
similar
tateof affairs xisted nderLothaire
and Louis
II. The
same
explanation
ould
hold
forno.
2,
for n
some
cities the
sons
of
Louis the
Pious shared
proprietory ights.
or
example,
Charlesthe
Bald ceded
the
city
of
Arras,
which
ay
in his
territory,o Lothaire ,2and laterLothaire ededthemonasteryf
St.
Vaast
in
Arras to
Charles.3
f,
indeed,
special
coin had
been
designed
o
celebrate
n
alliance uch s
Engel
and
Serrure
uggested,
it
would
probably
have
been
an
issue
patterned
n
those oins n the
Papal/Imperial
eries
whichbear a
chiasmus
f
monograms
nd cir-
cumscriptions
elating
ne
side of
the coin to the
other,
ather han
the
crude
stamping
f two
standard
obverses
ogether.
he
actual
origins
f
these
hree
ieces
will
perhaps
never
be
known,
but
they
surely
ay
in
technical
rror ather
han
n
design.
The
next
nine
mules re to
be
ascribed
o
the
ater
years
f
Charles
the
Bald,
as
they
llustrate
he
confusion
ollowing
pon
his effortn
864
to
establish
ne
uniform
ype
or
ll his
coinage:
Ut
in
denariis
novae
nostrae
monetae ex
una
parte
nomen nostrum
habeatur
n
gyro
t
in
medio
nostri
nominis
monogramma,
x
alteravero
parte
nomen
civitatis t in
medio
crux
habeatur.'4
They
are
especially
important
n
that
they
upport
one
interpretation
f the
Edict
of
Pitres:
namely,
ecause of the
combination
f
monogram
nd the
words
Gratia Dei
Rex',
they dentify
he
Gratia Dei Rex'
type,
ot
the
Carolus
Rex
(Fr)'
type,
s the
norm
prescribed
n
the Edict.
1
Traitéenumismatiqueumoyen-âgeParis, 891),,257.Annalesertiniania. 843),MGH nusumchol..30.
Annales
ertiniani
a. 866),
MGH n
usumchol.
.
82.
Edictum
istense,
GH
Cap.Reg.
r.
i,
p.
315.
This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Thu, 28 May 2015 17:10:13 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
9/12
'MULES' IN THE CAROLINGI AN SERIES 231
Gariel
accepted
he Gratia Dei
Rex'
pieces
as those
conforming
o
the
Edict,
but
Prou
rejected
hem as
such.1 shall
return o
this
problem
n a
more
extensive
ssay,
but t
may
be
remarked
hat
he
apparent
ambiguity
etween
the
'nomen' of the
Edict
and
the
'nomen' ofthe
Edict
type
s to be
explained
n
terms
f
ninth-century
political
hought.
or
ninth-century
uthors,
he
king
ad two
nomina
his
own
e.g. Carolus')
and the
nomen
regis',
he
royal
itle,
which
he shared
with
Christ.2t was
this
ombination
f nomina
which,
we
maybelieve,wasprescribedytheEdictofPitres ndexecuted nthe
"GratiaDei Rex'
type.
The
next hree
ieces
n
thefirst
roup
neednot
detain
us. The
first
is
certainly
arlier han
heother
wo,
nd
may
n
fact
be
dated
to the
period
before
he
monetary
eform f 864. The
inscription
ARLV-
SREXF s
common,
ut
t
s not
known
n
combination ith
temple
as one
type,
lthough
CARLVSREXFRANCO
does so
occur
on a
denarius of
Melle
(Gariel
ii,
pl.
xxi,
8),
as
do KARLVSGRATI-
AD
REX
on
a
denarius f Laon
(Gariel
ii,
pl.
1,
33),
and
CARLVS-
REX
on
an
issue
of
St. Martin f
Tours
Prou
441,
&c.).
These atter
piecesare also to be ascribed o thereign fCharles he Bald prior
to
864;
nos.
12
and 13
belong
o the
period
fter
75,
when
Charles
the
Bald
assumed he
mperial
itle,
nd
may
belong
ither
o
himor
to
his
successor,
harles
he
Fat. The
inscription
ARLVSIMPAVG
(no. 12)
s known
nly
forNevers
Prou
596,
&c.)
and
Bourges Prou
743,
&c.)
and as the
type
withwhich
t s
coupled
s known
nly
for
Lyon
Prou
633;
Gariel
i,
pl.
xxx,
134)
the
piece
was
certainly
truck
in th
Centre.
he
nscription RLV?INPERATOR(no.
13)
s
unique,
but it is
analagous
with
a denarius of Pavia with
the
inscription
KĀRLNSIMPATOR (Gariel ii,pl. xlii,22). The 'Gratia Dei Rex'
inscription
oes not
allow
of
any
more exact
dentification.f
the
last
piece
no. 14)
it
can
only
be said that he
present
uthor
hares
Mme de
Man's
perplexity.
The
first
ix
pieces
under he econd
heading
re themost
mportant
of their
group.
A
peculiarity
f the
Carolingian
eries s that
ts
largest
ingle
ssue
the
Christiana
Religio'
series cannotbe
attri-
buted as
to
place
of
mintage.
n a
stimulating
ssay
Völkers
has
recently
rawn
ttention
o this
problem,
ut
its final olution till
1
p.
xii
.
2
e.g. ynodfAachenii 861),Mansi v, 11 . . non ine raviemituostroChristianissimorincipid memoriameduximus,tnonmmemorocationisuae,
quod
omine
ensetur
pereompleat,
trex
egum
hristus,
ui
uinominis
icem
illi
ontulit
n
erris.
. .'
This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Thu, 28 May 2015 17:10:13 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
10/12
232 K. F. MORRISON
seems
emote.1
hese
pieces
re of
great
worth
n
the bsence
of
more
subtle nd
comprehensiveroofs,
or
they
learly
how
the
pairing
of
Christiana
Religio'
dies withdies of mint ities nd
lead to the
conclusion hat at
least
part
of the
Christiana
Religio'
serieswas
struck n
those ame cities.
The first
wo,
trikings
f thePalace and
of
Laon,
are
virtually
ontemporaneous
n theevidence f thefinds
in
which
hey
ccur,
nd
both
re
dentifiables
types
f
Charles
he
Bald
(cf.
Gariel
i,
pl.
xxxi,
168,
pl.
1,
33).
The
presence
f normal
'ChristianaReligio' denariiofCharles both n Pilligerhecknd in
Zelzate
endsfurther
upport
o
the
proposal
that
hesemules
came
from
is
ateliers. hat
s
especially
rue n thecase of
Zelzate,
where
another
nusual
piece
bears the
Laon
reverse nd the
obverse
ype
of
KAKOLVSCRATIADIREX
circumscriptional
bout
a
temple
(Gariel
i,
pl.
1,
33,
see
above).
The
type
f
Béziers
no. 3)
is
otherwise
unknown,
nd
issues of
that
ity
re so
excessively
are
that
further
identifications
impossible
Gariel
i,
pl.
xxii,36;
Engel
and
Serrure
i,
206).
Likewise the
mint
known
only
as
'Raucio
Palatio'
defies
more
exact
attribution
cf.
Prou
958,
959)
beyond
he
general
erm
'palatine'. The last ofthis lass (no. 7) is particularlynteresting:t
establishes
onstance
s a
mint
before
03,
and
at the
same
time t
suggests
hat
ity
s the
ourceof
some of
the
broad-flan
Christiana
Religio'
denarii
f
Berengar
nd
Lambertwhich
ccur
with
t
n
the
Cuerdale
find.
The
other
pieces
in
the
second
group
require
only
dating
with
referenceo
analogous
types
nd,
where
ossible,
o
find
ata.
This
follows n
summary
orm.
No.
7. The
BITVRJCESCIVIT-cross
ype,
which
onforms o
the
specifications
f the
Edict ofPitres,s otherwisenknown,lthoughthat
ircumscription
bout a Karolus
monogram
s
a
familiar
everse
of
the
Carolus
Imp
Aug'
coins
already
mentioned
nd
also
occurs
on
'Carolus Rex'
pieces
in
the
Bourgneuf
ind.2
Likewise,
the
BITVRJCESCIVITA-Karolus
monogramtype
does not
occur
in
the
regular
ssues,
although
t is
analogous
with
the
BITVRJCES-
CIVIT-Karolus
monogram
ype ust
mentioned. ts
analogy
with
this
ype
nd
its
presence
n
the
Cuerdalefind
ate
this
piece
between
875 and
903.
No.
8. The
analogies
for
no.
7
are valid
for
this
piece
as
well.
ts
presencen theGannatfind ates t880+ .
1
H.
H.
Völkers,
Die
Christiana-Religio
epräge',
BN i
1952/4),
-54.
Bulletin
um.franç.
(1897),
6.
This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Thu, 28 May 2015 17:10:13 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
11/12
'MULES' IN THE CAROLINGI AN SERIES 233
No.
9. See the remarks n no. 7.
A
similar
ate
is
indicated.
No. 10. The METVILLO-cross
type
ppears
on coins
of
Pippin
or I of
Aquitaine
Prou
691,
obolus)
and Charles
heBald
Prou
692,
&c.),
but s the
two-line
M
ET
A/LLVM type
s
known
nly
for
Louis
the
Pious
(Prou
715,
&c.)
and Charles
he
Bald
(Prou
726,
727)
this
mule
should
probably
e
ascribed
o the
earlyyears
of Charles
the
Bald.
No. 11.The Poitiers ypesotherwisenknowncf.Prou677),but
as
great
numbers
f the Melle
type Prou
699,
&c.)
occur
in the
Cuerdale
find ne
may
attribute
hese
pieces
to the first
art
of
the
reign
of
Charles the
Simple.
Their
position
n the Bonnevaux
find
limits hem o
the
ast
two decades of
the
ninth
entury.
No.
12.
Neither
he Clermont
nor
the
Dijon
type
s
otherwise
known,
ut both are
analogous
with
ypes
f
Charles
the
Bald
(cf.
Prou 614
and
766).
Its
position
n the
Bourgneuf
ind
ates
this
piece
somewhat
efore 80.
No. 13. The Cambrai
type
s
analogous
witha known
type
of
Charles heBald
(Prou
121),
nd the
nscription
SCIGAVGERICI-
M O N
occurs
n
a
piece
ofan
Emperor
harles
nearthed
n the
hird
find f
Courbanton
deposited
.
890;
Gariel
,
93,
Prou
125).
The
find-context
tronglyuggests
hat his
mule,
ike
Prou
125,
belongs
to the time
of
Charles
he Bald.
No. 14.
The
inscription
AI
NO
NI
CASTRO
appears
for he first
time
n the
early
enth
entury.
he
coupling
f
that
nscription
ith
the
monogram,
owever,
s unknown
n other
ontexts,
nd
suggests
that his
ype
was struck nderCharles heSimple cf.Prou470).The
Tours
inscription
s
known for Charles
the Bald
and Charles
the
Simple
Prou
450,
452),
and
the
find-context
ogether
ith
he
deposi-
tion
of
Charles
923)
dates these
pieces
about
920.
Nos.
15-17.
No
identification
n these
pieces
s
possible
beyond
the observation
hat
hey
re
of ate
ninth-century
abric.
The dies
represented
y
nos.
7,
8, 9,
10,
15,
and
16
clearly elong
to
contemporaneous
r
nearly
ontemporaneous
ints
and,
while
t
is useful o learn hat hese ypeswere n usesimultaneously,t s not
at
all
surprising.
os.
11,
12, 13,
nd
14,
however,
ith
heir
airing
of dies
from
oitiers
nd
Melle,
Claremont
nd
Dijon,
Chinon
and
This content downloaded from 83.85.134.3 on Thu, 28 May 2015 17:10:13 UTCAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
-
8/9/2019 'Mules' in the Carolingian series / K.F. Morrison
12/12
234 K. F. MORRISON
Tours,
and
Cambrai
and
St.
Géry
Cambrai) especially
he occur-
rence f
Poitier/Melle
nd
Chinon/Tours
n
multiple
umbers raise
the
nterestingoint
already suggested
y
the
Christiana
Religio'
mules,
namely,
hat wo
discrete ssues
may
have been struck
imul-
taneously
t
the
same
mint.
The
possibility
hat wo or
more cities
in
a
given
district
may
have
received heir
oinage
from common
mint
must receive
onfirmationr
rejection,
owever,
rom n
epi-
graphical
tudy
f the
totalnumismatic
emains.
Carolingian umismatics aybe,as somehaveunkindlyuggested,
a
pons
asinorum.
n
any
event,
he
mules
n
that
eries
uggest
lear
solutions o
some of
the
more
perplexing
roblems
for
xample,
o
the
dentity
f some
citieswhere he
Christiana
Religio'
series
was
struck nd to the xact
ype rescribed
n the
rucial
Edictof
Pitres
and
they
may
ead
the
way
to
their inal
esolution.
K. F.
Morrison