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Multiphysics of Electrodynamic Loudspeakers
Alfred J. Svobodnik, Tommaso NizzoliKonzept-X GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
• CAE is essential part to realize simulation driven engineering
• Recently, a very strong trend to move CAE upfront in the development process– “Frontloaded virtual product development”– Leads to significant increase in engineering efficiency
• Application of advanced modeling strategies for realistic simulations of loudspeakers is presented– “Frontloaded virtual product development” for audio
engineering
Introduction
![Page 3: Multiphysics of Electrodynamic Loudspeakers · NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK • CAE is essential part to realize simulation](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042415/5f2f7b8005bdfa47f41bf7f9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Theory of Multiphysical Modeling of Loudspeakers• Since early 1970s multiphysical simulation of
loudspeakers published by the AES (Audio Engineering Society)
• 1D lumped parameter models– Highly useful, but limitations– Only pistonic motions covered– Applicable frequency
bandwidth limited due topartial vibrations at higherfrequencies
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Voice Coil Electromagnetics
• Loudspeaker is driven by a time-harmonic voltage, V = V0
(iωt), applied to the voice coil which is immersed in the magnetic circuit where the driving force fe is generated:
• Jφ is the current density in the coil wire and Br is the magnetic radial flux density
coil
Vr
e dVBJf )(
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Voice Coil Electromagnetics
• FEA mesh and Br
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Structural Dynamics
• Governing equation for the mechanical vibrations in the frequency domain
• Km ... stiffness matrixDm … damping matrixMm … mass matrix
• um … vector of displacementsfm … vector of mechanical forces
mmmmm fuMDiK )( 2
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Structural Dynamics
• Loudspeaker motion as a piston at low frequency (50 Hz, left), and “break-up” at 1.32 kHz
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
The Acoustical Domain
• Helmholtz equation discretized by means of finite elements describing the three-dimensional propagation of sound waves in the frequency domain:
• Ka, Ma and Da … acoustic stiffness, mass and damping matrix
• pa … vector of sound pressurefa … sound sources
aaaaa fpMDiK )( 2
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
The Acoustical Domain
• FEA mesh (left) and acoustic pressure front emission at 1.32 kHz (right)
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
The Coupled Multiphysical System• Governing equations of the coupled domains
(electrical, mechanical and acoustical domain):
• Cma and Cam are coupling matrices connecting the mechanical and acoustical domain
a
e
a
m
aaaam
mammm
ff
pu
MDiKCCMDiK
2
2
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
An Industrial Example for a Realistic Loudspeaker Simulation• Typical woofer loudspeaker for the
reproduction of low frequencies
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
An Industrial Example for a Realistic Loudspeaker Simulation• Comparison of simulation and measurement from 20 Hz up to 20 kHz
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Major Challenges in each Physical Domain• Electromagnetics
– Nonlinearities at large excursions (at nominal power)• A significant portion of the voice coil moves
out of the main flux field, and thus less mechanical force is being induced
• Additional nonlinearities from inductance– Dependent on excursion and current
• Leads to unwanted audible distortions• Requires nonlinear modeling
– See specific papers from the authors
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Major Challenges in each Physical Domain• Structural Dynamics
– Non-axisymmetric geometry or effects (e.g. rocking) require 3D models• Thin walled structures
– Shell finite elements
– Nonlinearities at largeexcursions (at nominalpower)• Nonlinear material behavior• Change in geometric stiffness (including instabilities)• Leads to unwanted audible distortions• Requires nonlinear modeling
– See specific papers from the authors
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NAFEMS EUROPEAN MULTIPHYSICS CONFERENCE, 15 – 16 NOVEMBER 2016, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
Major Challenges in each Physical Domain• Acoustical Domain
– Nonlinearities• For some applications, e.g. small transducers,
viscous effects of the air have to be accounted for– Sound energy is transformed to thermal energy
• Significant impact on vibrations and sound radiation
• Requires nonlinear modeling– See specific papers from the authors