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Muscle Tissue &
OrganizationSports Medicine
Unit 3
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscle Functions
Body Movement
Maintenance of Posture
Temperature Regulation – muscle contraction generates 85% of the body’s heat
Storage and Movement of Materials
Support
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Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Excitability- receive and respond to stimuli
Contractility- ability to shorten and thicken
Extensibility- ability to stretch
Elasticity- ability to return to its original shape after contraction or extension
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Types of Muscle
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Types of Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Location Attached to bone
On hollow organs, glands and blood vessels
Heart
Function Move the whole body
Compression of tubes & ducts
Heart contraction to propel blood
Nucleus Multiple, peripheral
Single, central Central & single
Control voluntary involuntary involuntary
Striations yes no yes
Cell Shape Cylindrical Spindle-shaped Branched
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Microscopic Anatomy of
Skeletal Muscle
Each muscle- has thousands of muscle fibers in a bundle running from origin to insertion bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves.
Each muscle fiber - contains many nuclei, an extensive endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum, many thick and thin myofibrils running lengthwise the entire length of the fiber, and many mitochondria for energy
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Sacromere
Sacromere -The basic functional unit of the muscle fiber consists of the array of thick and thin filaments between two Z disks. Thick filaments - with myosin (protein) molecules Thin filaments - with actin (protein) molecules plus smaller amounts of troponin and tropomysin (also proteins). Striations -of dark A bands and light I bands. A bands- are bisected by the H zone with the M line or band running through the center of this H zone. I bands- are bisected by the Z disk or line.
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Muscle ContractionAs the muscle contracts -
the width of the I bands and H zones decrease causing the Z disks to come closer together, but there is no change in the width of the A band because the thick filaments do not move.
As the muscle relaxes or stretches - the width of the I bands separate as the thin filaments move apart but the thick filaments still do not move.
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Skeletal Fiber OrganizationCircular Muscles
Convergent Muscles
Parallel Muscles
Pennate Muscles
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Circular MusclesFibers arranged concentrically around an
opening
Functions as a sphincter to close a passageway or opening
Example: Orbicularis oris (around mouth)
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Convergent MusclesTriangular muscle with common attachment site
Direction of pull of muscle can be changed
Does not pull as hard as equal-sized parallel muscle
Example: pectoralis major
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Parallel MusclesFascicles are parallel to the long axis of the
muscle
Body of muscle increases in diameter with contraction
High endurance, but not very strong
Example: rectus abdominis or sartorius
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Pennate MusclesMuscle body has one or more tendons
Fascicles at oblique angle to tendon
Pulls harder than a parallel muscle of equal sizeUnipennate: all muscle fibers on the same side of
the tendon (example: extensor digitorum)Bipennate: muscle fibers on both sides of the
tendon (example: Interosseous)Multipennate: tendon branches within the muscle
(example: deltoid)
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Skeletal Muscles
Origin - Attachment to the more stationary bone by tendon closest to the body or muscle head or proximal (head)
Insertion - attachment to the more moveable bone by tendon at the distal end
During movement, the origin remains stationary and the insertion moves.
The force producing the bending is always a pull of contraction. Reversing the direction is produced by the contraction of a different set of muscles.
As one group of muscles contracts, the other group stretches and then they reverse actions.
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Muscles are named according to a variety of features:Muscle actionSpecific body regionMuscle attachmentsOrientation of muscle fibersMuscle shape and sizeMuscle heads/tendons of origin
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Muscle Action:AdductorAbductorFlexorExtensor
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Specific Body Regions:Oris (mouth)Cervicis (neck)Brachial (arm)Carpi (wrist)Pollicis (thumb)Gluteal (buttocks)Femoris (thigh)Hallus (great toe)
Anterior (toward front)Posterior (toward back)
Superior InferiorSuperficialis (superficial)Profundus (deep)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Muscle AttachmentsSternum and clavical (cleido)Between the ribs (intercostal)Subscapular fossa (Subscapularis)Fibula (fibularis longus)Zygomatic bone (zygomaticus major)
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Naming of Skeletal MuscleOrientation of muscle fibers
Rectus (straight)Oblique (angled)Orbicularis (circular)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Muscle shape and sizeDeltoid (triangular)Quadratus (rectangular)Trapezius (trapezoidal)Longus (long)Brevis (short)Major (larger of two muscles)Minor (smaller of two muscles)Maximus (largest)Medius (medium sized)Minimus (smallest)
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Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Muscle heads/tendons of originBiceps (two heads)Triceps (three heads)Quadriceps (four heads)
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Front
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