Download - Myanmar Family Forum Magazine Vol.2
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vrif;BuD;a& ... rif;udk ig odyfcspfw,f? emusifjcif; &ufpufjcif;awGeJYa0;wJhtcsdefav;rSm rif;wpfa,mufom igh&JUtazmfrGefyJ r[kwfvm;? ighrsuf&nfawGudkrif;okwfay;cJhw,faemf? igh'Pf&mawGudkvnf; rif;yJ aq;ukay;cJhw,fav? rif;eJYvGJ&rSmaMumufvGef;vdkY wdkYawGrtdyfcJhwJhnaygif;rsm;pGm taMumif;udkvnf; rif;todqHk;yg? vrif;BuD;a&... rif;&ifxJu wdkYtaMumif;awGudk rif;eJYtwl urÇmBuD;&JUtjyifbufudk o,foGm;vdkufaemf? vrif;BuD;&,f? Mu,fuav;awG&,f? aerif;BuD;&,f rif;wd k Ytm;vHk; odyfaumif;Muw,faemf? rif;wdkYtm;vHk;ay;cJhwJh MuifemrIawGeJY wdkYawGwcsdefcsdefxdawmh &SifoefaeOD;rSmyg/
aerif;BuD;uvnf; aEG;axG;rItjynfheJY uRefrudk EIwfqufaew,f]]oem;p&mrdef;cav;a&... rif;aysmfaeovm;}}wJh? yef;yGifhuav;awGuvnf;arT;&eHYawG tjynfheJY BudKqdkaeav&JU?tvSyqHk;yef;uav;awGa& rif;wdkY b,frSmvJ.......? aoqHk;oGm;wJ h ajracG;wpfaumif&JU tokbtcrf;tem;udkwdkYawGeJY twlwloGm;Mur,faemf? rif;wdkYtm;vHk; t0ifhMuGm;qHk;yGifhvdkufMuprf;yg?urÇmay:rSm&SdwJh tawmfqHk;yef;csDq&mawGeJY tvSqHk;aq;a&mifawG jc,fvdkufprf;yg? tarT;qHk;&eHYawGudkvnf; yufzsef;
vdkufMuOD;aemf? wdkYtwGuf vGwfvyfrIYavajynif;av;[m npfywfeHa[mifaewJh ajracG;wpfaumif&JU tokb tcrf;tem;rSm wokefokef wdkufcwfaeav&JU?
yef;uav;awGa& rif;wdkYarQmf&wmarmaeNyDvm;[if? olwdkYvmac:MuawmhrSmyg? rif;wdkY,Hkvdkuf Muaemf? wdkYwawGrygbJ olwdkYb,fvdk tcrf;tem;vkyfMurSmvnf;? tokbtcrf;tem;wpfck[m'Davmufxd vSyMunfEl;rIawGeJY jynfhpHkEkdifovm; vGwfvyfrI avajynif;awG 'Davmufawmif wdkufcwfEkdifovm;? aoqHk;oGm;wJhajracG;wpfaumifqDu vGwfvyfrIwpfcktwGuf tNyHK;wpfyGifh.......? &ufpufrIawGeJY jynfhESufaewJh tjyma&mif EIwfcrf;wpfpHk? olwu,fyJ aoqHk;oGm;NyDvm;?aocsmrIwpfcktwGuf aemufqHk;tNyHK;wpfyGifh......../
jynfhjynfh
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]]armif}}armifqdkwm uRefr\ cspfol/uRefr\ udk;q,f&mcdkifEIef;aom toJESvHk;udk yd kifqkdifxm;ol/ wenf;tm;Nzif h(1%)om&Sdaom toJESvHk;ESifh touf&Sifaeaom armifhtwGuf aumfywf½kyfuav;um; uRefryifjzpfonf/ uRefrudk armifu cspfpEdk;jzifh]]aqmif;}}[k ac:wwfonf/armifhtwGufawmY 'Demrnfav;u vSonf/ uAsmqefonfwJh/ uRefrvnf;armif xdkodkYac:onfudk &ifckefrdygonf/odkYaomf oli,fcsif;rsm;u xdkemrnfudkpMuonf/ wcsdKUu wD;&aom apmif; [kvnf;aumif;? rpDr&D apmif;aeonfudkvnf;aumif;? xdkoabmjzifh pMuonf/xdkYaMumifh uRefr\emrnfa&SUpmvHk;udkb,folrS rac:Mu/ aemuf pmvHk;rsm;omac:Muonf/ ]]aqmif;}}qdkwJY emrnfav;uawmh armifhtwGuf uRefrtm;ac:a0:aom rlydkifpmvHk;av;yif jzpfonf/armifeJYuRefr cspfol jzpfoGm;onfrSm½dk;½dk;av;yif jzpfonf/ 'gayr,hfh uRefrtwGufawmYb,fawmhrS r½dk;wJh tjrJwrf;qef;opfaewJYjyZmwfwpfyk'fyif .../
armif u uRefrudk t&rf;cspfovdkZGJvnf;BuD;onf/ NyD;awmY vlawGeJYaygif;oif;wwfonf/ 'Dt&mawGuawmharmifhtaMumif; aqmif; rodcif aumufcsufc sr d jci f ;wp fc k/ wu,fwrf;armifhtaMumif;odawmh armifu xdkt&mwdkYxufyifruaom t&nftcsif;rsm;pGmESifhjynfhpHkaeygao;onf/ armifu o0efwdkwwfonf/ *syefrlvDuJhodkYt&pf&Snfonf/ar;cGef;wpfckudk odcsifvQif r&ruar;wwfonf/ t&m&Sdwpfa,mufjzpfívm; rod/ uRefrudk vufatmufi,fom;uJhodkY trdefYay;wwfonf / olay;xm;wJhtrdefYtwGuf bmawGvkyfjzpfw,fqdkwmudk w&m;cHwpfa,mufvdk ar;wwfonf/Oyrmajym&vQif uRefrwdkYcspfolb0uuRefrudk ydefatmifvkyf&rnf/ A[kokwpmtkyfrSefrSefzwf&rnf/ armifh trdefYudkuRefr rvGefqef0hHcJhyg/ 'gayr,fh uRefrudk pdwfqdk;í atmfaigufwmr&Sd/ uRefr&JU
tm;enf;csufyJvm; rod/ ]]armif aqmif;udkpdwfqdk;aevm;[if}}vdkYar;vQif... ]]pdwfrqkd;ygbl;... pdwfraumif;jzpfrdwmyg}} [kajymwwfonf/ xdkodkYajymvkdufvQif aysmhoGm;olu uRefr/ uRefryif t&SHK;ay;&ygonf/ armifu uRefrtay: cspfvnf;cspfygonf/ *½kvnf;pdkufygonf/ 'ghaMumihfvnf; uRefr armifhudk rcGJEdkif avmufatmif pGJvrf;oGm;wmvm; rod/ wjcm;armifh&J Y*kPfyk'fawGudkajym&vQif NyD;Edkifawmhrnfr[kwf/ xdkYaMumifh rajymawmhyg.../
uRefrtaMumif;.... axGaxGxl;xl;awmYr&Sdyg/ uRefr u ½dk;om;jzLpifíarmifhtvdkudkvdkuf wwfygonf/ a&S;upum;yH kwpfckvnf; Mum;zl;ygonf/cifyGef;ESifhZeD;onfrSm cifyGef;qdk;vQif r,m;u vdr®monf/ r,m;qkd;vQif cifyGef;uvdr®monfwJh/ armifu t&rf;qdk;onf/armifu qdk;ívm;rod uRefr u.../ udk,fhudk,fudkawmh rcsD;rGrf; wwfavmufatmif
vdr®monf/ armifa&m? uRefra&m ESpfa,mufvHk;wlnDaom tcsufuawmhwpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf odyfcspfMujcif;yif.../ NyD;awmY wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muft&rf;a'goxGufapr,fhpum;? tjyKtrlrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQr&SdatmifaeMuonf/xdkYaMumifhvnf;uRefrwdkYb0bHkav;u om,maecJhwmyif/ aMomf... uRefrwpfckajymzdkY usefygao;onf/ armifuuRefrudk tjrJcsD;rGrf;
avY&Sdonf/ ]]aqmif; &JUezl;av;u ajymifw,faemf...} } ]]aqmif; ESmacgif;uarmif hxufBuD;w,f}} ]]oGm;uvnf;tpG,fawGeJY}} ]]Adkufuav;uvnf; 0vGef;vdkY ylvkdufwm}} poNzifh ajymavY&Sdygonf/uRefr\ tvSw&m;rsm;udk armifu BudKufí ,ckuJhodkY uRefrESifzl;pmqHkcJhjcif; r[kwfygvm;/ armihftaMumif;? armifESifh ywfoufonfrsm;udkawG;rd&if;yif uRefr armifhb0xJwGif aysmfarGYaecJhygonf/ ,ckarmifu uRefr\tdrfOD;ewf t&SifocifjzpfouJhodkY uRefr onfvnf; armifh\vdr®myg;eyfaom ZeD;onf wpfa,mufjzpfatmif MudK;pm;&ygrnf/ ZeD;onf wpfa,muf\wm0efqkdonfrSm wu,fwrf;usawmYvG,frvdkvkdESifh wm0efBuD;vSygonf/
tck ZeD;onfwpfa,muf b0a&mufrS OD;qHk;owd&rdonfu ]]tar}} .../uRefr tarYudk udk,fcsif;pmwwf vmygNyD/
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rkef;wD;pGm ausmfjzwfcJh&onf/ aemifvnf;xdkodkYyif aeoGm;&tHk;rSmygyif .../
uRefr awG;ae&if;ESifhyif armifhtoHrMum;í vSnfhMunhfhawmh armifutdyfaysmfae&SmNyD/ pmtkyfav;udk zwfvQuf
yif tdyfaysmfaeayNyD/uRefr armif udkifxm;aom pmtky fav;ud kjznf;jznf;csif;,lí armifhudk apmif taotcsmjcHKay;cJhonf/ wpfaeYvHk;yifyef;aeívm;rod?awmfawmfav; ESpfESpf
NcdKufNcdKuf tdyfaysmfaevkdufwm/ aqmif;udkawmif EIwfqufroGm;bl;/ armif tdyfaerS armifhrsufESmav;udk aocsm Munfhrdygonf/ wu,f ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf tdyfaysmfaeaom armifhrsufESmav;u tjypfuif;pifvSygonf/ uRefr armifhudk oabmusrdygonf/ tdyfaeyHku uav;wpfa,mufyrm/ uRefr armifhyg;jyifav;udk yGwfoyf&if; armifrodatmif terf;wpfcsuf ay;vkdufrdonf/ armifuawmh bmrSrodvdkuf/uRefrvnf; nOfYeufaeNyDrd k Ytdyf&efoifhaeNyD/ armifhudk OD;oHk;MudrfuefawmhumuRefr apmifudk vSrf;jcHKvkdufonf/ cgwdkif;qdkvQif uRefruefawmhvQif armifuuRefrudkqkay;aeus/ NyD;awmh ]]igh rdef;ruvdr®mvkdufwm}} qkdNyD; ezl;av;udk zGzGav;
erf;aeus/ 'DaeYawmh uRefr uyJ armifhudk cdk;erf;vdkufrdonf/ armif... armifhudkawmh uRefr b,fvdkrS
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uRefrrsufESmay:udk pl;&SwJYtvif;a&mifwpfpHku usa&mufvmrS rsufvHk;rsm;udk nifompGm zGifhMunfhvkdufrdonf/aMomf... armifhtaMumif;udk awG;ae&if;ESifhyif rdk;vif;oGm;ygNyD/ armifu uRefrtay:wu,fyif pkd;rdk;aeygNyD/ tdyfrufxJawmifrvGwfawmhay/ armifawmfawmfqdk;onf/uRefr&JU pdwft&mtm;vHk;udk tEdkif,lEdkifaeawmh uRefrcufaeygNyD/
armifuawmh tckxd rvIyfr,SuftdyfaysmfaeqJyif/ uRefrvnf; reufpmtwGuf armifrxcifjyifqif&OD;rnf/armifEd k;oGm;rnfpd k;í zGzGav;xumajcoHrMum;atmifxoGm;onf/ t&ifrD;arT;í uRefra&csdK;cef;xJ0ifí a&csdK;NyD;bk&m;t&if&Sdcdk;&rnf/ bk&m;&Sdckd;NyD;vQifarmifpm;zdkY .../ raeYu armiftapmBuD;tdyfoGm;awmh uRefr armifhudk bmpm;csifvnf; rar;vdkuf&yg/ raeYu xrif;ydkaeonf/ armifhudk 'DaeYawmh xrif;yJ aMumfauR;vdkufawmhrnf/ NyD;awmh xrif;aMumfESifhpm;zdkY ig;ydaxmif;xm;onf/tdrfa&SUrSjzwfoGm;aom taMumfESif h/NyD;awmh aumfzDESifhqdkjynfhpHkygNyD/ armifhudkEdI;zdkY tqifoifh jzpfygNyD/ [if... armifuvnf; tdyfa&;ykwfvkdufwm? tckxdtdyfaewkef;/ uRefr armifhudk wpfcsuferf;íx&ef EdI;vkdufygonf/ 'guvnf; uRefr&JU aeYpOfvkyfaeus tpOftvmwpfckyif/½kwfw&uf uRefr\cE¨mudk,fonfarmifh\ &ifcGifxJodkY a&mufoGm;cJhayNyD/armifu qdk;vdkufwm/ Edk;ae&ufeJY uRefrtEdI;udkapmifhaewm/ armifu olqifxm;aom axmifacsmufxJudk 0ifoGm;awmhjyHK;pdpdvkyfaeonf/ armif a&csdK;cef;0ifawmhrS uRefr oeyfcg;jrefjref vl;vdkufonf/armif ½Hk;roGm;cifawmh uRefrrsufESmvSvSav;udk jrifoGm;apcsifao;onf/ armifvnf; a&csdK;cef;uxGufvmawmh uRefrarmifh&JU,leDazmif;udk vJay;onf/ armifuuRefrud k aocsmpd kufMunfhaeonf/
araronf tdrfrIudpöa&m? om;orD;twGufyg rvpfvyf&atmif pDrHay;ol/tarYt&dyfudk cdkvHIpOfu tarcsufxm;aom t&efoifh xrif;udkpm;í udk,fhyef;uefukd,fyifraq;csif/ tar avQmfí rD;ylwkdufay;xm;aom t0wfudk udk,fwdkifravQmfbJ0wfcJhygonf/ wpfcgwpfav [if;rMudKufvQif? tusÐrajcmufvQi fwAspfawmufawmufESifY tarYudk tjypfwifrdao;onf/ tckawmh...tarYudk udk,fcsif;pmrdygNyD/ uRefr rsuf&nfrsm;yif0Jrdygonf.../
tawG;e,fuRHoGm;aom uRefrarmifhab;em;&Sdaeonfudkyif owdrxm;rday/ uRefrrsuf&nf0Jvmonfudkjrifawmharmifu zwfvufp *sme,fpmtkyfudk csíuRefrudkar;&Smonf/ ]]aqmif; bmjzpfwmvJ}}qdkawmh uRefrtdrfudkowd&wJhtaMumif;ajymawmh armifhcrsm uRefrudkacsmh&&Smonf/
armifhudk jrifawmhvnf; armifh&JU*½kpdkufrIawGESifh uRefrtwGuf aemifw&p&m r&Sdyg/ ararwdkYudk owd&onfqdkayr,hf armifeJYcGJívnf; raeEkdifyg/ armifeJYomcGJ&rnfqdkvQif uRefr .../ 'gayr,fhuRefrtwGuf wpfaeYwmtaysmfqHk;tcsdefudkajymygqdkvQif armifh&JYa0,sm0pöav;rsm;udk vkyfay;ae&wmu uRefrtwGufMunfEl;rIt&SdqHk;tcsdefyif/ uRefrtrkef;qHk;tcsdefudk ajymygqdkvQifvnf; armif½Hk;oGm;csdefudkyif/ armif u uRefrtem;uxGufcGgoGm;&onfh xdktcsdefav;rsm;udk
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uRefrtay: wu,fyifpkd;rdk;aeygNyD/ tdyfrufxJawmifrvGwfawmhay/ armifawmfawmfqdk;onf/ uRefr&JUpdwf t&mtm;vHk;udk tEdkif,lEdkifaeawmhuRefrcufaeygNyD . . .
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onf[k cHpm;&ygonf/ wcgwavarmifu t&rf;tvkyf½IyfvQif aeYvnfyifjyefrvmay/ xdkYaeYvdkrsdK; qdkvQif uRefrwpfa,mufwnf;ae&onfrSm tm;i,fovdkcHpm;&onf/ uRefrrSm wpfaeYwmarmifhudk owd&csdefwdkif; tdrftvkyfrsm;ukdom tazmfjyKí vGrf;pdwfudkajzazsmufíarmif jyefvmrnfhtcsdefudk apmifhae&onf/
armifu uRefrrsufESmudk Munfhípdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;yHk ay:ygonf/ uRefr\ qHpav;rsm;udk oyfwifay;&if; ]]armif'DaeYxrif;pm; apmapmjyefvmEdkifr,fxifw,f}}vdkYajymNyD; uRefrudk tjyHK;jzifhacsmhaeygonf/ uRefr\ rsufESmt&dyftuJudkMunhfí pdk;&drfay;wwfaom? uRefrudk*½kpdkufaom armifhpum;aMumifh uRefrjyHK;rdayr,hf aemifus&ifawmY armifhudk ½Hk;oGm;csdef xdkodkY *sDrwdkufjzpfatmif ae&rnf[kqHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ uRefraMumihf armifhudkpdwftaESmuft,Suf rjzpfapcsifyg/
xdkYaMumifhyif uRefr bmrSrjzpf[efESifh armifhudk vufqGJac:í ]]armif? aqmif; zdeyf 0wfay;r,f}} qdkNyD; a&SU xGufcJhMuonf/ uRefr armifh&JU
a0,sm0pöawGxJrSm zdeyf0wf ay;&wmudkvnf; uRefr oabmusygonf/ armifh
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uRefrudkEIwfqufxGufcGmoGm;ayNyD/ uRefr &ifxJrSm wpfckck vGwfoGm;ovdkvdk ... [mwmwmyif/
uRefr ... armif xdkodkY pkdufMunfhaevQifrsufESmrxm;wwfay/ uRefr qufí raewwfawmh/ uRefr armifhem;rS xGufoGm;zdkY[efjyifawmh armifu vSrf;qGJNyD; ]]aeygOD;aqmif;&,f}}wJh/ armifu armifh&JU&ifcGifxJrSm aEG;axG;pGmzufxm;onf/ armifh&JY&ifcGifu vHkNcHKvSonf/ jzpfEdkifvQifawmharmifh&JU &ifcGifxJrSmyJ tjrJwrf;aecsifonf/'gayr,fh... ]]armif... armifpm;zdkY xrif;aMumfjyefaET;tHk;r,f}}qdkrS vTwfay;awmhonf/ armif uRefrudkvTwfvdkufawmharmifeJY uRefrMum;rSm avjynfat;rsm;uumjcm;vdkufayr,hf uRefr&JUESvHk;om;rSmawmh rD;zdkacsmifxJa&mufaeonftxd&xm;BuD;ckwfarmif;í aEG;axG; aeqJyif/
uRefr toihfcl;xm;aom xrif;aMumfudkpm;&if; armifu ]]ighrdef;r vuf&mu aumif;vkdufwm}}[kajymonf/ armifonf uRefrcsufxm;aom xrif;[if;udkb,fawmhrS acs;rrsm;wwfay/ b,fawmhrqdk aumif;onfjzpfap? raumif;onf jzpfap uRefrudk csD;usL;avY&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif uRefr armifhudkydkNyD; wdk;wdk;í cspfvmonfvm; rajymwwfyg/
]]armif xrif;udk jznf;jznf;pm;aemf}}qdkNyD;ajymawmharmifuem;rvnfojzifh ]]bmjzpfvdkYvJ... aqmif;&}}vdkYar;onf/]]armifxrif;pm;NyD;&if...armiftvkyfoGm;&awmhrSmav... armifu aqmif;udkwpfa,mufwnf; wpfaeYvHk;xm;cJhawmhrSmudk}}vdkYuRefr EIwfcrf;plplESifhajymawmh armifu uRefrESmacgif;udk armifhvufacsmif;ESifhn§yfíusDp,fNyD; ]]aqmif;uvnf;uGm}}[kajymí oabmuspGm &,faeawmhonf/ armifu &,fEdkifayr,fh... uRefr wu,f0rf;enf;rdygonf/ armif r&SdvQif 'DtdrfBuD;u ajcmufuyfNyD; at;pufaeygvdrfhrnf/ armifjyefvmrS aEG;axG;vm
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vkduf&awmh &ifxJü urÇmysufoGm;ovkdcHpm;vdkuf&onf/ xkd&ufrsm;ü uRefr pdwfqdk;aeonfudkyif owdrxm;Edkifavmufatmif tjcm;bufü pGJvrf;pdwfrsm;a&mufaeonf/ xdk&ufowå ywfu (7)&ufESifhrwef? (7)ESpfavmuf[k xif&avmufatmif uRefr cHpm;vdkuf&onf/ armifuawmh odvdrfhrnfrxif/
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wpfaeYoü uREkfyfonf tararG;wkef;uay;vdkufaom rsufvHk;ESpfvHk;eJYtqifrajyawmYojzifY tydkESpfvHk;wyfumavmuBuD;tm; avYvmaerdygonf/pum;vHk;BuD;atmif avmuBuD;[k qdkvdkufjcif;jzpf\/ vufawGYwGifum; aEG&moD'PfcHpm;ae&onfh zvef;zvef;vSaeaom½k&Sm;rrsm;xlajym&m ae&modkY a&muf&Sdaejcif;jzpf\/ cGifYrawmif;bJ vSaeaom ¤if;wdkYtm; uREfkyfonfvnf; cGifYrawmif;bJMunfYaewkef; uREkfyf\ ausmjyifodkY jyif;xefaomt&mwpfck usvm\/ emvGef;ojzifY ]]tm;}}[k yif atmfrdonf/ xdktcgzvef;zvef;xaeaom aygifwH&SnfwdkY\u½kPmoufrIjynfYaeaom rsuf0ef;rsm;uREkfyfxHodkY ajy;0ifvmMuawmYonf/ xdkrsuf0ef;rsm;aMumifY emusifaom ausmjyifudkyif owdarYaecJY\/ xdktcsdefü ]]vSdrfhatmf raeeJY rif;udk "m;eJYxdk;wmr[kwfbl;}}qdkonfY toHqdk;wpfckudk Mum;vdkuf&onf/ xdktoHMum;&NyD;wdkif; uREfkyf uHaumif;avYr&Sd/ vSnfYMunfYrdaomtcgxifonfYtwkdif;yif/ tqD0if;aeaomrsufESmjyJBuD;wGif raumif;onfh&eHYrsm;arT;ysHU aeaom tjyHK;yef;BuD; yefxm;onfYaZBuD;/
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uRefawmfY taqmifwHcg;onf'if;udk,fjzifY renf;wdk;0if&aom qHkvnfwHcg;jzpfonf/ ausmif;oGm;ygqdkvQifrsufvTmcsNyD; £aNE´BuD;pGm cyfjznf;jznf;av;idkuf&if;a&GUwwfaom xdkowÅ0gonfvpfvQif vpfovdk vkyfwwfaom? vdktyfvQif vsifjrefrIudk toHk;cswwfonfYae&mwGif iwufjym;u bdk;atac:&avmufonf/
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Office (tvkyftrIaqmiftzG J U)vk d Uac:wJhXme wpfck&Sdao;w,f/ tJ'DukrÜPDXmewGif;u tpnf;ta0;udpö? vkyfief;wpfckvkH;vnfywfa&;eJU XmewGif; 0efxrf;tajymif;a&TUudpöawGukd jyKvkyf&ygw,f/Executive Office DepartmentupDr HXme(Admin Department)?vlYpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfXme (Human
Resource Department)? Finance
(b@ma&;Xme)? aps;uGuf&SmazGa&;Xme(Marketing Department)? ukefwifukefcsXme(Logistic Department)wkdUjyKvkyfwJh tpnf;ta0;wkdif;rSmygNyD;tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;? aumufEIwfcsufpwmawGukd txufrSm&SdwJh Management
(pDrHcefYcJGrI)tzGJUtpnf;ukd jyefwif&ygw,f/ Logistics DepartmentuawmhukrÜPD&JU ukefwifukefcsudpöawGrSm omru(Export and Import)aemufNyD;? ukefzkd;aiGacs&if ukrÜPDykdufqH&wJhtxd tpkd;&Xmeqkdif&mtoD;oD;eJY qufqH&wJhXmewpfckyg/ ajymvufpeJU aps;uGuf&SmazGa&;(Marketing Department)taMumif;ygajymcsifygw,f/ oluawmh ukrÜPDua&mif;ukefawGtwGuf tjyifrSm&SdwJh Buyer
awGukd&Sm&ygw,f/ a&mif;a&;0,fwmudpöeJUywfoufvkdU aps;uGuf&SmazGa&;ukd a&mif;0,fa&;Xmeu t"duvkyfaqmifygw,f/pepfwus&SdwJh ukrÜPDBuD;awG[m vkyfykdif
cGifh tmPmawG tqifhqifhcGJa0 tkyfcsKyfrItwGuf oleJU oufqkdifwJhXmeawG
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rdwfaqGwkdUukd wpfpkHwpfa,mufu tao;trTm;av;yJjzpfjzpf ulnDay;cJh&if? tJ'Dvlukd aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymzkdUrarhygeJU/ Oyrm ukd,fuwef&mwefaMu;ay;NyD; tvkyfckdif;&ifawmif aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymay;yg/ bmvkdUvJqkdawmh oluukd,fhukdtusdK;jyKcJhvkdUyg/ olwkdUu rdwfaqG&JU aus;Zl;wifrIukdvkdcsifw,fqkdwm b,ftcgrSrarhygeJU/ aemufNyD; vltcsif;csif;awGUvkdU EIwfquf&if cifAsm;eJU awGU&wm'DaeUr*Fvmodyf&SdwmyJvkdUajymay;yg/tu,fí olwkdUpdwftvkdrus jzpfae&ifawmif rdwfaqG&JUpum;eJU pdwfMunfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ tJ'Dpum;ESpfcGef;ukdawmhvlawGMum;xJrSm rMumcPokH;apcsifygw,f/ bmvkdUvJqkdawmh rdwfaqGajymwJhpum;rSm pGrf;tm;awG&SdvkdUygyJ/ 'DvkdyJvlawGwpfa,mufeJU wpfa,mufMum;rSmukd,fcsif;pmemrIawG? ulnDrIawG? pdwfaumif;apwemawGukdom usifh0wftaeeJUusifhokH;vkduf&if uRefawmfwkdU&S dwJhywf0ef;usifrSm pdwfat;csrf;omrIawGeJUjynfhESufaerSm aocsmygw,f/
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ModelqkdwJhpum;vkH;[m Latinpum;vkH;“Modelium”
qkdwJha0g[m&uae qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfygw,f/ qkdvkd&if;t"dyÜg,fuawmh twkdif;twmyrmP? cefYrSef;wGufcsuf?ta&twGuf t&G,ftpm;awGukd wGufcsufwkdif;wmzkdY enf;vrf;?enf;ynm tp&Sdojzifh zGifhqkdEkdifygonf/ tMumif;t&mwpfckukdvufawGYtaumiftxnfazmfjcif; rjyKvkyfrD BudKwif pdwful;,OfykHazmfjcif;vkdYqkd&ifvnf; rrSm;ekdifygbl;/
A model is an abstract representation of an
item or a concept—a car, a plane, or a building—or
a part of something, such as a tire, a wing, or a
room.
Main object wpfckckukd zef;wD;wnfaqmufMuygpkdYOyrm/ Buildingwpfck wnfaqmufzkdUqkd&if t&ifqkH; Architect
wpfa,muf[mpm&Gufay:(odkUr[kwf)uGefysLwmwGif taqmuftODykHpHukd wl? oHacsmif;tp&Sdonfh rygbJ Designt&ifa&;qJGygonf/ wu,fvkdY rdrda&;qGJvkdufaom Building[m Complex
jzpfvQif Architectu taqmuftOD&JUSmall physical modelukd wnfaqmufvkdufygonf/ xkdokdUwnfaqmufvkdufjcif;[m rdrda&;qGJxm;aomtaqmuftOD&JU AppearanceESifh AestheticsukdjudgevkyfzdkUjzpfygonf/ Modelwpfckzef;wD;vkdufjcif;&JU ta&;BuD;qkH;wpfcsufu Architect&JU Conception vlwkdif;awGUjrifEd ki f jyD; 'Dxuf improve
jzpfvmatmif yl;aygif;aqmif&GufzkdYtwGuf jzpfygonf/ tckvkd ykHpHi,f t&if
uRefawmfwdkUtm;vHk;odaewJUarmf',f at;jrwfol? rdk;,kpHwdkUawmUr[kwfygbl;Asm/ Modelqkdwm ykHpHi,f?
pDrHcsuf? BudKwifBuHqcsuf? txl;ojzifU Miniature(okdYr[kwf)Main objectawG SystemESifh
ConceptawG&JUyHkMurf;udk o&kyfazmfa&;om;jcif;vdkUqdkEdkifygonf/ /
wnfaqmufzefwD;vkdufjcif;onf vufawGUwnfaqmuf&mwGifrdrdukd,fukd Confidence awGjrifhrm;vmEdkifygonf/ tusOf;tm;jzifh ajymjy&&if Modelsonf Designer\ Intentions
ESifh Actual resultstMum; uGm[rIawG? jcm;em;csufawGukdReduce vkyfay;ygonf/ Modelukd tokH;jyKjcif;aMumifh okawoevkyfief;? wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;awGtwGuf ykdrkd Efficiently
jzpfvmygonf/ ,cktcsdeftcgrSmqkd&if vlawG[m model &
modeling ukd olwdkUvkyfief;eJU olwdkU&JU urÇmjuD; wkd;wufaumif;rGefatmif Every DaytokH;jyKaeMuygjyD/ tvm;wlConstructor
wpfa,mufu oabFmwpfpif;&JY DesignqJGr,fqkdygpdkU Design
a&;qGJrnfholonf tvm;wloabFmykHpHi,fwpfck t&ifa&;qGJzef;wD;&ygonf/ oDtkd&Dt& oabFmrsm;ukd 'DZkdif;qGJawmhr,fqkd&if us,fjyefYpGmokawoe jyKvkyf&rnfh tcsuftvufrsm;uawmh Floatability? Stability? Floodability? Roll?Propulsiontp&Sdonfhrsm;ukdvnf; ModelingvkyfzkdY vkdtyfygonf/ yifv,fxJrSm oabFmwpfpif;&Jh behaviorukd okawoe
vkyfzkdhtwGufqkd&if ResearcherawGuawmhPhysical modelESifh Mathematical
modelukd tokH;jyKjyD; Simulation t&ifjyKvkyfMuygonf/ Mathematical
modelonf Natural sciences &
engineering fieldwGifomvQif r[kwfbJ Social scienceswGifvnf; us,fjyefYpGmtokH;csaeygonf/ tJ'DvkdESifUMethod of model (Modeling) [modyÜHqkdif&mokaooevkyfief;awGrSmae&m,lvmcJhygonf/ txl;ojzifh b,f
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vkd tcef;u@awGrSm yg0ifvnf;qkd&ifawmh Physics,
Chemistry, Biology, CyberneticsESifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom
razmfjyEdkifaom Technical Sciences FieldsawGrSmyg0if
vmygonf/ 'gayr,fh tckvkd ykHpHi,fjyKvkyfaqmif&Gufjcif;onf
19&mpk okdUr[kwf 20&mpkrSm wdusaocsmaomenf;vrf;? odyÜHqkdif
&m enf;ynmrsm;twGuf wDxGifzefwD;rlwpfcktaeeJU ray:ayguf
cJhygbl;/ 20&mpkrSmawmh ykHpHi,faqmif&Gufjcif;enf;vrf;onf
atmifjrifrItopftqef;awGukd o,faqmifvmcJhygonf/ tJ'Dvkd
atmifjrifrIawG wpfcsdefwnf; wpfjydKifwnf; o,faqmifvmjyD;
aemuf av;eufaomta&;BuD;aom prf;oyfrIawG? okawoe
vkyfief;awGrSm Modelling jyKvkyfjcif;ukd a&SUwef;wif aqmif&Guf
vmcJhygonf/ ,cktcsdeftcgrSmawmh tm;vkH;odjyD;jzpfwJh twkdif;
wkdufwmtaqmuftOD? oabFm? av,mOftp&Sdonfh Main
objectawGukd &&SdzkdYtwGufqkd&if tpOD; jyKvkyfaqmif&GufrSmonf
ModelqkdwJh ykHpHi,fukd tokH;jyKaqmif&Guf&rSmjzpfygonf/ atmuf
azmfjyyg ykHukd Munfhyg Reality wpfck&zkdYtwGuf Sub-model
awGyg0ifzGJUpnf;jyD; EdIif;,SOf azmfjyxm;onfh ykHjzpfygonf/
What is a model?
Modelwpfck[m ykHo@efrsdK;pkH? t&G,ftpm;rsdK;pkH?
'DZkdif;rsdK;pkHeJY &SdvmEdkifygw,f/ EmphasizejzpfzkdU ta&;BuD;ygonf
bmvkdUvJqkdawmh Model[m Real worldr[kwfygbl; Real
world systemsukd ykdrkdem;vnfEdkifatmif vlom;awGu
Constructvkyfxm;&kHrQomjzpfygonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh
Modeltm;vkH;wGif Information input J Information
processorESifh Output of expected results awG&SdMuyg
onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh Development jzpfwJh Model tcsdKU&JY
t"du Featuresrsm;uawmh
•Simplifying assumptions must be made;
•Boundary conditions or initial conditions must
be identified;
•The range of applicability of the model
should be understood.
Real world systemsESifh ComparevkyfzkdY Type of
ModelawGuawmh Conceptual? Physical demonstrations?
Mathematical and statisticalESifh VisualizationwdkUjzpfMu
ygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY odyHÜqkdif&mokawweprf;oyfrl
wpfckckukd pl;prf;avhvmawmhr,fqkd&if oufqkdif&me,fy,f
tvkduftokH;jyK&rnfh Model rsm;pGm&SdMuygonf/ tckpmapmifav;
wGif Modelqkdwm b,fvkdbmvdrfh qkdwmav;ukd pmzwfolrsm;
tenf;usOf;odoGm;atmifa&;om;azmfjyvkduf&ygonf/
rdk;vGif
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,ckaqmif;yg;twGuf toHk;jyKrnfh laptop onf Dellinspiron 1525 jzpfjyD; tqdkyg pufay:wGif Windows VistaHome Premium 32 bit windowsudk wifxm;onf/ originallanguage rSm Russia jzpfonf/ tqdkyg Russia versiontm; English versionodkU ajymif;rnf/
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acGonf bmompum;trsdK;rsdK;jzpfrnf/ English version r[kwfonfvnf; jzpfedkifonf/ 'Dawmh ygvmwJh Windows
acGonf toHk;rusawmhyg/ puf0,fuwnf;u rdrdwdkUukefusoGm;aom ydkufydkufwGif laptopay:ü wifxm;aom OS
zdk;ygjyD;om;yg/ tJ'DtwGuf ydkufqHydkay;jyD;om;yg/ 'Dawmh tppf0,foHk;r,fqdkjyefawmh uRefawmfwdkUtjzpfu rdat;ESpfcgemjzpfaeonf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;xHk;pHtwdkif; twkoHk;avownf;aygh/ twkwGif tm;enf;csufrsm;pGm&Sdavonf/ 0,fpOfuygvmaom WindowsacGudkaomfvnf;aumif;? laptop ay:wGif uyfxm;aom Vista qdkonfh logo udkvnf;aumif;jrif&aomf&ifxJwGif rcsdyg/
tckwifxm;onfh Windows udk English version ajymif;vdkY r&bl;vm;qdkonfh ar;cGef;onf ,ckaqmif;yg;udkjzpfapcJhonf/ ajymif;vdkU&ygonf/ xdkodkYajymif;&ef Vistalizatorqdkonfh software eJU rdrdajymif;csifaom language
pack vdktyfygonf/ xdkvdktyforQudk Microsoft wGif &,ledkifygonf/
xdktcg rdrd xyfaygif;vdkonfh language package&Sdonfhae&mudk nTefjycdkif;onfh dialog box usvmygjyD/ apmapmu uRefawmfwdkU download csxm;aom English languagepackage &Sdonfhae&mudk a&mufatmifoGm;jyD; select vkyfíOpen ( ) button udk click vkyfyg/ (yHk - 2)/yHk 3 eJY 4 wGif azmfjyxm;onfhtwdkif; jrif&rnf/
yHk (2)
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yHk (3)
yHk (4)
Warning dialog box wpfck ay:vmrnf/ (yHk-5)/ESdyfp&mqdkvdkU OK button wpfckomygonf/ odyfrsm;rsm;pm;pm;pOf;pm;&ef rvdkyg/ xdk OK button ukdom rsufpdpHkrSdwfEdSyfyg/
yHk(5)
aygif;xnfhcsifaom language pack onf Englishjzpfajumif;? English language packudk install vkyfcsifvm;?installation ukd cannel vkyfrSmvm;? qdkwm ar;wJh dialogbox usvmygjyD/ (yHk-6)/ uRefawmf download cscJhpOfuEnglish language pack yg/ odkUaomf rSm;,Gif;pGm downloadvkyfcJhojzifh ,ck dialog boxwGif rdrdaygif;xnfhcsifaomlanguage pack r[kwfvQif Cancel installationbuttonudk click vkyfyg/ rSefuefaeygu Install languagebutton udk click vkyfyg/
tqifh 4 qifh jyKvkyfygvdrfhrnf/ (yHk - 7? 8? 9? 10)/bmrS vkyfay;p&mrvkdygbl;/ xdkifMunfhae&Hkomvdkonf/
yHk(6)
yHk(7)
yHk(8)
yHk(9)
yHk(10)
uRefawmfwdkU aygif;xnfhvdkufaom English languageudk display language tjzpf owfrSwfrvm;wJh¿ (yHk - 11)/uRefawmfonf Russia languageeJY Windowsudk toHk;jyK&mwGif tcuftcJjzpfaeaomaMumifh English language tjzpfajymif;jcif;jzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm Display languageudk Englishjzpfcsifonf/ xdkaMumifh jywfom;pGm Yes buttonudk EdSyfyg/
yHk(11)
Program udk exit vkyfyg/ xdkajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf&efrestart vkyfygvdrfhrnfqdkonfh informationudkjyaom dialogbox wpfckay:vmrnf/ (yHk- 12)/ EdSyfp&mqdkvdkU OK buttonwpfckomygonf/ odyfrsm;rsm;pm;pm; pOf;pm;&efrvdkyg/ xdk OKbuttonukdom rsufpdpHkrSdwfESdyfyg/
yHk(12)
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ajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef Exit button udk click vkyfyg/(yHk - 13 )/
yHk(13)
System onf restart vkyfygawmhr,f/ vkyfvufptvkyfrsm;udk odrf;ygwJh/ odrf;jyD;rS ,ckar;onfhar;cGef; (Yesor No) udk ajzygwJh/ (yHk - 14)/ odrf;p&mbmrS r&Sdyg/tckvkyfaewJh tvkyfwpfckyJ&Sdw,f/ 'Dawmh qufvkyf/ OKbutton udk &J&Jom EdSyfvdkufyg/ restart usoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/Windows jyefwwfvmaomtcg rdrdjrifcsifaom displaylanguage jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ygvdrfhrnf/
yHk(14)
'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfh taMumif;av;wpfckudk vrf;BuHKazmfjyyg&ap/ pma&;zdkY tifrwefysif;ygonf/ a&;ygqdkvQiftcsdefr&Sdbl;/ rtm;bl;/ rsufpdemw,f/ vufudkufaeonf[ktaMumif;trsdK;rsdK;udk rxyf&avatmif ay;wwfonf/ a&;rdygurqHk;wwf/ a&;jyD;vdkUjyefzwfvQif wpfjcm;olawmh rod/ udk,fwdkifawmif awmfawmfem;vnf,l&onf/ jrefrmpum;udk jrefrmrzwfwwfatmif a&;wwfonfhae&mwGif EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;u atmcsavmufonf/ tckvnf; a&;rdjyefjyD/ qHk;csifvQif qHk;vdkU&onf/odkUaomfrqHk;edkifao;yg/ BuHKwkef;av; yGm;vdkufygtHk;rnf/
wpfcgwpfav uRefawmfxH laptoptm; ,lvmjyD;Windowswifay;&ef tultnDawmif;vm\/ uRefawmfvnf;tm;wwf oa&m tm;yg;w& Windowsudk wifay;vdkuf\/jyD;vdkU driverawG b,frSmvJ[k ar;aomtcg pufydkif&SifuuRefawmfhtm; pdrf;pdrf;juD;Munfh\/ uRefawmfoabmaygufvdkufonf/ olUrSm r&Sdyg/ Internet rS download vkyf&ef modeleHygwfar;aomtcg tJ'DrSm a&;rxm;bl;vm;[k uRefawmfhtm;jyefar;onf/ b,frSmvJ[k ar;&if ABCeJU 123rsm;a&maeaomSerial No. udk vufndK;xdk;ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkaMumifh rar;awmhbJ
udk,fhbmomudk,f pufudk zifjyefacgif;jyefMunfhjyD; odatmifvkyfonf/ model awGYjyefawmhvnf; Internet speed raumif;aomtcg pufwpfvHk;pmtwGuf driverudk aeU0ufavmufdownload vkyf&onf/
tcsdKU driver rsm;twGuf tqifajyaomfvnf; tcsdKUdriverrsm;onf 2 rsdK;^3rsdK; jzpfaewwfonf/ Oyrm – VGAdriver udk &Smaomtcg Intel chipset twGufwpfrsdK;? ATIchipset twGufwpfrsdK; ponfjzifh jzpfaewwfonf/ Dell vkdlaptop rsdK;wGif driveracG ygaomfvnf; 1 rsdK;twGuf rsdK;uGJ 2ck odkUr[kwf 3 ck jzpfaewwfonf/ xdktcg eHMum;axmufa&G;&onf/ wpfck wifr& wpfck ajymif;wif&onf/ tifrwef pdwf&IyfzdkYaumif;onf/
Driver Magician vdk driver &Smay;aom softwarersm;eJU&SmvdkU&Edkifaomfvnf; tukefvHk;awmh&Smr&yg/ xdk softwarewdkUonf driver&Sm&ef Internet connectionvdkonf/ydkjyD;pdwfnpfzdkUaumif;onfu network driver r&SdvQifInternet csdwfr&/ xdktcg softwaretultnDjzifh driver&Sm&ef rjzpfedkif/
xdkjyóemtm;vHk;udk tqifajyrnfh enf;awmh &Sdonf/tvGefvG,fjyD; tvGefUtvGefudk jrefygonf/ driver rsm;udkbackup vkyfxm;yg/
Driver backup udkbmeJU vkyfrvJ¿uRefawmfuawmh vufpGJawmf Driver Magician
vkyfygonf/ tjcm;tjcm; software rsm;pGm &Sdygonf/
Driver backup b,fvdk vkyfrvJ¿Driver Magician udk zGifhvkdufvQif (yHk-15)rSm
jrif&onfhtwdkif; awGU&rnf/ uRefawmfwdkUonf driver tm;vHk;udkbackup vkyfcsifaomaMumifh Select all button udk clickvkyfyg/ jyD;vQif Start backup button udk clickvkyfyg/
yHk(15)
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xdktcg backup vkyfrnfh zdkifrsm;udk b,frSm odrf;rvJar;onfh dialog box usvmygvdrfhrnf/ (yHk-16)/ OSwifxm;aom partitionrSvGJí rdrdESpfoufaom ae&mwGifodrf;yg/tb,faMumifh OS wifxm;aom partitionwGif rodrf;ygoenf;/ 'guawmh &Sif;ygw,f/ virus aMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;?tjcm;aomwpfckckaMumifh jyefwifaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUonftqdkyg partition udk format vkyf&rS tmomajyonf/ xdkodkUformat vkyfaomtcg tqdkyg Windows (OS) wifxm;aompartition xJ&Sd datarsm; tukefysufaomaMumifh xdk partitionwGif rodrf;jcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmfuawmh partition E:atmufwGif Backup driver qdkonfh folder aqmufjyD;odrf;onf/ odrf;zdkUae&m tqifajyjyDqdkvQif OK button udkEdSyfyg/
yHk(16)
Driver wpfckcsif;pDudk backup vkyfaeajumif;awGU&rnf/ (yHk-17)/
yHk(17)
Driver rsm;udk atmifjrifpGm backup vkyfjyD;aMumif;owif;vmydkUygjyD/ (yHk-18)/ at;at;[k tav;jyefjyKum OKbutton udk tdajE&SdpGm EdSyfyg/
yHk(18)
Backup vkyfjyD;aom driver rsm;tm; rnfodkYtoHk;jyKrnfenf;/Driver Magician udk zGifhjyD; Driver Restoration
menu rS Restore From Folder udka&G;yg/ (yHk-19)/
yHk(19)
E:\backup diver\Drivers Backupqdkonfhae&mwGif backup vkyfxm;aom driver rsm;&Sdygu Yesbutton udk click vkyfyg/ (yHk-20)/ xdkae&mwGif&Sdygonf/xdkaMumifh Yes button udk click vkyfonf/ xdktcg yHk-22wGif jrif&onfh dialog box usvmrnf/
wu,fvdkU E:\backup diver\Drivers Backupqdkonfhae&mwGif backup vkyfxm;aom driver rsm;r&SdyguNo button udk click vkyfyg/ (yHk-20)/ xdktcg yHk-21 wGifjrif&onfh dialog box usvmrnf/ rdrd backup vkyfxm;aomdriver rsm;udk awGUatmif&Smyg/ awGUvQif select vkyfjyD; OKbutton udk click vkyfyg/ xdktcg yHk-22 wGif jrif&onfh dialogbox usvmrnf/
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yHk(20)
yHk(21)
yHk(22)
uRefawmfwdkUonf driver tm;vHk;udk restorevkyfrnfjzpfaomaMumifh tm;vHk;udk select vkyfygrnf/ yHk-22 wGif drivertm;vHk;udk select vkyfjyD;om;jzpfaeygonf/ 'Dawmh Startrestore buttonudkom EdSyf&Hkom&Sdawmhonf/ qufvkyfrvm;¿rvkyfbl;vm;¿ ar;onfh dialog box usvmrnf/ (yHk-23)/qufvkyfrnf jzpfaomaMumifh OK button udk click/ xdktcg
driver wpfckcsif;udk restore vkyfaeaMumif;awGU&rnf/ (yHk-24)/
yHk(23)
yHk(24)
wpfcgwpf&H yHk-25 rSm jyxm;aom dialog boxusvmwwfonf/ xdktcg 'Ddrivertm; rnfodkUyifjzpfap in-stall vkyfrnf (Install this driver software anyway)udk a&G;cs,fyg/
yHk(25)
Driver restoration jyD;oGm;onfhtwGuf pufudkreboot vkyf rvkyf ar;vmygjyD/ (yHk - 26 )/ vkyfvdkufavMumovm;vdkU/ click Yes button/
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yHk(26)
laptop wpfvHk; 0,fvdkY vufxJa&mufa&mufcsif;yJjzpfjzpf?Windows jyefwifcgeD;bJjzpfjzpf vkyfoifhaom tvkyfwpfckuawmh driver backup jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ vkyfzdkUrcufygbl;/'gayrJh awmfawmfhudk toHk;0ifwJhtvkyfwpfckyg/
uRefawmfeJUtar;rsm;(1)uRefawmf pufydkif&Sifrsm;udk bmmodelar;vQif Toshiba
A300av[k vnf;aumif;? Dell Inspiron 1525uG[kvnf;aumif; ajzoHtjrJMum;&ygonf/ uRefawmfhtck aqmif;yg;wGif Dell Inspiron 1525 udkoHk;xm;ygonf/ Inspiron1525qdkwm model No. r[kwfyg/ series No. omjzpfonf/serial No.eJUvnf; ra&mapcsifyg/ Toshiba A300 onfseries No. jzpfonf/
uRefawmfeJUtar;rsm;(2)'gqdk Windows wifjyD;vdkY 'Dvdk driver restore
jyefvkyf&if jyD;oGm;jyDvm;¿ bmxyfvkyfzdkh vdkao;vJ¿'Dae&mrSm driver eJY toHk;cs Pprogramudk cGJajymvdk
ygw,f/In computing, a device driver or software
driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with ahardware device.
A driver typically communicates with thedevice through the computer bus orcommunications subsystem to which thehardware is connected.
&Sif;atmifajym&&if Bluetoothudk LaptoprSm wyfxm;w,f/ Driver qdkwm Bluetooth eJU Laptop udk tjyeftvSefcsdwfqufaqmif&Gufay;aom Program jzpfonf/
[kwfjyD Driver wifvdkufwJhtwGuf Laptop uBluetoothudkodoGm;jyD/ uRefawmf Phone u Bluetooth eJULaptopu Bluetoot csdwfjyD; zkef;xJuzdkifawGudk Laptop qDodkUTransfervkyfygr,f/ toHk;cs ProgramudkrwifcJhbl;qdk&ifLaptoponf zkef;rS Transfervkyfvdkufaomzkdifudk rnfodkU vufcHrnfenf;/
'gaMumifh InternetrSaomfvnf;aumif;? DriverCDrSaomfvnf;aumif; uRefawmfwdkU Driver rsm;wifvdkufaomtcg tcsdKUaom Hardware rsm;twGuf xkwfvkyfolrsm;onfDriveromru toHk;cs Programudkyg Install vkyfaponf/jrifomwJh Driver rsm;uawmh Video driver? Sound driver?Bluetooth driver wdkUjzpfonf/ ¤if; Driver rsm;wifvdkufygutqdkyg HardwaretwGuf toHk;cs ProgramwpfckygwifjyD;om;jzpfaeonfudk awGU&rnf/
odkUaomf Driver MagicianuJhodkhaom Softwarersm;eJU Driverrsm;udk Restorevkyfygu tqdkygtoHk;cs Programrsm;ygvmrnf r[kwfyg/ tqdkyg Programtm;xyfjyD; Installvkyfay;zdkUvdktyfygonf/
tcuftcJuif;&Sif;Muygap/NzdK;jrifYodef;
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jrefrmEkdifiHrSmvuf½SdtokH;jyKaewJh Internet connection
rsm;xJrS vlodrsm;NyD;awmh? txif½Sm;qkH;jzpfaewJh connection
trsdK;tpm;awGukdajymjyay;r,f/ yxrqkH;taeeJU tokH;jyKrnfholawG[m Internet connectiontokH;jyKawmhr,f qkd&if rdrdwkdUbmtwGufaMumifh Internet connection ukdtokH;jyKrSmvJqkdwmukdt&ifqkH;pOf;pm;&ygr,f/ Oyrm - website awGMunfhr,f? data awGukd download/ upload vkyfr,f (a'gif;r,f?wifr,fqkdwJhae&mrSm tenf;i,favmufyJ½SdwJh zkdifqkd'ftrsdK;tpm;ukdqkdvkdwmygcifAsm/) csufwif;vkyfr,f? arvf;ykdUr,f? uGefeuf½Sifaumif;&ifpum;ajymr,fqkd&ifawmh Dial-Up connection
trsdK;tpm;vkdrsdK;tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ 'grSr[kwftjcm;vkyfaqmifcsufawGaum? uGefysLwmukd (1)vkH;ruxufykdwJh(5)vkH;avmufudkInternet connection sharing vkyfNyD;okH;r,fqkd&ifawmhbroadband connection trsdK;tpm;xJu wpfckckukda½G;cs,f&rSm jzpfygw,f/ company; office eJUtjcm; hotel, university
awGrSmqkd&ifawmh ADSL connectionukd speedenf;wJh[mrsdK;? rdrdwkdUcompanytvkdufb,fvkdtrsdK;tpm;okH;&ifykdtqifajyrvJqkdwmukdaocsm pOf;pm;NyD;awmhrS Internet
connection trsdK;tpm;awGukda½G;cs,fyg/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmhrdrdwkdUtwGuf taumif;rGefqkH; Internet connection&JU0efaqmifrIawGukd &½SdNyD;awmh pdwfauseyfrIukd jzpfay:apEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ atmufrSmuawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;rsm;NyD;awmhvlodrsm;aewJh Internet connection trsdK;tpm;awGukdazmfjyxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
(1) Dial-Up Connection (Dial-Up Connection
rSmaemufwpfrsdK; Internet & E-mail Dial-Up
Serviceukday;wJh Internet Connection trsdK;tpm;qkdwmvnf;½Sdygw,f/)
(2) iPSTAR Broadband Connection
(3) Broadband Wireless Local Loop
(WLL ConnectionvkdUac:ovkd? Broadband
connectionvkdUvnf;ac:ygw,f)(4) ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line) Broadband Connection
(5) ADSL 2 (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line 2) Broadband Connection
(6) ADSL 2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line 2+) Broadband Connection
(7) WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access) Connection
(8) Wi-Fi Wireless Connection wkdUjzpfygw,f/tay:rSmazmfjyxm;wJ h Internet connection
trsdK;tpm;tm;vkH;ukd ISP (Internet Service Provider) tjzpfvufcHNyD;awmh 0efaqmifrIay;aewmuawmh jrefrmhqufoG,fa&;(MPT: Ministry of Post and Telecommunication)
eJU BaganNetwkdUjzpfygw,f/ ,aeUtcsdeftcgrSmawmh(MyanTel)qkdNyD;awmh ISP tm;vkH;ukd ae&mwpfae&mwnf;uaepDrHaqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdygw,f/ atmufrSm Internet Connection
tm;vkH;twGuf A[kokw&atmifeJU jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;rsm;aewJh Internet connection awGtaMumif;ukdwpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; avhvmvkdU&atmif &nf½G,fcsufeJU a&;jzpfwmjzpfygw,f/ tm;vkH;vnf; odNyD;om;jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfrSmyg/jrefrmEkdifiHrSm vuf½SdtokH;jyKaewJh Internet connectionrsm;xJuae tokH;rsm;NyD;awmh vlodrsm;wJh Internet
connectionbmtrsdK;tpm;awG½Sdw,f/ b,fvkdrsdK;tokH;jyKEkdifw,fqkdwJh A[kokwav;jzpfjzpf&atmifyg/ Internet
connectionawGtaMumif;ukdvnf; wpfae&mwnf;rSmA[kokwtaeeJUzwfvkdU&atmif ykHav;awG? pmav;awGeJUwwfEdkifoavmuftao;pdwfav; azmfjyay; xm;ygw,f/ rSm;aewJhtcsuftvufawGeJU tjcm;Munfhr&wJh tcsuftvufawG½Sd&if em;vnfcGifhvTwfNyD;awmh onf;cHay;MuygcifAsm/ ('guawmh ed'gef;ayghAsm . . . . )
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wpfckcsif;pD&JUtokH;jyKykHeJUtjcm;A[kokw½Sdwmav;awGukd qufzwfMunfh&atmif/1/ Dial-Up Connection
Dial-Up ConnectionukdtokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmhp&dwftoufomqkH;eJUtokH;jyKEkdifwJh Connection trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ yxrqkH;vkdtyfwmawGuawmh Desktop Computer
(okdU) Laptop; Phone Line (Digital Phone Line); Modem
and ISP (Internet Service ProviderukdvSrf;csdwfquftokH;jyKzkdUvkdtyfwJh Access Prepaid Dial-Up Kit)wkdUvkdtyfygw,f/ System RequirementtaeeJUvnf; odyftrsm;BuD;rvkdtyfygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh uGefysLwmtrsdK;tpm;? Hard Disk Space; Memory ; OS
b,ftrsdK;tpm;&,fvkdU pdwfylaep&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ jrefrmEkdifiH&JUrnfonfhae&ma'owGifrqkd Computer; Digital Phone
Line; Modem; Access KitwkdU½Sdygutcsdefra½G;wyfqiftokH;jyKEkdifwJhConnection
trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,fcifAsm/Desktop Computer (or) Laptop
eJU Phone Line½SdNyDqkdwmeJU Modemukdt&ifqkH;½Sm&ygr,f/ bmjzpfvkdU Modem
vkdtyfvJqkd&ifawmh Computeruaeem;vnfvufcHwJh Digital Data (1,0) awGukdAnalog data (toH; voice)tjzpfajymif;ay;r,fh Mum;cHypönf;wpfckjzpfvkdU vkdtyfwmjzpfygw,f/ rdrdwkdUModem uae Analog data awGukd zkef;vkdif;uaewqifh tjcm;Modemukda&mufoGm;r,f/ NyD;awmhtjcm; Modem uaerdrdwkdUuGefysLwmawGqDukd Digital datatjzpf jyefvnfay;ykdUay;r,fht&mwpfcktjzpf Modemukd tokH;jyK&wmjzpfygw,f/Modem&JU Speedukdawmh Kbps(Kilo Bit Per Second)eJUowfrSwfygw,f/ Modem ypönf;0,fwkdif; olwkdU&JU emrnftrsdK;tpm;NyD;&if Data ykdUvTwfEkdifwJh Speed (52Kbps; 56Kbps
qkdNyD;awmh)ukd Modem bl;cGHay:rSmyg azmfjyxm;wwfMuygw,f/DesktoprSmqkd&ifawmh Modem ukdwyfqiftokH;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/ ModemrSmvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifwJhtrsdK;tpm;taeeJUInternal Modem eJU External ModemqkdNyD;awmhESpfrsdK;½Sdygw,f/ Internal Modemuawmh uGefysLwmtwGif;xJrSmPCI Expansion Slot wpfckwnf;rSmxnfhNyD;awmhtokH;jyKEkdifwJhBoardtrsdK;tpm;wpfckjzpfygw,f/ External ModemuawmhuGefysLwmab;rSmyJjzpfjzpf wpfae&m&mrSmwifxm;NyD;awmh
yvyfxkd;NyD;awmhtokH;jyK&wJh Boxav;eJUjzpfygw,f/ (Dial-Up
Connection Account wpfckwnf;ukd Sharing ay;NyD;awmhtokH;jyKcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh External ModemvkdrsdK; Boxav;ukd0,f,ltokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/) Internal Modemxuffenf;enf;aps;BuD;NyD;awmh SpeedeJeJenf;ygw,f/ trsm;qkH;uawmhrsufpd½Sif;oufomatmif Internal Modemukd tokH;jyKygw,f/Modem Card0,fwJhtcgrSmygvmwJh Modemukd rdrdwkdUuGefysLwmrSmtvG,fwulwyfqifNyD;awmh Modem Driver Install vkyfumModemukd pwiftokH;jyKEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ (Modem aumif;raumif;? tvkyfvkyfrvkyfodcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh Phone Line rSm
Modem BudK;ukdwyfNyD;awmh Dial Munfhyg/Modem uae toH½SnfvkdrsdK;Mum;&&ifawmhModem tvkyfvkyfw,f/ aumif;w,fqkdwmukdodEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/) LaptoprSmawmhModem[m wygwnf;ygwwfMuygw,f/Laptop Modemuawmh wpfcgwnf;yg0ifaevkdU Installvkyfp&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ ½kd;½kd;Modemxuf tenf;i,f SpeedjrefNyD;awmh zkef;vkdif;eJUcsdwfquf tokH;jyK&ifvnf;tvG,fwulcsdwfqufEkdifygw,f/
Phone LinetaeeJUuawmh Digital
Phone Linejzp f&yg hr,f/ Dial-Up
ConnectiontokH;jyKaewJhtcsdefrSmawmhzkef;ukd t0if? txGuf tm;vkH;ukdtokH;jyKvkdU
&EkdifrSmr[kwfygbl;/ zkef;vkdif;eJUcsdwfqufNyD;awmhtokH;jyKaewmjzpfvkdU zkef;vkdif;usyfwJh tcsdefawGrSmqkd&if ConnectionukdcsdwfqufzkdUtwGufawmh tcuftcJtenf;i,fawmh½SdEkdifygw,f/rdrdwkdUtdrfzkef;uae wqifhtokH;jyK&rSmjzpfvkdU ½kH;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?tifwmeufqkdifeJU tjcm;zkef;tokH;jyKrIawGrsm;wJh reufykdif;eJUnaeykdif;rSmawmh Connection SpeeduaES;aewwfygw,f/ nykdif;eJUreufapmapm qkd&ifawmh Modem Speedtwkdif; Internet
Connection Speedukd tjynfht0eD;yg;tokH;jyKvkdU&EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/
ISP (Internet Service Provider)taeeJUuawmh Dial-Up ConnectiontwGuf Bagan Netuaea&mif;cswJh Access Kit ukd 0,f,lxm;zkdUvkdtyfrSmjzpfygw,f/Access Kitukd0,f,lzkdUtwGuf avSsmufvTmwifp&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ Internet Caférsm;? Storeqkdifrsm;eJU tjcm;uGefysLwmypönf; a&mif;cswJhqkdifrsm;rSm tvG,fwuleJU0,f,lvkdU&Edkifygw,f/Access Kit xJrSmwpfcgwnf;ygwJh User NameeJU Password
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ukd½kdufxnfhNyD;awmh Internet Connectionukd csdwfqufEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKcsifwJh Access KittcsdeftrsdK;tpm;(15em&D? em&D 30? em&D 60) ukdvkdufNyD;awmh 9000? 16000?28000 qkdNyD;awmh aps;EIef;trsdK;rsdK;eJU 0,f,ltokH;jyKvkdU&½SdEkdifygw,f/ Access KitxJrSm User Name and PasswordwkdUtjyif rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKaewJh Operating SystemtrsdK;tpm;tvkduf b,fvkdcsdwfquftokH;jyK&r,fqkdwmukdazmfjyay;xm;wJhpm½Gufav;vnf;yg0ifygw,f/ tckawmh atmufuvifhav;uaewqifh Dial-Up ConnectioncsdwfqufrIukd avhvmEdkifygw,fcifAsm/
1/ Start > Control Panel > Network Connection
ukda&mufatmifoGm;yg/ (okdU) Start > Connect to > Show
all Connectionuaevnf; wkduf½kdufoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ NyD;&ifawmh Network Connections Box xJukda&muf½SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ Network Connection boxxJrS New Tasks
atmuf½Sd Create a New Connection ukdESdyfyg/
2/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh New Connection Wizard
qkdwJh Boxav;wpfckay:vmrSmjzpfygw,f/
3/ Connect to the Internet ukd Green Ironbubble vkyfxm;ay;yg/ NyD;&if Nextukdqufvkyfyg/
4/ "Set up my connection manually"ukdGreen iron bubblea½G;ay;yg/ aemufNyD;&ifawmh NextukdqufNyD;awmh Clickqufvkyfyg/
5/ yxrqkH;"Connect using a dial up modem"ukda½G;cs,fvkdufyg/ NyD;&if NextukdqufESdyfyg/
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6/ ISP Nameae&mwGif "BganNet" okdUr[kwf"Myantel"udk½kdufxnfhay;yg/ xkdUaemuf NextukdqufvufESdyfay;yg/
7/ Phone numberae&mwGif (146)ukd½kdufxnfhyg/146 uaewqifh Internet Service ProviderukdtquftoG,fvkyfay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ 146 vkdif;ukdac:qkdNyD;tokH;jyKwJhtwGuf zkef;zkd;0efaqmifcudkay;&rSmr[kwfygbl;/
8/ xkdUaemuf Internet Account Information
ae&mwGif User Name eJU Passwordukd½kdufxnfhyg/ (User
Name and Passworduawmh Access kitxJrSmyg0ifwJh eHygwfav;rsm;jzpfygw,f/) Confrimjzpfatmif Password ukd aemufwpfBudrfjyef½kdufyg/ NyD;&if Next ukdqufvufoGm;yg/
9/ "Add a shortcut to this connection tomy desktop"ukd checkvkyfvkdU&ygw,f/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmhrdrd DesktoprSm Connection ykHpHav;wpfcka&mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ rxm;csifbl;qkd&ifvnf;&ygw,f/ DesktoprSm rxm;bl;qkd&if (Start>Connect to> BaganNet connection)qkdNyD;awmh tqifhqifhoGm;&ygr,f/ NyD;aemuf Finishukd clickvkyfvkdufyg/
10. FinishvkyfNyD;wmeJU "Connect Dial-up Connection"qkdNyD;awmh Boxav;wpfckusvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'D boxav;rSmProperties udk click vkyfyg/
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11/ xkd Properties box av;xJrS "Option" tag
av;ukdoGm;yg/
12/ "Option" tag atmuf½Sd Redialing Options
rSm Redial attempts, Time between redial attempts
and Idle time before hanging up box av;awGae&mwGifrdrdBuKdufESpfouf&ma½G;cs,f NyD;awmhtokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/
13/ xkdUaemufqufvufNyD; Networking tag ukdESdyfvkdufyg/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) ESifh QoS Packet
Scheduler wkdUukd checkvkyfay;yg/ NyD;&if Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) ukda½G;NyD;aemuf "Properties"ukdESdyfyg/ NyD;aemufOK ukd ESdyfyg/
14/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh Internet Protocol
Properties boxav;wpfckusvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ Obtain
an IP address automaticallyukd check vkyfay;yg/aemufawmh Use the following DNS server address
ukda½G;ay;yg/ NyD;aemuf 203.81.71.69 ESifh 203.81.71.73
wkdUukd½kdufxnfhxm;yg/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh OKukd clickvkyfvdkuf yg/aemufqkH;rSmawmh OK ukdESdyfvkdufyg/ xkdUaemuf Connect
Bagan Net Boxav; qDrSm½SdwJh Dial ukd Click vkyfvdkufyg/
tJ'DaemufrSm ModemeJU zkef;uaewqifh zkef;ac:ovkdrsdK;toH Mum;&NyD;awmh ModemrS toH½SnfukdMum;vkduf&NyD;qkdwmeJUInternet Connection csdwfqufrdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/zkef;vdkif;tm;r,fqkd&if (okdU) vkdif;½Sif;r,fqkd&ifawmh csufcsif;ukdInternet ukdcsdwfqufrdrSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmawmh rdrdwkdU&JUComputer &JU Taskbar rSm ComputerESpfvkH;qifhykHav;eJUrD;av; vif;vkduf? arSmifvkdufjzpfum Bagan Net Connec-
tion is now ConnectedqkdwJh pmwrf;av;eJU Speed
(52Kbps; 54Kbps; 56Kbps)qkdwJh taMumif;av;ukdjyay;rSmjzpfygw,f/
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Dial Up Connection&JUtm;omcsufuawmh- trsm;BuD;odyfr½S dygbl;/ tdrfrSmtvG,fwultokH;jyKEk difw,f/tvG,fwul wyfqif&vkdUtcsdefukefjcif;eJU p&dwfpuoufomrSmjzpfygw,f/
Dial Up Connection&JU tm;enf;csufuawmh-Connection Speed u KbpsavmufyJ&awmh aES;w,fvkdYqkd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ zkef;vkdif;eJUwyfqifNyD;awmhtokH;jyK&vkdUzkef;vkdif;usyfwJhtcsdefawGqkd&if Connection Speed aES;r,f/Internet tokH;jyKaevkdU zkef;qufvkdUr&wmawG½Sdr,f/
atmufrSmawmh Internet; ISP; Phone Exchange;
Modem wkdU b,fvkdqufoG,fvJqkdwmukdjyxm;wJh ykHav;ukdavhvmMunfh&atmif/
aemuf...tay:rSmajymxm;wJhtwkdif;Dial-Up Connection
aemufwpfrsdK;jzpfwJh Internet & E-mail Dial Up Service
taMumif;av;ukdavhvmMunfh&atmif/ olUukdawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmBroadband ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;awGr½Sdwkef;u Company
tcsdKUESifh ½kH;tcsdKUrSm tokH;jyKcJh&wJh ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ tcktcsdefrSmawmh awmfawmfav;ukd rokH;Muovkd?odwJhvlawGvnf;odyfr½Sdawmhygbl;/ bmjzpfvkdUrokH;awmhvJqkdwmuawmh tckacwfrSm BroadbandwkdUvkdrsdK; Connection Speed
ykdjrefwJh[mawG xGufay:aevkdUjzpfygw,f/ Internet & Email
Dial Up Service ay;wJh ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;uawmh&efukefwpfckwnf;rSmyJ t&ifutokH;rsm;cJhw,f/ uGefeuf½SifSpeeduawmh Dial Up½kd;½kd;Connectionxuf tenf;i,fjrefwmuvGJNyD;awmh aps;BuD;ygw,f/ Internet&Email Dial Up ConnectionukdokH;r,fqkd&ifawmhMPTjzpfjzpf? Bagan NetrSmjzpfjzpf avSsmufvTm
wifNyD;awmh tokH;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/ avSsmufvTmwifxm;NyD;(2)ywfuae(4)ywfMumawmhrSmomvSsif Connectionvkdif;ukdcsay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ yxrqkH;vkdif;&NyD;qkd&if User NameeJUPassword ukdcsay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ NyD;&ifawmh ESpfpOfaMu;?vpOfaMu;awG ay;oGif;NyD;awmh rdrdwkdUvkdcsifwJh Connection
trsdK;tpm;tvkduf FEC 10 uaepwifNyD;awmh okH;csifwJhem&DtvkdufESifh tykdokH;rdwJhem&DawGtwGuf ykdufqHoGif; &rSmjzpfygw,f/ Email Accountuawmh pvkyfuwnf; wpfck tenf;qkH;uae trsm;qkH;25cktxd&EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ Connection
trsdK;tpm;awGtaeeJU Student Plan; Consumer Plan;
Enterprise PlanqkdNyD;awmh½Sdygw,f/ tokH;vnf; odyfrrsm;awmhvkdU? tckvuf½Sdvnf; Internet & Email Dial Up Service
ukdrcsay;awmhwmawG½SdvkdU 'Davmufav;eJUwif A[kokwtaeeJUajymjyxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
iPSTAR Broadband Connection taMumif;!!!'DConnectiontrsdK;tpm;uawmh N*dKvfwkquf
oG,fa&;pepfukdokH;NyD;awmh Internet Connection aum?zkef;vkdif;aum ESpfrsdK;vkH;tokH;jyKEkdifwJh ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ iPSTAR Connectionuvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGiftokH;jyKaeaom tifwmeuf0efaqmifrIrsm;teufrS Broadband
Connection trsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK;vnf;jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSmqkd&ifawmh qufoG,fa&;cufcJwJhae&ma'oawGrSm zkef;vkdif;tokH;jyKcsifvkdU iPSTAR ConnectionukdtokH;rsm;Muwmjzpfygw,f/ t&ifwkef;uawmh txufwef;ausmif;awGrSm e-Learing
twGuftokH;jyKMuw,f/ usdKufxD;½kd;bk&m;awmifay:rSmawmifiPSTAR zkef;qkdNyD;awmh 0efaqmifrIay;wmawGvnf; t&ifESpfawGwkef;uawmh½SdcJhzl;w,f/ (2000ckESpf ausmfavmufu xifw,f/ykd;aumifav;wkdU oGm;wkef;u owdxm;rdwmyg/ iPSTAR phone
qkdNyD;awmh zkef;qufoG,ftokH;jyKaewmukdawGUzl;w,f/)iPSTAR Connectionukd vkdcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh MPTrSm
avSsmufxm; Ekdifygw,f/ qufoG,fa&;cufcJhwJhae&mawGrSmvkyfief;twGuf okH;r,fqkdvJ vkyfief;vkdifpifwkdU? vkdtyfwmawGwifjyNyD;awmh jrefrmqufoG,fa&;ukdavSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/tckawmh ykd;aumifav;odoavmufuawmh odyfrcsay;awmhygbl;/ iPSTAR Connection[m N*dKvfwkqufoG,fa&;pepfwpfckjzpfwmaMumifh zkef;vkdif;(Cable Phone Line)½Sdp&mrvkdygbl;/ olUrSm Internet; e-mail; Phone Line wkdUukd
Internet
Satellite
Modem
User Computer
Phone Exchange
ISP(MPT; Bagan Net)
52Kbps
52Kb
ps
Network Configuration With Dial Up Connection
Computer ; Modem ; Phone Line ISP Internet Connection
Computer; Modem; Phone LineESifhISPwdkYuaewqifhInternet Connectiontm;csdwfqufyHktqihfqifhudk
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wcsdefwnf;? wNydKifeufwnf;tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ tcsdef;ra½G;(7days and 24 hours)aeUnrysuftokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/rD;rvm&ifawmifrS Watt (2000)avmuf½SdwJh tifAwm(okdUr[kwf)rD;pufwkdUjzifhvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ iPSTAR
Connection&JU Satellite Dish(pavmif;Aef;)ukdawmh 2ay?4ay qkdNyD;awmh tokH;jyKMuygw,f/ (ykHrSm Satellite Disk wyfqifxm;wmukdawGUjrifEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/) iPSTAR Connection
wpfckavSsmufvkdufNyD;qkdwmeJU zkef;vkdif;(4)vkdif;ukdwyfqiftokH;jyKEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ ½kd;½kd; Digital PhoneawGeJUawmheHygwfuawmhrwlygbl;/ olUzkef;rSm *Pef;uawmh(7)vkH;½Sdygw,f/ 3355667wkdUvkdrsdK;? 4422881 wkdUvkdrsdK; (33eJU44)pwJhzkef;vkdif;rsdK;awGjzpfygw,f/
zkef;ac:cEIef;uawmh wpfrdepfukd (50)usyfukd jrefrmaiGay;aqmif& rSmjzpfygw,f/ t0ifzkef;ac:qkdrItwGufzkef;cay;p&mrvkdygbl;/ txGufac:qkdrItwGufom ay;aqmif&rSmjzpfygw,f/ zkef;av;vkH;½Sdw,fqkd av;vkH;pvkH;wNydKifwnf; zkef;ajym Ekdifygw,f/ zkef;aMu;ukdvnf; wpfvkH;csif;qDaqmif&rSm jzpfygw,f/ EdkifiHjcm; (oversea call)udkvnf;Digital PhonevkdrsdK; ac:qkdEkdifygw,f/usoifhaiGuawmh usoifhNyD;awmh FEC eJUaqmif&rSmjzpfygw,f/ zkef;aMu;aqmif&r,fh ae&meJUa0;wJhae&mawGrSmqkd&ifawmh ykHaozkef;aMu;ukdaqmifxm;vkdU &ygw,f/ wpfvukd wpfodef;eJU ykHaozkef;aMu;aqmifxm;vkdU&ygw,f/iPSTAR Broadband ConnectionrSmVoIP (Voice Over Internet
Protocol)ukdvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/VoIP twGufqkd&ifawmh zkef;ajymcurwlygbl;/ enf;enf; rsm;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f/iPSTAR Connection zkef;vkdif;ukdawmh ½kd;½kd;zkef;vkdif;vkdrsdK;toHMunfvifjywfom;pGmMum;Ek di fygw,f/ iPSTAR
Connectionwyfqifr,fqk d&ifawmh odef;(54)odef;ausmfukefusrSmjzpfygw,f/ wyfqifp&dwfawG? ynm½Sifc awG(uRrf;usifwJhvlwyfqifay;rSom tqifajyEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f/vkdif;zrf;zkdUtwGuf? acgif;rkd;ay:rSmvkdif;rdwmvm;? ajrBuD;ay:rSmyJ'Dwkdif;vkdif;rdwmvm;qkdwm prf;oyfzkdUtwGuf? uGefysLwmawGeJUcsdwfqufzkdUtwGuf)c&D;tvkdufukefusr,fhp&dwfawGrygao;ygbl;/zkef;vkdif;twGufvnf; wpfESpfukdESpfpOfaMu; zkef;(4)vkH; twGuf(60000)usyfaqmif&rSmjzpfygw,f/ iPSTAR Broadband
Connection ukd tifwmeuftjzpfyg tokH;jyKcsifw,f qkd&ifawmh Sharing eJU Delicated qkdNyDawmh ESpfrsdK;½Sdygw,f/
Sharing qkdwmuawmh tifwmeufukdrdrdwkdUwyfqiftokH;jyKcsdefrSom Connection bandwidth ukdzGifhay;rSmjzpfygw,f/Delicated uawmh rdrdwkdU tifwmeufukd okH;okH;? rokH;okH; 24em&DConnection bandwidthukdzGifhxm;ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ Connection
Speed eJU FeesaMu;awGuawmh -iPSTAR Broadband Connection Sharing
Internet FeestwGuf vpOfaMu;awGu-128Kbpsqkd&if 60FEC; 192Bbpsqkd&if 90FEC;
256Kbps qdk&if 120FEC
iPSTAR Broadband Connection Delicated
Fees twGufvpOfaMu;awGu-128Kbps- 240FEC; 192Kbps-360FEC;
256Kbps- 4Ä0; 512Kbps- 960FEC
tm;vkH; ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;awGtwGuf Data
Limituawmh uefUowfcsufr½Sdygbl;cifAsm/ Sharing Internet
Connection ukdawmh ½kd;½kd;tokH;jyKwJho lawGtwGuftqifa jyr Sm yg/Delicated Internet Connection
twGufqkd&ifawmh odyf[efr,frxifygbl;/ Internet FeesaMu;u av;qavmuf uGmaevkdUyg/ 'gayr,fh zkef;vkdif;av;vkdif;vkH;rSm tokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmhaps;ody frBuD;bl;vk d Uxif&ygr,f/zkef;vkdif;wpfvkdif;csif;qDtwGufqkd&ifawmh aps;ursm;w,fvkdU xif&rSmyg/iPSTAR Broadband Connection
tm;enf;csuf- zkef;vkdif;av;vkdif;vkH;tokH;jyKrSomvSsif ykdufqHtukeftusoufomr,fvkdU xif&ygw,f/ ukefusp&dwfuvnf; t&rf;rsm;ygw,f/pufwpfckckysufcJ h&ifvnf; rdrdwk dU
ukd,fwkdiftvG,fwul rjyifEkdifvkdU ynm½SifawGukd ac:,l&r,fqkd&if t&rf;a0;wJha'oawG jzpfae&ifawmh vmp&dwf? pm;p&dwf?ay;p&dwfeJUumrdrSmr[kwf ygbl;/ Internet Connection okH;r,fqkd&ifvnf; tckConnection SpeedawGxuf EIdif;,SOfr,fqkd&ifawmh aES;aewmawG½Sdygw,f/ wpfa,mufwnf;okH;zkdUtwGufqkd&ifawmh rokH;oifhygbl;/
iPSTAR Broadband Connection tm;omcsuf-a0;vHwJha'oawGtwGufqkd&ifawmh tokH;jyKEkdifvkdUtqifajyEkdifygw,f/ w,fvDzkef;BudK;vkdif;rvkdvkdU zkef;vkdif;twGufvnf;ylp&mrvkdvkdU zkef;vkdif;taeeJUokH;r,fqkd&ifvnf; aumif;ygw,f/zkef;av;vkH;vnf; wpfNydKifwnf;tokH;jyKEkdifovkd? tifwmeufvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifwJhtwGuf qufoG,fa&;cufcJwJha'oawG
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Digital Phone twkdif;
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twGufqkd&ifawmh tokH;jyKoifhwJh Connection trsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK;vnf;jzpfygw,f/
atmufrSmawmh iPStar Connection ukd Internet
ESifhcsdwfqufxm;ykHav;jzpfygw,f/ avhvmMunfh&atmif . . . .
Broadband Wireless Local Loop Connection!!!
Broadband Wireless Local Loop Connection
uawmh t&ifuawmhtokH;rsm;cJhwJh Broadband Connection
trsdK;tpm; wpfckyJjzpfygw,f/ ADSL Broadband Connection
ukdjrefrmEkdifiHrSm tokH;rjyKcifwkef;u 'DtrsdK;tpm; Connection
ukd tokH;jyK&wmjzpfygw,f/ Internet & e-mail Dial Up
Services Connection tpm; tJ'Dae&mrSmtpm;xkd;0ifa&mufvmwJh Connection trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ zkef;vkdif;r½Sd&ifvnf;tokH;jyKEkdifwJh Connection trsdK;tpm;wpfckjzpfygw,f/ Dial
Up Connection trsdK;tpm;xuf tqaygif;rsm;pGmuGmjcm;wJhConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/Broadband ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;qkdwJhtwkdif; high speed; high
internet connectionukday;cJhwJhConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/Broadband Wireless Local Loop
Connection trsdK;tpm;rSm Outdoor
Unit eJU Indoor Unitwk d Uuk dtokH;jyKxm;wmjzpfygw,f/ rdr dwk d UComputerrSmqkd&if LAN Connection
trsdK;tpm;jzifh tokH;jyKEk difygw,f/r dr dw k d U, lxm;wJ h Connection
Speeday:rlwnfNyD;awmh Computer
awGukd rdrdwkdUpdwfBudKuf Sharingay; NyD;awmh tokH;jyKEkdif ygw,f/IP AddresseJU e-mail ukdvnf; rdrdwkdU,lxm;wJhConnection Speed
trsdK;tpm;ukdvkdufNyD;awmh tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ xyfNyD;awmh E-
mail Accountukdvkdcsifyg uvnf; 0,f,lvkdU&Ekdifygw,f/jrefrmEkdifiHrSm trsm;qkH;tokH;jyKaewJh Broadband
Wireless Local Loop Connection Speed uawmh512KbpsukdokH;Muygw,f/ 'D Connection trsdK;tpm;uawmh&efukefeJUrEåav;NrdKUrSmomtokH;jyKEkdifwJh Connection trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmhqufoG,fa&; (MPT) ESifh Bagan Net wkdUuae Connectionukd csxm;ay;wmjzpfygw,f/ rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKcsifw,fqkd&if vkyfief;vkdifpifwkdU? tjcm;oufqkdif&m taxmuftxm;rsm;jyNyD;awmh avSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/ tckcsdefrSmqkd&ifawmhBroadband Wireless Local Loop Connection
trsdK;tpm;awGukd csxm;ay;jcif;rsdK;ukdrjyKvkyfawmhygbl;/ t&if,lxm;wJh CompanyawGukdom oD;oefUtaeeJU Connection
ay;xm;wmrsdK;yJ½Sdawmhygw,f/ 'D ConnectionrSm VoIP
vkdUac:wJh (Voice Over Internet Protocol) Services
ukdvnf; 0efaqmifrIay;ygw,f/ VoIP zkef;vkdcsifw,fqkd&ifvnf;ConnectionavSsmuf&if;eJUwpfcgwnf; avSsmufxm;vkdU&ygw,f/ VoIP PhonetwGufqkd&if oD;oefUtcaMu;aiGjzifh0,f,l&rSmjzpfygw,f/ FEC -250avmufukefusrSmjzpfNyD;awmh?eHygwf&zkdUtwGufeHygwfaMu; FEC- 20? zkef;vkdif;wyfqifzkdUtwGufwyfqifc FEC-30? ESpfpOfaMu;tjzpf FEC-60uawmhVoIP Phonevkdif;twGufukefus rSmjzpfygw,f/ VoIPzkef;ukdConnectionvkdif;wpfvkdif;qkd&if wpfvkH;avSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/VoIP PhonetwGuf wpfrdepfukd e,fa0;twGufqkd(25)usyfeJU NrdKUwGif;qkd(15)usyf txGufzkef;awGtwGufay;aqmif&rSm jzpfygw,f/ t0ifzkef;twGufawmhtcrJhyg/ Broadband Wireless
Local Loop Connection 512Kbps Speed trsdK;tpm;twGuf ppcsif;qkd&ifawmh One Time Installation Fees
twGuf FEC-1400? ESpfpOfaMu;twGufFEC-60? vpOfaMu; twGuf FEC-
75 avmufawmhukefus rSmyg/Broadband Wireless Local
Loop Connection tm;omcsuf -Connection Speedu jrefw,f/24em&D tcsdef;ra½G;tokH;jyKEkdifw,f/BuD;rm;wJh e-mail attachment zkdifawGukdtvsiftjref Upload; Download
csEkdifw,f/ VoIp Phone twGufqkd&ifawmh zkef;vkdif;usyfwmawGbmawGr½Sdbl;/ tcsdefra½G;ac:qkdtokH;jyKEkdifw,f/ Connection Speed u
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jrefwJhtwGuf Costuvnf; ay;&wmeJUwefatmiftokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ Data awGukd MB uefU owfcsufr½Sd Upload;
Download vkyfEkdifygw,f/Broadband Wireless Local Loop Connection
tm;enf;csuf - 'D Connection,lNyD;awmh tokH;jyKaewJhteD;tem;ywf0ef;usifrSmqkd&if Television; Satellite awGrSmtpif;aMumif;rsm;? ajzmufxjcif;rsm;ukd tenf;eJUtrsm;MunfhvkdUr&atmifxdjzpfay:Ekdifygw,f/ tdrfawGtwGufawmh 'DConnection ½Sdw,fwJhtwGufaMumifh tqkd;qkH;vkdUajymvkdU&wJhtcsufwpfckyg/
'DavmufeJUyJ Broadband Wireless Local Loop
ConnectiontaMumif;av;ukd tqkH;owfvkdufygawmhr,f/tckcs defrSmvnf; &efukefESif hrEÅav;wkdUrSmcsxm;ay;jcif;r½SdawmhwJhtwGuf vlodenf;NyD;awmh'DtrsdK;tpm;½SdcJhrSef;awmifrodawmhwJh tajc taeukda&mufaeNyD;awmh 'Dae&mav;rSmyJ Stop
vkdufygNyDcifAsm/ atmufuykHav;awGukd avhvmNyD;awmhb,fvkdrsdK;tokH;jyKxm;w,fqkdwmESif h? b,fvkdrsdK;ypönf;awGygw,fqkdwmukdawmh tao;pdwfav;ykHav;awGqGJjyxm;ygw,f/
Broadband Wireless Local Loop Connection
ukd Outdoor UnitESifh Indoor UnittokH;jyKNyD;awmh ISP
uaewqifh Internet ukd csdwfquftokH;jyKxm;wJhykHav;jzpfygw,f/
'DykHav;uawmh Companywpfck&JUtwGif;ykdif;rSmBroadband Wireless Local Loop ukdtokH;jyKxm;wmjzpfNyD;awmh VoIP zkef;ygtokH;jyKxm;wJhykHav;ukdavhvmvkdU&atmifjyxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
aemufqkH;ykHav;uawmh ajrBuD;rSmygBudK;csNyD;awmhBroadband Wireless Local Loop ConnectionukdtokH;jyKNyD;awmh Local xJrSm SwitchawG? Router awGtokH;jyKNyD; Outdoor Unit ESifh Indoor UnitwkdUuae ISP ukdqufoG,fNyD;awmh tifwmeufcsdwfxm;ykHukdjyxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
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ADSL Broadband Connection taMumif;av;!!!trsdK;tpm;uawmh vlwkdif;eJU&if;ESD;NyD;om;tm;vkH;vnf;
Mum;zl;aeMujzpfr,fh Connection trsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK; jzpfygw,f/Broadband Connection trsdK;tpm;xJu tckaemufykdif;rSmtokH;rsm;vmNyD;awmh vlodrsm;vmwhJ ADSL Connection
trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ ADSL Broadband Connection
twGufzkef;vkdif;½Sdp&mrvkdygbl;cifAsm/ zkef;vkdif;r½Sdbl;qkd&ifvnf;zkef;vkdif;ygwpfcgwnf; avSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/ zkef;vkdif;½Sdw,fqkd&ifvnf; zkef;eHygwfeJU rdrdwkdUzkef;vkdif;,lxm;wJh zkef;tdwfcsdef;rSmDSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
Device)½Sdr½Sdqkdwmppfaq;NyD;awmh ConnectionukdavSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/ &efukefuzkef;tdwfcsdef; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmawmhDSLAM ½Sdygw,f/ DSLAM qkdwmu zkef;xJrSm Frequency
tjrifhqkH;eJUvmwJh Signal awGukd xkwfvTwfay;zkdU cGJxkwf&eftwGuf tokH;jyKxm;wJh Device trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/
'D ADSL Connectionukdvnf; rdrdwkdUvkdcsifwJh Speed
trsdK;tpm;? zkef;vkdif;,lr,l? pOf;pm;NyD;awmh jrefrmqufoG,fa&;(MPT)eJU Bagan NetwkdUrSmavSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/ ADSL
Broadband ConnectionrSm zkef;vkdif;½Sdygu zkef;aum? tifwmeufvkdif;yg avSsmufNyD;awmh zkef;aum? Internet Connection
aum ESpfrsdK;vkH;ukdwNydKifeufwnf;tokH;jyKEkdifwJh Connection
trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ zkef;vkdif;csdKU,Gif;csufaMumifh ysufaeNyD;awmhzkef;ac:qkdvkdUr&&ifawmif Internet Connection ukdtokH;jyKEkdifwJh ADSL ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;yJjzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fhzkef;vkdif;wu,fukdysufoGm;&ifawmh Internet Connection
vnf; tokH;jyKvkdUawmh&rSmr[kwfygbl;/ bmjzpfvkdU Phone
aum? Internet ConnectionESpfckvkH; wNydKifeufwnf; tokH;jyKEkdifwmvJqkd&if zkef;vkdif;uvmwJh FrequencyeJU ADSL Connectionvkdif;u
tokH;jyKFrequencyrwlnDvkdU tokH;jyKEkdifwm jzpfygw,f/ w,fvDzkef;vkdif;awGrSmtokH;jyKwJh Copper Wire &JU Frequency range
[m us,fjyefUBuD;rm;vGef;wJhtwGuf Low
frequency range awGukdawmh ADSL
Connection rSmqkd&if Voice Signal (toH)tjzpftokH;jyKNyD;awmh? high frequency range
ukdawmh digital data tramission twGuf ADSL
Connection rSmtokH;jyK&wmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'g aMumifh DSLAM Device uawmh w,fvDzkef; tdwfcsdef;½Hk; awGrSmr½SdrjzpfvkdtyfwJhypönf; wpfck jzpfaeygw,f/ zkef;tdwfcsdef;½kH;eJU rdrdwkdUtokH;jyK r,fhae&meJUuvnf; tuGm;ta0;enf;enf;a0; oGm;r,fqkd&if Internet Connection Speed
uvnf; taES;eJUtjref enf;enf;uGmjcm;csufawmh½SdrSmyg/ADSL Broadband Connection SpeedrSm Download;
Upload Speed taMumif;av; rajymcifrSm ADSL vkdUac:wJh"A" ukd b,faMumifhac:qkd&vJqkdwmav;ukd enf;enf;av;ajymjycsifygw,f/ "A" qkdwmu AsymmetricvkdU ac:wmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'DvkdrsdK; Asymmetric vkdUac:&vJqkd&ifawmhADSL ConnectionrSm Connection LineawGxJrSm Digital
Data Signal[m Download Speed eJU Upload Speed
ukd tcsif;csif;wlnDwJh Flow awGeJUroGm;wJhtwGufaMumifhAsymmetricvkdrsdK;oGm;wJhtwGufaMumifh "A" ukdxnfhoGif;ac:qkdtokH;jyKxm;wmjzpfygw,f/ trsm;qkH;uawmh DSL (Digital
Subscriber Line) Broadband ConnectionvkdUrac:bJeJUta½SUrSm "A"(Asymmetric )xnfhNyD;awmh ADSL Broadband
ConnectionvkdUac:qkdxm;wmjzpfygw,f/ADSL Broadband ConnectionrSmqkd&if Upload
SpeedwGifwif vk dufwJ h Data awGxuf Download
dataawGu ykdrkdjrefqefygw,f/ (Download Speedrsm;NyD;?Upload Speedenf;wm jzpfygw,f/) ADSL Broadband
ConnectionrSm ½kd;½kd; ADSL awGrSmqkd&if Download Speed
[m 6MBavmuf&NyD;awmh Upload Speed uawmh 800Kb
avmufyJ&ygw,f/ ADSL Connection trsKd;tpm;awGxJrSmADSL; ADSL 2; ADSL 2+ qkdNyD;awmh owfrSwfxm;wmawG½Sdygw,f/ bmvkdUowfrSwfxm;vJqkdawmh Upload Speed
eJU Download Speedukd tokH;jyK&wmrwlvkdU tckvkdrsdK;owfrSwfNyD;awmh tifwmeufokH;&wmtqifajy vG,fulatmifjyKvkyfay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ ADSL 2 Broadband Connection
rSmqkd&ifawmh Download Speed u 8MBavmuf&NyD;awmh Upload
Speeduawmh 1MBtxd&ygw,f/ ADSL 2+
Broadband Connection rSmqkd&ifawmh Download Speedu 24MB avmuf&NyD; awmh Upload Speeduawmh 1MB
avmufxdyJ&Ekdifygw,f/ (MPT)eJUBagan
Net rSm ADSL Connection okH;rsdK;xJu BudKufwmukdavSsmufEkdifygw,f/olwkdUawGajymwJh Upload Speed eJU
Download SpeedawGeJU tck ykd;aumifav; ajymxm;wJh SpeedawG[muGmjcm;rI½SdEkdifygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdUvJqkdawmh olwkdUawGowfrSwfxm;wJh Speed
(pmawG xJrSm azmfjyxm;wJhSpeed)eJUvufawGU Speed
tokH;jyKMunfhwJhtcgrSm&wJh SpeedeJUrwlvkdU tenf;i,f uGmjcm;csufawmh½SdEkdifygw,f/)ADSL 2eJU ADSL 2+
rSmbmaMumifh ADSL ConnectioneJUSpeedcsif; rwl&vnf;qkd&ifawmhADSL 2eJU ADSL 2+rSmokH;xm;wJh Modulation
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techniqueajymif;vJtokH;jyKxm;vkdUjzpfygw,f/ ADSL 2eJUADSL 2+rSmqkd&ifokH;wJh Frequencyu t&rf;jrifhoGm;NyD;awmhUpload /Download Speed ukd cHEkdif&nfykd½SdvmvkdUjzpfygw,f/ ADSL rSmvkd zkef;tdwfcsdef;eJU tuGmta0;ukd*½kpkduf&ayr,fhADSL 2 eJU ADSL 2+ rSm tuGm;ta0;vnf; enf;enf;us,fjyefUoGm;vkdUjzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tckqkd&ifADSL Connection;
ADSL 2; ADSL 2+ ConnectiontaMumif; tenf;i,fA[kokwjzpfoGm;rSmyg/ atmufuykHav;uawmh Company yJjzpfjzpf? tdrfrSmyJjzpfjzpf ADSL Connecionukd zkef;tdwfcsdef;uaezkef;vkdif;eJU ModemokH;NyD;awmh zkef;aum? Connection
ygcsdwfqufxm;ykHav;jzpfygw,f/
aemufykHav;wpfykHrSmawmh ISPuae Phone; Modem
wkdUukdtokH;jyKNyD;awmh ADSL Broadband ConnectionukdtokH;jyKxm;ykHav;jzpfygw,f/ trsm;qkH;uawmh ½kH;awGrSmtokH;rsm;ygw,f/ Cyber café tcsdKUrSmvnf; ServerawGxm; NyD;awmhokH;Ekdifygw,f/
atmufuaemufqkH;ykHav;uawmh ADSL Connec-
tion ukd ModemeJUzkef;vkdif;wkdUukdtokH;jyKNyD;awmh Con-
nection csdwfqufxm;ykHjzpfygw,f/ zkef;tdwfcsdef;rSm DSLAM
vkdUac:wJh (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
Device) ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh Modemuae Gateway? Gate-
way uae SwitchawG? RouterawGtokH;jyKNyD;awmhuGefysLwmawGeJU csdwfqufxm;wmjzpfygw,f/ DSLAM[mqkd&ifw,fvDzkef;vkdif;xJrSm Speed tjrefqkH; Frequency jzifhvmwJhSignalawGukdcGJxkwfNyD;awmh ADSL Modem ukdcsdwfqufzkdUtwGuf vkyfaqmifcsufukdvkyfaqmifay;EkdifwJh Device trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/
ADSL Connection vkdrsdK;yJ aemufxyf DSL
ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;awGxJrSm Upload/ Download
Speed wlwmawG½Sdygao;w,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh SDSL
(Single line Digital Subscriber Line) eJU HDSL(High
bit data rate Digital Subscriber Line)qkdNyD;awmhtJ'DESpfrsdK;vnf;½Sdygw,f/ A[kokwtaeeJU DSL a½SUutokH;jyKavh½SdwwfwJh (A; S; H)taMumif;av;ukdajymjyxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) Modem
eJU VoIp (Voice over Internet Protocol)
ADSL ModemqkdNyD;awmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSm tokH;jyKaeMuwJh trsdK;tpm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;½Sdygw,f/ ADSL ModemukdpwifNyD;awmh tvkyfvkyfrckdif;cif (installation rvkyfcif? rokH;cif)qkdifrSmyJjzpfjzpf? rdrdwkdU Connection,lr,fh network rSmyJjzpfjzpfprf;oyfNyD;awmh Modem eJU Network ESpfckvkH;ukdufnDNyD;awmhtvkyfvkyfEk difw,f qkdrS0,foifhygw,f/ Modemaum?Networkaum ESpfckvkH;tokH;jyKEdkifzkdUtwGuf t"duprf;oyfppfaq;zkdUvkdygw,f/ r[kwf&if Modem eJU Network rukdufnDrIaMumifh tokH;jyKzkdUtqifajyrSm r[kwfygbl;/ tJ'Dtcgus&ifModem zkd;oyfoyfukefrSmjzpfwmaMumifh prf;oyfppfaq;zkdU
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vkdygw,f/ Modem eJU Network ukdufnDrItwGuf ppfaq;r,fqkd&ifvnf; vmxm; ykdufqHygyJ/ prf;oyfcoabmrsdK; aiGay;aqmif&rSmjzpfygw,f/ t&ifuqkd&ifawmh BaganNet rSmyJolwkdUa&mif;wJh Modem ukd0,fNyD;awmh olwkdUqDrSmyJ Configuration vkyf&ygw,f/ tjyifu 0,f,ltokH;jyKwJh Modem awGukd BaganNet
u Configuration rvkyfay;ygbl;/ tckaemufykdif;rSomtjcm;Networking Company awGuvnf; Modem awGeJU ywfoufNyD;awmh ServicesawGvkyfNyD;awmh a&mif;csaewmawG½Sdygw,f/
ADSL ModemawGrSm data transfer rate ukdtrsm;qkH; 1000Mbps (1Gbps)avmufxdukd transfer
vkyfEkdifwJh Modem trsdK;tpm;awG½Sdygw,f/ Dial Up &JUExternal and Internal Modem wkdU&JU 56Kbps eJU ,SOf&iftqrwefuGmjcm;vGef;wJhtwGuf tifwmeufukdcsdwfqufzkdUtwGuf tvGefvsifjrefwJh Modem trsdK;tpm;awGjzpfygw,f/Modem &JU Speed rate ukd w,fvDzkef;vkdif; (Copper
Wire Line)eJUqufoG,fNyD; tokH;jyKxm;&wmjzpfvkdUzkef;tdwfcsdef;&JU tuGmta0;ay:rlwnfNyD;awmh Modem Speed
uvnf; tjref EIef;uawmh tenf;i,fuGmjcm;rI½SdNyD;awmh jrefw,f? enf;enf;aES;w,fqkdNyD;awmhjzpfay:vmEkdifygw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;rsm;aewJh Modem trsdK;tpm;uawmhvlwkdif;ESifh&if;ESD;NyD;om; Linksys ADSL Modem
trsdK;tpm;yJjzpfygw,f/ADSL Modem awGrSm VoIP
ServicestwGufvnf; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKEkdifwJhAdapter aw G y g y gw, f / VoIP
Servicesukdvnf; ADSL Connection avSsmufwJhtcgrSmxnfhoGif;avSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/ VoIP zkef;qkdwmuawmht&i fu Broadband Wireless Connection
trsdK;tpm;awGrSmvnf;Mum;zl;rSmjzpfygw,f/ VoIPzkef;ubmvJqkdawmh tvG,fqkH;rSwfxm;vkdU&atmifqkd&ifawmhtcktokH;jyKaewJhzkef;tjyif aemufxyf zkef;wpfvkH;(okdU)ESpfvkH;avmufukd wNydKifeufwnf; Internet Connection
vkdif;ay:rSmzkef;tokH;jyKwmukd ac:wmjzpfygw,f/ toHawGukdIP Protcol (tifwmeufvkdif;)ay:rSm tokH;EkdifwJhConnection
trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ VoIP Phoneukdvnf; Connection
vkdif;wpfvkdif;rSm wpfvkH; (okdU) ESpfvkH;txd avSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/VoIP zkef;&JUaumif;wJhtcsufuawmh Copper Wire
zkef;vkdif;ysufoGm;&ifawmif VoIPzkef;ukd tokH;jyKaeEkdifwmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'Davmufqkd VoIP phonetaMumif; tenf;i,fodavmufNyD;vkdUxifygw,f/
ADSL Connection vkdif;trsdK;tpm;avSsmufxm;rIukdawmh rdrdwkdUBudKufESpfouf&m Connection vkdif;ukd ,lcsifwJh
Bandwith tvkdufavSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/ rdrdwkdUwpfa,mufwnf; tokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmh 256 Kbps avmuf avSsmufoifhygw,f/ Cyber café awGrSm tokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmh 512Kbps
uae jrifhwmawGavSsmufxm;Ekdifygw,f/ ADSL Broadband
Connection Service taeeJU Class(5)rsdK;½SdNyD;awmh Speed
ukdvnf; 256KbpsuaepwifNyD;awmh tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ESpfpOfaMu;? vpOfaMu; ESifh ueOD;wyfqifc qkdNyD;awmh tenf;qkH;FEC 30 uae trsm;qkH; FEC 200 (ESpfpOfaMu;eJUvpOfaMu;)?½Sdygw,f/ Installation FeestwGufuawmh FEC 1500 ukefusrSmjzpfygw,f/
ADSL Connection&JU tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csufukdrMunfhawmhbJeJU olUqDu&EkdifwJh tusdK;aus;Zl;awGukdyJMunfhNyD;awmh Connection wyfqifr,fqkd&if tokH;jyKoifhwJhConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ Internet Connection
ukd Always on Connection trsdK;tpm;jzpfvkdU aumif;wmvnf;½SdEkdifovkd? raumif;wmvnf; tenf;i,f½SdEkdifwmav;awG½Sdygw,f/ aumif;w,fqkdwmuawmh tNrJwrf; tcsdefra½G;
tokH;jyKEkdifw,f/ tifwmeufukd Dialingvkyfp&mrvkdbJtokH;jyKEkdifw,f/ zkef;vkdif; r½Sdvnf;zkef;vkdif;eJU wpfcgwnf;avSsmufxm;NyD;awmhtokH;jyKEkdifw,f/ zkef;vkdif;okH;aecsdefrSmvnf;tifwmeufukd wpfcgwnf;eJUESpfck wNydKifwnf;tokH;jyKEkdifw,f/ tjcm;tifwmeuf zkef; VoIP
zkef;udkvnf;tokH;jyKEkdifw,f/ tifwmeufConnection Speeduvnf;jrefw,f/ tJ'DtcsufawGu ADSL Connection &JU aumif;
rGefwJhtcsufawGyg/ raumif;wmuawmh Internet Connection
[m Always on ConnectionjzpfvkdU tjcm; taESmifht,SufawG½SdEkdifyg/ 'guvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGufqkd&ifawmh tenf;i,fpdwfrylvnf;&ygw,f/WiMax Connection (Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access)!!! taMumif;av; -WiMax Broadband Connectionuawmh tck
aemufykdif;rSm acwft&rf;pm;vmwJhWieless MudK;rJhqufoG,frIenf;ynmopf jzpfygw,f/qef;opfNyD;awmh wDxGifxm;wJh BudK;rJhenf;ynmawGaygif;NyD;awmjyKvkyfxm;wJh Connection
trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/
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WiMax Connection qkdwmuawmh w,fvDzkef;vkdif;awmifrvkdygbl;/ w,fvDzkef;vkdif;r½SdawGyg tokH;jyKEkdifwJhConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ Internet Munfh½IEkdifonhftjyif Internet Protocol tajccHw,fvDzkef;vkdif;jzpfwJhVoIP zkef;awGrSmawmif vsifjrefwJhtjrefEIef;eJUtokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/w,fvDzkef;r½SdolawGtaeeJUvnf; Internet Connection tjyifVoIP zkef;vkdif;wpfvkdif;uaeESpfvkdif;txd tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/WiMax Connection [mBudK;rJhqufoG,fa&;ukd okH;xm;wJhtwGuf ae&mtuGmta0;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;txd qufoG,ftokH;jyKEdkifvkdUADSL Broadband ConnectionESifh Broad-
band Wireless Local Loop Connection wkdUvkdrsdK;Cable awG? Ethernet BudK;awGzkd; ukefusp&dwfoufomEkdifygw,f/ WiMax Connection [mqkd&if udk Base to many
Multi-point ykHpHoGm;wJh Connection trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/WiMax Connection[m IEEE 802.16 pHowfrSwfcsufjzpfygw,f/ IEEE 802.16 pHowfrSwfcsuftaeeJUvnf;WiMax Connection rSm trsdK;tpm;(5)rsdK; ½Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fhtckwkdif; Standard owfrSwfxm;NyD;awmhtokH;jyKaewJh IEEE
802.16 trsdK;tpm;uawmh IEEE 802.16 tygt0if (3)rsdK;½S dygw,f/ IEEE 802.16; IEEE 802.16a;IEEE
802.16d; IEEE 802.16e wkdUjzpfygw,f/ (aemufxyfuawmh (2)rsdK;uawmh IEEE 802.16b and IEEE 802.16c
wkdUjzpfygw,f/) IEEE Ä02.16d rSmqkd&ifawmh Wireless
Application ygxnfhoGif;toGif;jyKEkdifzkdU vkyfaqmifcsufyg0ifygw,f/ IEEE Ä02.16e uawmh Mobile zkef;awGrSm tokH;jyKEkdifzkdU xkwfvkyfxm;wmjzpfygw,f/ rdrdwkdU tokH;jyKaewJh WiMax
Connection Speed uawmh rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKwJh Tower eJUChannel tay:rSmrlwnfNyD;awmh ajymif;vJrIawG½SdEkdifygw,f/WiMax Connection Network rSmawmh tifwmeuf csdwfquftokH;jyKolawG[m rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKxm;wJh Network Connection
twGif; rkdif(30) avmufywfvnftwGif; BudK;rJhpepfvSrf;csdwfqufNyD;awmhtokH;jyKvkdU&wJh Connection trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/
WiMax Connection[mwNydKifeufwnf; tokH;jyKaeolawGrsm;vm&ifawmif Internet Traffic rjzpfwJhtjyif Con-
nection Speed vnf;usoGm;wmawG? bmawGrjzpfwJh trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DvkdrsdK;rjzpfzkdUtwGuf WiMax Connection
rSm oifhawmfwJh Radio waves awGuaewqifh Internet
ukdcsdwfqufzkdUtwGufausmfoGm;EkdifwJh Cognitive radio
waves vkdUenf;ynm ukdxnfhoGif;xm;wJh Connection
trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ Cognitive radio waves qkdwmuawmhConnection twGuf oifhawmfwJh radio waves awGukdtvG,fwuleJUtvkdtavsmuf csdwfquful;ajymif;ay;EkdifwJhenf;ynmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'Denf;ynmxnfhoGif;xm;vkdU Internet
Traffic ydwfqkdUrIawG WiMax Connection rSmrjzpfay:wmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh WiMax Connection twGufqkd&ifRadio waves awG tawmfrsm;rsm;tokH;jyKzkdUvkdtyfrSmjzpfygw,f/
WiMax Connection awG[m Radio waves
awG&JUBudrfEIef;cGifawGukdtokH;jyKNyD;awmh digital bits awGukdtajrmuftrsm;ukd BudK;rJhpepfukdtokH;jyKNyD;awmh xkwfvTwfay;NyD;awmhConnection csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifatmifjyKvkyfxm;wm jzpfygw,f/ WiFi NetworkawGukd xyfqifhtokH;jyKEkdifatmif jyifqifxm;wJh ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ Internet csdwfqufzkdUtwGuf Fiber Optic cable lineawGvkdukefusp&dwf rrsm;wJh ConnectiontrsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ WiMax Connection
[m BudK;rJha&'D,kdenf;ynmukdtokH;jyKxm;vkdU Internet Connection
ykdrkdjrefqefw,f? p&dwfoufomygw,f/ tckaemufykdif; qkd&ifawmhDesktop Computer; Laoptop; Notebook;SmartPone
wkdUrSm WiMax ConnectionukdtokH;EkdifatmifvkdU WiMax Access
chip av;awGudkxnfhoGif; xkwfvkyfvmwmav;awG½Sdygw,f/WiMax Connectionukdawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jrefrmh
qufoG,fa&; (MPT) ESifh RedLink Communications
wkdUrSm avSsmufxm;NyD;awmh wyfqiftokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ Class
trsdK;tpm;taeeJU (3)rsdK;½Sdygw,f/ Consumer (128 Kbps:
1PC); Enterprise (256Kbps: 4PC)eJU Corporate
(512Kbps: 12PC)wkdUqkdNyD;awmh Speed trsdK;tpm;tvkduftokH;jyKEkdifwJh uGefysLwmta&twGufwkdU jzpfygw,f/ Monthly
FeestaeeJUvnf; (45 FEC; 75 FEC; 130 FEC) qkdNyD;awmhay;aqmif&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Free e-mail account ukdvnf;Class trsdK;tpm;tvkduf rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKcsifoavmuf tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ VoIP phone ukdvnf;tokH;jyKcsifyguvnf; wyfqiftokH;jyKEkdif ygw,f/ (tckawmh Outdoor unit wpfckwnf;jzifhcsdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifNyD;awmh zkef;vkdif;awmifr½Sdvnf; tokH;jyKEkdif&ef RedLinku p&dwfenf;enf;eJU 0efaqmifrIawGay;aeygw,f)
ykd;aumifav; WiMax Connection ukdawmh 256Kbps
SpeedeJU Connectionvkdif;wpfvkdif;ukdawmh Project case
wpfckuae wpfcgawmh avhvmzl;ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ykd;aumifav;odxm;wJh tenf;i,ftcsuftvufawGeJU tGefvkdif;uaeWimax Connection taMumif;ukd MARTvkdUac:wJhMinnesota Association For
Rural
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Telecommunications uaejyKvkyfxm;wJh PowerPoint
eJU Introduction WiMax Technology pmtkyfawGuaeavhvmNyD;awmh tenf;i,fa&;xm;ay;wmjzpfygw,f/
Minnesota Association For Rural Telecom-
munications &JU PowerPoint rSmawmh WiMax
&JUtvkyfvkyfykH? IEEE trsdK;tpm;awGeJU tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csufawGukd t½Sif;vif;qkH;pmvkH;av;awGeJU Mum;zl;aeMu pum;vkH;av;awG tokH;jyKNyD;awmhazmfjyxm;ygw,f/ tvG,fwulzwf½IavhvmEkdifygw,f/ atmufuvifhrSmzwf½IEdkifygw,f/
http://ifile.it/cq9m0hk
Introduction to WiMax Technology
rSmqkd&ifawmh WiMax Connection ay:aygufvmykHutptao;pdwfuk d½ Si f;jyxm;ygw,f/ atmufuvif hav;rSmzwfEkdifygw,f/
http://ifile.it/4w7lhk2
ykHtaeeJUuawmh ykd;aumifav;jrifzl;wJh WiMax
Connection ukd Base Station wpfckxm;NyD;awmhvSrf;csdwfxm;ykHukd Internet uae ,lxm;NyD;awmh tm;vkH;MunfhvkdufwmeJUem;vnfEkdifwJhykHav;ukdazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
atmufuykHav;rSmawmh WiMax Connection ukdWi-Fi Hotspotsuaeyg vSrf;csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifykHukdjyxm;wm jzpfygw,f/
Wi-Fi Connection taMumif;av;!!!Wi-Fi Connectionqkdwmuvnf; Wireless
Network Connection trsdK;tpm;jzpfygw,f/ tckaemufykdif;rSmawmh Cable Connection awG&JUae&rSm tpm;xkd;0ifa&mufvmawmhrnf Wireless Network Connection trsdK;tpm;awGyJjzpfygw,f/ Wireless Network Connection qkdwmu ComputerawGukd Wire BudK;awGeJUqufoG,fwmrsKd;r[kwfbJeJU Radio signal awGukdtokH;jyKNyD;awmh qufoG,fay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ 'DvkdrsdK; Radio Signal awGeJUqufoG,ftokH;jyK&wmqkdawmh rdrdwkdUwkdufcef;twGif;xJrSmqkd&if Desktop
Computer yJjzpfjzpf? Laptop Computer uaejzpfjzpfBudK;rJhqufoG,f tokH;jyKEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ BudK;rJhqufoG,fa&;pepfukd tokH;jyKxm;wJhtwGuf Wi-Fi Connection rSmvnf;IEEE uae owfrSwfpHowfrSwfcsuf½Sdygw,f/ Wi-Fi Con-
nection rSm pHpepfawGukdpkpnf;xm;wJh 802.11 qkdwmuawmhIEEE uaeowfrSwfay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ (Wi-Fi
Connectionukd 802.11 Connection vkdUvnf;ac:qkdMuNyD;awmh 802.16 Connectionukdawmh WiMax
Connection vkdUpHowfrSwfcsufukdrlwnfNyD;awmh emrnfawGukdrac:awmhbJh eJU IEEE &JUpHowfrSwfukdyJac:qkdrIawG½Sdygw,f)IEEE uaeowfrSwfxm;wJh WiFi Connecton rSmqkd&if IEEE
802.11 tygt0if(5)rs d K;½S dygw,f/ IEEE 802.11;
802.11a; 802.11b; 802.11g; 802.11h; 802.11n
pHtrsdK;tpm;wkdU jzpfygw,f/ olwkdUpHowfrSwfxm;wJhtrsdK;tpm;ukdvkdufNyD;awmhvnf; tuGmta0;awGuvnf; uGmjcm;rIawG½Sdygw,f/ IEEE 802.11n uawmh 2008 avmufrSay:aygufcJhwmjzpfygw,f/ IEEE 802.11 trsdK;tpm;awGrSmvnf;rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKxm;wJhtrsdK;tpm; ay:rlwnfNyD;awmh NOC vkdUac:wJhNon Over Channel (rxyfwJhChannel)awGvnf; uGJjym;rI½Sdygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKr,ftrsdK;tpm;eJU&EkdifwJhtuGmta0;? vsifjrefrI? NOC wkdUukdaocsmar;jref;NyD;awmh oifhawmfwJhtrsdK;tpm;ukdtokH;jyKEkdifygonf/BudK;rJhuGef&ufqufoG,frIawG&JU pdwfrcs&wJh tcsufwpfcsufuawmh Physical
Connection ( ADSL
Broadband Connection
Broadband Wireless
Local Loop Connection
wkdUukdqkdvkdwmjzpfygw,f/) www.myanmarfamily.org
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awGavmufawmh pdwfcsvkHjcKHrIawmhr&ygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh tykdukefusrIp&dwftenf;i,fawmh½SdrSmyg/ Wireless Connecion rSmvkHNcKHrI½Sdatmifrvkyfxm;bl;qkd&ifawmh rdrdwkdU&JU tcsuftvufwcsdKUESihfNetworkukd tvG,fwuleJU olwyg;u&,loGm;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ Wireless Network vkHNcKHrI½Sd&eftwGufqkd&if Router
ukdvnf; tokH;jyKxm;oifhygw,f/ rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKwJh Router
rSmvnf; PasswordcHNyD;awmhtokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ 0,fwkef;uqkdifuay;xm;wJh Router PasswordukdtokH;rjyKbJeJU rdrdbmom Password awGajymif;okH;NyD;awmhvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ Router &JU Passwordukdajymif;csifw,fqkd&if rdrdwkdUbmomajymif;vJvkdU&ygw,f/ Router 0,f,lxm;wkef;uygwJhpm½Gufav;uwnf;u nTefMum;csuftwkdif;vkdufvkyfNyD;awmhajymif;vJEkdifygw,f/ aemufwpfckuawmh SSID Name awG[mtvG,fwuleJU½SmazGawGU½SdEkdifvkdU Router uae SSID Name
awGukdvnf; 0Sufxm;ay;EkdifwJhvkyfaqmifcsufukdtokH;jyKNyD;awmhSSID NameawGukd 0Sufxm;Ekdifygw,f/ SSID NameawGukdtrsm;qkH;tokH;jyKwmuawmh Home; Linksys wkdU peer to
peer homewkdUjzpfwmaMumifh tJ'DemrnfukdawGukd Router uaewqifh0Sufxm;NyD;awmh tokH;jyKEk difygw,f/ Network
ConnectionukdcsdwfqufwJhvlwkdif; okdUr[kwf ypönf;wkdif;ukdrdrdwkdU&JU ukd,fykdif Password awGxm;NyD;awmh tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ tJ'Dvkdom Router awG? Password awGtokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmh rdrdwkdU Network ConnectiontwGuf vkHNcKHrIukdawmhtenf;i,fumuG,fay;EkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ Wireless Network
ukd tokH;jyKawmhr,fqkd&if rdrdwdkUtokH;jyKwJh Desktop Computer
rSmyJjzpfjzpf? Laptop rSmyJjzpfjzpf Network Adapter
awmh½S dz k d Uvk dtyfr Smjzpfygw,f/ Desktop Computer
awGtwGufqkd&if Network Adapter rygcJhbl;qkd&ifawmh USB
Wireless Adapterukd 0,f,ltokH;jyK&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Laptop
tm;vkH;eD;yg;rSmawmh Wireless Netowrk AdapterawGygwwfygw,f/ Wireless USB AdaptereJU Wireless USB Adapter
awGrSmqkd&if USB cGJa&;xm;wJh? ra&;xm;wJhtay:rlwnfNyD;awmhvnf; xkwfvTwfay;EkdifrItuGmta0;eJU GHz band uvnf;ae&mtuGmta0;ukdvkdufNyD;awmh uGmjcm;wwfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhUSB Adpater 0,fr,fqkd&ifvnf; aocsmar;jref;pkH;prf;NyD;
awmhrS 0,f,loifhygw,f/ Wireless
Wi-Fi Network ukdcsdwfquftokH;jyKawG[mvnf; rdrdwdkUcsdwfqufxm;wJh Access PointokdU Hotspots
½SdwJhae&mawGuaewqifh ae&mtuGmta0; tenf;trsm;ukdvkdufNyD;awmhBudK;rJhtokH;jyKEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ Wi-Fi
Hotspots qkdwm bmvJqkd&ifawmh Wireless Local Area
Network Connection ukdtajccHxm;NyD;awmh tifwmeufcsdwfqufrIukd&EkdifwJhae&mukdac:wmjzpfygw,f/ tckqkd&ifawmhzkef;awGrSmawmif Wi-Fi ConnectionukdtokH;jyKaeygNyD/jrefrmEkdifiHrSmqkd&ifawmh 2009ESpfpavmufujzpfr,fxifw,fWi-Fi ConnectionukdpwiftokH;jyKwmjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifhWireless Connection okH;r,fqkd&if olU&JUtm;omcsufuawmhLaptop/Desktop Computer tm;vkH;ukd tcef;wpfcef;okdUtdrfwpftdrfxJrSm a½GUajymif;oGm;NyD;awmh tokH;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmifNetwork Connectionu jywfawmufrI½SdrSmr[kwfygbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh tjcm; Cable Connection awGxyfp&m BudK;zkd;ukefp&mrvkdwJhtjyif tvG,fwulcsdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/aemufwpfcku Wireleess Network Connection&JUtm;enf;csufuawmh rdrdwkdUtokH;jyKxm;wJh Wirelesss Router
trsdK;tpm;ukdvkdufNyD;awmh tJ'D RouterawG&JUowfrSwfxm;wJhtuGmta0;twGif;rSmyJ Network Connectionukd csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ Wireless Router awGxJrSm owfrSwfxm;wJhtuGmta0;ukdausmfoGm;&ifawmh Networkukd csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifrSmr[kwfygbl;/atmufuykHav;uawmh Wireless Connectionukd csdwfquftokH;jyKxm;ykHav;jzpfygw,f/ tifwmeufuae½SmazGxm;wmjzpfygw,f/
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Wi-Fi eJU WiMax Connection wkdU&JUtenf;i,fjcm;em;csufav;awGu [kdw,f (Trader Hotel)? avqdyf (Yangon) wkdUrSmWi-Fi Hotspot awGxm;NyD;awmh tifwmeufeJU BudK;rJhcsdwfqufEkdifatmif tokH;jyKxm;wJh Wi-Fi pepf[mtuGmta0;tenf;i,favmufuae csdwfqufawmhrS qufoG,ftokH;jyKvkdU&rSmjzpfygw,f/ WiMax Connection rSmqkd&ifawmh rkdif (30)tuGmta0;uae qufoG,fNyD;awmh tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ Data
Transfer rate uvnf; Wi-Fi Connectionxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm ykdygw,f/
Intel Company uae Wi-Fi ConnectioneJUWiMax Connection wkdU&JUtuGmta0; oufa&mufEIef;ukdjyxm;wJhyHkav;jzpfygw,f/ 'DykHav;ukdvnf; Internet uae½SmazGay;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/
Wireless ConnectiontaMumif;ukdvnf; ykd;aumifav;avhvmjzpfwmuawmh &efukefrSm Password rcHxm;bJeJUtokH;jyKEkdifwJh eHrnfBuD;[kdw,fwpfckukd taMumif;wkdufqkdifpGmProject av;wpfckvkyf&if;uae Wi-Fi Connection taMumif;ukd tenf;i,favhvmrdcJhw,f/ tJ'Duae tenf;i,fA[kokw&½SdcJhw,f/ NyD;awmh MICT rSm WiFi Connection taMumif;Seminar wpfckukd oGm;em;axmif&ifeJU IEEE 802.11 trsdK;tpm;awGukdodcGifh&cJhw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'D Connection taMumif;av;ukd ykd;aumifav; &½SdcJhwJhA[kokwtay:rlwnfNyD;awmh a&;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ trSm;rsm;? tjcm;vkdtyfcsufrsm;½Sdyguvnf;em;vnfcGifhvTwfay;Muyg&ef/
tckqkd&ifawmh jrefrmEkdifiHrSmtokH;jyKEkdifwJhConnection
awGtm;vkH;taMumif; tenf;i,fawmhA[kokwtaejzifh odoGm;Mur,fvkdUxifygw,f/ ykd;aumifav; 'DConnection taMumif;awGukda&;jzpfwm wu,fvufawGUrSmavhvm NyD;awmh &cJhwJh
A[kokwawGxJuae jyefNyD;awmha&;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ykd;aumifav; IT Diploma wufcJhwJh (2004)ckESpfrSm q&muaeDialUp; iPSTAR; Wireless Broadband Local Loop eJUADSL Connection taMumif;awGukd wpfckcsif;pD avhvmNyD;awmh q&mqDrSmjyefwifjy&ygw,f/ tJ'D ConnectionawGtokH;jyKwJhae&mawGtxd oGm;NyD;awmhavhvmNyD;awm ha&;xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ q&muajymjyxm;vkdU 'Dvkda&;Ekdifwmr[kwfygbl;/q&muae ta½SUuenf;enf; Knowledgeay;w,f/ ykd;aumifav;wkdUukd,fwkdif Internet qkdifawG? Company awGukdoGm;NyD;awmhavhvm&w,f/ we*FaEGtywfwkdif; tJ'D Connection trsdK;tpm;wpfrsdK;taMumif;ukd Assignmentwif&w,f/ tJ'gaMumifhvnf; 'Davmufa&;xm;Ekdifwmjzpfygw,f/ ykHawGukdvnf;udk,fwkdifqGJxm;wmjzpfygw,f/ WiMax eJU Wi-Fi uawmh 2004
avmufrSm enf;ynm½Sdw,fqkdwmyJodygw,f/ vufawGYrSmravhvmjzpfcJhbl;/ aemuf Project awGvkyfay;&if;uae WiMax
eJU Wi-Fi Connection taMumif;av;awGukd xyfavhvmrdwmyg/ 'DConnection taMumif;a&;xm;wJhae&mrSm trSm;rsm;eJUtjcm;vkdtyfcsufrsm;½S d&ifvnf; em;vnfay;MuygcifAsm/ykd;aumifav;odoavmuf OmPfav;eJUa&;xm;wmjzpfvkdUvkdtyfcsufawG½Sdr,fqkd&ifvnf; tm;vkH;ukd em;vnfvufcHay;MuygcifAsm/ tm;vkH;tqifajyygapcifAsm/ Internet Connection
rsm;xJrSmtqifajyvG,fulpGmtokH;jyKEkdifygap/
aumif;aomaeUav;jzpfygap/ykd;aumifav;/(poekaunglay87)
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Parallel computers trsdK;tpm;taeeJY(2)rsdK;&Sdygw,f/tJ'D parallel architectures rsm;uawmh
Shared memory multiprocessor
Distributed memory multicomputer
wkdUjzpfMuygonf/ Parallel architectures taMumif;ukd atmufwGif qufvufazmfjyxm;ygw,f/
uRefawmftck a&;om;azmfjyrnfh taMumif;t&monfProcessors(3)vkH;ukd wpfjydKifeuftokH;jyKjyD; Computer
Program ykpäm jzpfaom MPI program ukd Execute vkyfygrnf/Execute vkyf&mwGif Processor wpfvkH;rS tjcm;wpfvkH;qDokdYDatarsm;ukd tjyeftvSefykd Y,laqmif&Gufonf/ xkdokd Yaomy&kd*&rfrsm;ukd Parallel computing vkyfzkdhtwGuf OS tjzpfLinux OS ukdtokH;jyKxm;ygonf/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh Linux
onf Multiuser, Multitasking and Multiprocessing jzpfonfhtjyif SMP(Symmetrical Multiprocessing) Support
jzpfonfhtwGuf Memory managementygvkyfekdifonf/ C,
C++, Pascal, Cobol, Fortran,Delphi,Kylix ponfhProgramming languagersm;pGmtwGuf Freejzpfaom Library
rsm;? Utilitiesrsm;ukdvnf; Supportvkyfay;Ekdifygonf/ Parallel
programming Issues&Jh &nfrSef;csufuawmh Execution time
awGukd Reduce vkyfzkdYygyJ/ Execution time awGuawmhComputation time
Idel time (watiting for data from other
processors)
Communication time (time the processors
take to send and receive messages)
wkdYjzpfMuygonf/,cktcsdeftcgrSm Parallel programs rsm;ukd wGufcsuf
taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufzkdYtwGuf Various linguisticrsm;&Sdygonf/ xkdokdY wGufcsufaqmif&Guf&ef Parallel programming
modelawGvkdtyfygonf/ Parallel programming model
qkdwmuawmY Parallel algorithmsawGukd azmfjyzkdYtwGufSoftware technologies jzpfygonf/ Special libiary rsm;jzpfMuwJY MPI,PVM and other parallel programming
models? ¤if;wkdY[m process awG ukd wpfNyKdifeufaqmif&Guf&mrSmtjyeftvSefaqmif&GufEkdif&ef ESifY Parallel program system
awGukd tqkH;owf taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufay;EkdifwJYSoftware Technologiesrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ tJ'gawGtm;vkH;[m High level languages &JU Parallel program systems
ay:taNccHxm;ygonf/ Parallel programming models rsm;&JULibraries awGuawmY
POSIX Threads
MPI
SHMEM
PVM
TBB
KAAPI wkdYjzpfMuygonf/azmfjyyg Libraries rsm;xJrS MPI (Massage passing
Interface)qkdwJY Programming modelukd Testvkyfí a&;om;azmfjyygrnf/ MPI taMumif;ukd a&;om;razmfjyrD Advantages
of Parallel ProgrammingeJ Y Parallel Computer
Architectures taMumif;ukd tenf;usOf;a&;om;vkdufygonf/Parallel computing Field onf tvGefus,fjyefYonfY Field
jzpfonfYtwGuf uRefawmfYtaeeJY vkdtyfcsufrsm;pGm&SdEkdifygaomaMumifh pmzwfolrsm;taeeJY em;vnfrIay;Ekdifyg&ef arwåm&yfcHygonf/
Advantages of Parallel Programming qdkwmbmawGvJ¿ Need to solve larger problems
o more memory intensive
o more computation
o more data intensive
Parallel programming provides
o more CPU resources
o more memory resources
o solve problems that were not
possible with serial program
o solve problems more quickly
Parallel Computing qkdwm Computer Program ykpäm(1)yk'fukd Executevkyf&eftwGuf rsm;pGmaomProcessorta&wGufrsm; wpfjydKifeuftokH;jyKxm;jcif;vkdY t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdekdifygonf/ ajrmufrsm;pGmaom wGufcsufrIqkdif&mykpäm? ProblemawGukd wpfNyKdifeufajz&Sif;wGufcsufay;edkifwJh Computation formjzpfovkd BuD;rm;aomwGufcsufrlqkdif&my&kd*&rf? ykpmä? Problemrsm;ukdvnf; ao;i,faomtpdwftykdif;tjzpf cGJa0pdwfykdif;jyD; wpfNyKdifeufwGufcsufajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufay;EkdifwJh Computation formjzpfygw,f/
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Parallel Computer Architectures qkdwmbmvJ¿Parallel Computer Architectures twGuf tajccH
Architectures (2)rsKd;&Sdygonf/ Distributed Memory (Ex.Compute cluster & PC) ESifh Shared Memory ComputerwdkYjzpfygw,f/ Distributed Memory (Ex. Computecluster) qdkonfrSm uGefysLwmrsm;onf tNrJwrf; Networkswitch rSwqifh Connect vkyfygonf/ Network udkausmfíProcessor (1)vHk;rS tjcm; Processor (1)vHk;pD Data flowsvkyfygonf/
Each processor has its own memory addresses and data has to be sent from one processor to another
Collection of computers which may be dual or quad-core nodes
Each node uses its own local memory Work together to solve a problem Communicate between nodes and cores
via messagesnodes are networked together (ykHwGifMunfY&ef/)
Shared Memory Computer qkdonfrSm DatauGefysLwm (1)vkH;rS tjcm;uGefysLwm (1)vkH;okdY ay;ykdY&efrvkdyg/
All processors share the same “memory addresses”
Multiple processors Share a global memory space Processors can efficiently exchange/share
data (ykHwGifMunfY&ef/)
aemufqk H ; Parallel Computers mixedshared/distributed memory architectureuawmYNodes rsm;rSm Processor (1)vkH;xufyk díyg&Sdygw,f/ProcessorsawGuawmY Dual/quad-core processorsrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ tcktcsdeftcgrSm Parallel systems ESifYInstrument (Tool) trsKd;tpm;rsm;jzpfwJY DistributedMemory system (Ex. Compute cluster) ESif YShared Memory Computer systemawGukd zef;wD;aqmif&GufEkdifzkd YtwGuf ykdjyD;txif&Sm;ausmfMum;qkH;jzpfwJYInstrument (Tool)rsm;uawmY OpenMP ESifY MPI wkdYyJjzpfygw,f/ tNcm;aom System ESifY Instrument rsm;vnf;&SdMuyg aomfvnf; ykdrkdus,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKwmuawmY OpenMPESifh MPI wkdYyJjzpfMuygonf/
MPI qkdwmbmvJ¿vkd&if;eJ Y twkd&Sif;qkH;ajym&&ifawmY MPI qkdwm
Processes rsm;ukd Parallel computing vkyfzkd YtwGufus,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKwJY Programming enf;ynmwpfckyg/ProcessesawGukd wpfcsdefwnf;wpfjyKdifwnf; wGufcsuf aqmif&GufaecsdeftwGif; Information (send/receive data)awGukdtjyeftvSefajymif;vJykdYay;wJ Interface wpfckvkdY t"dyÜm,fzGifYqkd&yg&ap/ Process wkdif;[m olY&JU own local variablesawG&SdMuw,f/ MPI on parallel programs awGu createvkyfzkdY ESif distributed memory Architecture (clustersor pc) jzifYvkyfxm;aom computing(computer)systemsrsm;twGuf us,fjyefYpGmzef;wD; tokH;jyKzkdYjzpfygonf/ Distributedmemory qkdwmbmvJ¿ Distributed memory computertaMumif;ukd txufrSm azmfjycJY jyD;jzpfygonf/ MPI programa&;om;zkdYtwGuf (Support) taxmuftuljyKwJh Library offunctions uawmY (C/C++) okYdr[kwf Subroutines(Fortran) Programming languages wkdYjzpfygw,f/
bmaMumifY MPI ukd Parallel computingtwGuftokH;jyKwmvJ¿
MPI onf Parallel programs awGukd Express vkyfzkdYtwGuf
PowerfulEfficientPortable wayrsm;ukd provides vkyfay;aom
aMumifY tokH;jyKNcif; jzpfygonf/
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Message Passing tvkyfvkyfykH
tckpmapmifrSm uRefawmfYtaeeJY WELCOMEvkdY trnfay;xm;wJY Simple MPI programav;udk Test vkyfwmukdazmfjyoGm;ygrnf/
MPI program Testing vkyfzkdYtwGufjyifqifNcif;/Distributed Memory Computer Architecture
Systemukd tokH;jyKwGufcsufaqmif&GufrSmjzpfonfYtwGufuRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY uGefysLwmta&twGufonf (1)vkH;ESifYtxufwGifom&Sd&ygrnf/ okdYjzpfygí uRefawmfYtaeeJY (PC-1)
P-4 3.2GHz, (PC-2) P-4 3.0GHz, (PC-3) P-4 3.2GHz
qkdNyD; uGefysLwm(3)vkH;ukd a&G;cs,fvkdufygonf/ a&G;cs,fxm;aomuGefysLwm(3)vkH;ukd csdwfqufjyD; MPI program a&G;cs,fxm;aom uGefysLwm(3)vkH;ukd csdwfqufjyD; Parallel ajz&Sif;wGufcsufrSm jzpfygw,f/ Local(LAN) twGif;rSm wGufcsufrIawGaqmif&GufjyKvkyfrSmjzpfvkdY Switch wpfvkH; ESifY RJ45 cable
rsm;vnf;vkdtyfygonf/ csdwfqufajz&Sif;aqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmrsm;wGif Usersrsm;taeeJY tifwmeufyg tokH;jyKcsifw,fqkd&ifawmY tifwmeuf&wJY uGefysLwm(1) vkH;rS Bulid in ygvmcJhwJYNIC (NETWORK INTERFACE CARD) u'ftjyif aemufxyfNIC wpfu'f xyfNyD;wyfvkdufyg/ Straight-through Cable
rsm;eJY NIC to Switch-Switch to Computer-Computer
to Switch csdwfqufNcif;jzifY tifwmeufukd sharevkyfjyD;tokH;jyKEkdifygonf/ uRefawmfwkdY a&G;cs,fxm;aom uGefysLwmrsm;wGif OS tjzpf Linux Fedoraudk Installation vkyfxm;ygonf/ pmzwfolrsm;taeeYJ Operating System “Linux” &JUFile structure wnfaqmufykH Command line interface
rSm tokH;jyKwJY Commandrsm;eJY Shell scriptrsm; a&;om;ykHawGukdtuGßrf;w0if&if;ESD;aer,fqkd&if tck uRefawmfwkdY Test vkyfr,fYtaMumif;t&mukd tvG,fwulem;vnfEkdifygonf/ &if;ESD;uGßrf;0ifrIr&Sdaom pmzwfolrsm;ukdvnf; uRefawmfYtaeeJY twwfEkdifqkH;em;vnfEkdifatmif Capture pic av;awGeJY azmfjyay;xm;ygonf/ uRefawmfYtaeeJY Testvkyf&mrSm tokH;jyKoGm;wJY Commands
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rsm;ukd Detail r&Sif;jyawmYygbl;/ tqifYwkdif;wGif tm;vkH;em;vnfEkdifatmif a&;om;xm;ygonf/1/ yxrqkH; tqifYaeeJY uRefawmfwdkY MPI program udkInstall vkyfygr,f/ Linux {/f Source code wGif rpm,
dpkg, tar, tgzponfwkdYrSwqifY Compilation vkyfonfukdod&SdjyD; jzpf&ygrnf/ /usr/local/ xJrSm MPI programukdinstall vkyfrSm jzpfwJYtwGuf mkdir MPI qkdjyD; directory
(Floder)av;wpfck zef;wD;xm;ygw,f/ /home/moelwin/
Desktop/MPI_pack xJu mpich-1.2.7.tar.gz ukd MPI
qkdwJY uRefawmfwkdY Create vkyfxm;wJhDirectoryxJ Copy
vkyfvkdufygw,f/ Copy vkyfxm;aom Packageukd command
tar(Tape archive format)ukdtokH;jyKjyD; –zxvof (option)
jzifY Unzip vkyfvkdufygonf/ ( As knowledge-> tar format
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif Source codersm;ygvmwwfjyD; rdrdpufay:wGifjyefjyD; Compile vkyfay;&ygonf/ okdYrSom Execute
vkyfEkdifonfY Binary file xGufvmrnf jzpfonf/ Source
codersm;ygvmonfqkdaomfvnf; Binary filersm;vnf;ygvmwwfygonf/ Source codexnfYay;&Ncif;rSm pufwkdif;wGifOperate vkyfEkdif&eftwGuf jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifY tar format
wGif Source code onf PrimaryjzpfjyD; Binary fileonfSecondry jzpfonf/) ykHwGifMunfYyg/
2/ Unzip vkyfjyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY mpich-1.2.7
qkdwJY FilexGufvmygonf/ &&Sdvmaom mpich-1.2.7 file
xJrS Binary files rsm;jzpfaom configure ESifY makelinks
udk command pipe (‘|’), tee wkdYjzifY Configuration ESifYMake vkyfvkdufygonf/ ykHwGif Configuration completed
jzpfjyD;aemuf Make vkyfygonf/ ykHwGifMunfYyg/
3/ Make jyKvkyfjyD;aemuf mpich-1.2.3xJrS bin/ &Sd&mokdYoGm;ygonf/ mpich-1.2.7 /examples/basic/ atmufwGifhello++.ccqkdwJY MPI program &Sdygw,f/ qkdvkdcsifwmuawmYtJ'D hello++.ccqkdwJY Programukd bin/ xJwGif mpiCC
command jzifY Compile vkyf&efjzpfygonf/ ykHwGifMunfYyg/./mpiCC ../examples/basic/hello++.cc –o hello.out
qkdjyD; Compilevkyfxm;ygonf/ (-o) optiononf binxJwGifhello++.o ay:ap&efjzpfjyD; J hello.outonf uRefawmfwkdYresult (output) &zkdYtwGuf Run&rnfY Program name
jzpfygonf/ (./)onf ,ckvuf&Sd tvkyfvkyfaeaom directory
atmufwGif tvkyfvkyfvkyfrnf[k ajymNcif;jzpfygonf/
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4/ CompilevkyfjyD;ygu bin/ xJwGif hello++.o file ESifYbinary file (.exe) jzpfaom hello.out awGY&ygrnf/ hello.out
qkdwJY .exe file ukd binxJwGif RunEkdif&ef uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJYPATH vrf;aMumif;ay;&ygr,f/ ykHwGifMunfYyg export qkdjyD;bin xJokYd PATH vrf;aMumif;ay;xm;ygonf K PATH
vrf;aMumif;ay;jyD;aemuf mpirun qkdjyD; hello.out qkdwJY .exe
ukd Runvkdufygonf/ mpirun hello.out ae&mwGif ./hello.out
qkdí tpm;xkd; Execution vkyfEkdifygonf/ mpirun hello.out
qkdjyD; Run vkdufaomtcg Hello World! I am 0 of 1 qkdjyD;Output xkwfay;wmukd awGY&ygonf/ ykHwGifMunfYyg/ uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY PCwpfvkH;xJrSmyJ RunvkdY Processukd 0 of 1 qkdjyD;jyxm;ygonf/ Parallel computingjzpfvkdY uRefawmfwkdY taeeJYuGefysLwm (2)vkH;? (3)vkH;? tp&SdojzifY wpfNyKdifwnf; y&kd*&rfukdRun Ekdifatmifaqmif&Gufygrnf/ uRefawmfuawmY uGefysLwm(5)vkH;xdcsdwfjyD; Testvkyfzl;ygw,f/ tck TestrSmawmY (3)vkH;aygYAsm/ tJ'DvkdcsdwfqufjyD; Programukd Execution vkyfEkdifzkdYtwGuf uRefawmfwkdY taeeJY RSH serverukd zef;wD;&ygr,f/RSH-server qkdwmbmvJ ¿ rsh-server package xJrSmSet of programsawGyg0ifw,f? tJ'D Programsrsm;uuRefawmfwkdY Users awGukd bmawGaqmif&GufcGifYjyKEkdifovJqkdawmYpufawGukd Remote vkyfEkdif? tjcm;pufrsm;odkY LoginvkyfEkdif?pufawGMum;rSm Filesrsm;u CopyvkyfEkdifwJY Command awGudkRunEkdifatmifcGifYjyKay;xm;ygonf/ (respectively commands
rsm;uawmY -> rsh, rlogin, and rcp )/tJ'D Commands
(3)ckvkH; [m rhosts style authentication ukdtokH;jyKonf/
servers rsm;yg0ifygonf/
5/ RSH Server ukd zef;wD;zkdYtwGuf Remote admin
rsm;jzp faom xinetd-2.3.14.10.el5.1386.rpmESi f Yrsh-server-0.17-37.el5.1386.rpm Servicesrsm;ukduRefawmfwkdY OS installationvkyfxm;wJYacGxJrSm tJ'D Package
rsm;udk Installvkyfygr,f/ InstallvkyfzkdY twGuf /bin xJwGifmount point (/mnt/cdrom)wpfck Createvkyfonf/Create vkyfxm;aom mount point xJokdY /dev/cdrom /
mnt/cdrom qkdjyD; command mount –t iso9660 jzifYmount vkyfvkdufygonf/ iso9660 qkdwmuawmY File type
jzpfygonf/ mountvkyfjyD;ygu uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY tJ'Dservices
(2)ckukd Installvkyfygrnf/ InstallvkyfrnfY Command uawmYrpm (Redhat package management) jzpfygonf/ xkdokdYInstallvkyf&mwGif uRefawmfwdkY InstallvkyfvkdaomServicesrsm;onf rdrdwkdYwifxm;aom Linux OStvkduf Directory ae&mtrsKd;rsdK;wGif&Sdaewwfygonf/ Oyrm/ tckykHwGifjyxm;wmuawmhRedhat 5 Server OS twGufjzpfygonf/ Fedoraqkd&ifb,fvkdajymif;oGm;rvJqkd&ifawmY rpm –ivh /mnt/cdrom/
Fedora/RPMS/xinetd-2.3.14-10.el5.1386.rpm qkdjyD;ajymif;vJoGm;ygrnf/ rdrdwkdY wifxm;aom OSay:wGifrlwnfí&Sdaewwfygonf/
6/ aemufwpfqifY taeeJY uRefawmfwdkY IP address awGukdcreate vkyfygr,f/ykHwGifMunfYyg/ uGefysLwm(3)vkH;qkdawmYuRefawmf IP addressu 192.168.1.2aygY? usefwJY pufawGrSmuawmY 192.168.1.3 eJY 192.168.1.4 jzpfygrnf/
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J’D package xJrSm all of these services twGuf vkdtyfwJY
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7/ atmufuykHrSmuawmY Ethernet devicesukdjyxm;ygonf/
8/ atmufuykHawGrSmuawmY uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY DNS ESifYHostsnamersm;ukda&;jyxm;ygonf/ Hostsname ESifY IP
addressukda&;xnfY&mwGif Programukd Executionvkyf&mwGifyg0ifrnfY uGefysLwmrsm;&JU Hostsname ESifY IP addressrsm;jzpfygonf/ yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;wGif hostname
ESifY IP addressrsm;ukd atmufazmfjyygykHtwkdif; jznfYpGufay;&ygrnf/
9/ atmufazmfjyygykHwGif cat commandjzifY hostsname
ESifY IP address ukdMunfYygonf/ jznfYpGuf&efvkdtyfrl&Sdyguvi editor ukd tokH;jyKí 0ifa&mufNznfYpGufa&;om;Ekdifyg onf/vi editorjzifY NznfYpGufa&;om;csif&ifawmY Insert key tjzpfI ukdESdyf í Insert vkyfEkdifonf/ a&;om;jyD;ygu Save vkdvSsifEsc ESdyf :wq jyD;&if Enter &kdufay;&ef/ bmrS Insert rvkyfbl;qkd&ifawmY Esc ESdyf :q! jzifY vi editor rS jyefxGufEkdifygonf/
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10/ rsh serverukd RunEkdif&eftwGuf ta&;MuD;qkH;tcsufrSm pufwkdif;wGif Service shellonf disable=yes(default)
jzpfaernf vi editor jzifY 0ifa&mufjyifay;&rnf/ atmufazmfjyygykHonf vi editorjzifY 0ifa&mufjyifxm;aomykHjzpfygonf/pufwkdif;wGif disable= no jzpfae&ygrnf/
11/ aemufwpfqifhtaeeJUcat commandjzifY machines.LINUX
xJwGif hostsname &Sd r&SdMunfYygonf/ hostsname (3)ckvkH;r&Sdygu vi editor jzifY 0ifa&mufNznfYpGufay;&ygrnf/ atmufazmfjyygykHonf jznfYpGufxm;aomykHjzpfygonf/
12/ aemufwpfqifY taeeJY yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;&JU User Name rsm;udk Add vkyfygrnf/ Add vkyf&mwGifPassword rsm;onf root (#) password rsm;omjzpf&rnf/txufygazmfjycJYaom tcsuftvufrsm;tm;vkH;onf yg0ifaqmif&GufrnfY uGefysLwmwkdif;wGif vkyfaqmif&rnfukd pmzwfolrsm;taeeJY owdxm;apvkdygonf/
13/ txufygtcsuftvufrsm;ukd pufwkdif;wGif aqmif&GufjyD;pD;ygu rsh server run Ekdif&eftwGuf uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY rjzpfraevkyf&rnfY vkyfief;pOfrsm;uawmY atmufazmfjyygykHwGif jyxm;onfY twkdif; Service configurationrS iptables ESifYip6tables ukd stop ay;&ygrnf/ xinetd ESifY rsh ukd restart
ay;&ygrnf/
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14/ atmufazmfjyyg ykHrsm;onf rsh commandokH;ípufawGudk run xm;aomykHrsm;jzpfygonf/
yxrOD;pGm uRefawmfYpufuaejyD; rdrdpuf(1)vkH;wnf;ukdt&if run vkdufonf / xkdokdY rdrdpuf(1)vkH;wnf; run jyD;aemuftNcm;pufawGudk run ygonf? ykHwGifMunfYyg/ ls (list) jzifYrun vkdufaomaMumifY pufwkdif;wGif &Sdaeaom Data rsm;ukdawGY&ygrnf/ ykHwGif hello? sun? welcome qkdjyD; Program name
rsm;ukdawGY&ygrnf/
15/ rsh awG runjyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdY pufawGxJrSm &SdwJYMPI programawGukd runygr,f/ uRefawmfYtaeeJYuawmYWELCOMEvkdY trnfay;xm;wJY uRefawmfY&JU Simple Program
av;ukd TestvkyfjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ Programav;uawmYt&rf;&kd;&Sif;wJY Programav;jzpfygw,f/ atmufazmfjyygykHukdMunfYyg vuf&Sda&mufaewJY DirectoryxJrSm Execution vkyfrSmjzpfvkdY PATH vrf;aMumif;ay;vkdufygonf/ PATH vrf;aMumif;export vkyfjyD;aemuf mpirun –np 1 welcome.out qkdjyD;welcome qkdwJY Program ukd run vkdufygonf/ xkdokdY run
&mwGif -np onf number of processor jzpfjyD;? 1 onfprocessor (1)vkH; jzpfonfukdqkdvkdygonf/ atmufrSmjyxm;wJYykHawGrSm processor (1)vkH;? (2)vkH;? (3)vkH; eJY ” welcome
qkdwJY MPI programukd parallel computing vkyfxm;ygonf/Parallel programjzpfaom MPI programukd Execution
vkyfrnfYtcsdeftwGif; uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY Processor tvkH;ta&twGuf b,favmufokH;jyD; run rvJqkdwmukd owfrSwfay;Ekdifygonf/ Programrsm;ukd pufwkdif;wGif ExecutionvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf pufwkdif;wGif Programsrsm;ukd Copyvkyfxm;ay;&ygrnf/ Program tm;vkH;&JU processesrsm;onf 0 rS pía&wGufonf/ Process 0 of 3 is alivewGif Processonf0 jzpfjyD; 3 onf Processor ta&twGufjzpfygonf/ Output
result uawmY
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ed*kH;txufrSmazmfjycJYwJY taMumif;t&mrsm;eJY ywfoufí Parallel Computing Fieldonf t&rf;us,fjyefYygonf/
tJ'DxJurS uRefawmfYtaeeJY Parallel programming model &JU special library wpfckjzpfaom MPI taMumif;ukdoma&;om; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Message passing tvkyfvkyfykHawGukdvnf; txufrSmykHESifYwuG azmfjyxm;ay;ygw,f/ Program(1)yk'fukd processors(3)vkH; ESifY Parallel computingvkyfykHukdazmfjycJYjyD; jzpfygonf/ avYvmaeqJ ausmif;om;wpfOD;jzpfvkdYtxufyg taMumif;t&mESifY ywfoufí vkdtyfcsufrsm;pGm&SdEkdifygonf/ þpmapmifukd avYvmzwfvkduf&onfY pmzwfol?nDtpfukd armifESrrsm;tm;vkH; em;vnfay;MuygvkdY arwåm&yfcHyg&ap/ uRefawmfYtaeESifY uGefysLwmenf;ynmeJYywfoufítenf;i,f avYvmxm;aom Parallel computing taMumif;ukd pmzwf olrsm;taeeJY &ifESD;uGßrf;0ifrl&SdoGm;atmifa&;om;wifjyvkduf& ygonf/
Reference:1. http://users.abo.fi/mats/PP2008/programs/MPI/index.html2. http://www.pdc.kth.se/training/Tutor/MPI/Templates/index-frame.html3. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rc/classes/intro_mpi/intro_mpi_overview.html4. https://www.cityu.edu.hk/acim/facilities/MPI.htm5. http://www.uppmax.uu.se/support/faqs/faqs/how-can-i-compile-mpi-programs-on-ra-isis6. http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpi/tutorial/gropp/talk.html#Node07. https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/mpi/#What8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing#Parallel_programming_languages9. http://iproc.ru/programming/mpich-windows/10. http://iproc.ru/11. https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/#Whatis12. http://kb.iu.edu/data/angf.html13. http://www.cfd-online.com/Wiki/Parallel_computing
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]] touftenf;i,f&vmwJUtrsdK;orD;BuD;awGrD;,yfcsrf;xvm&if 00 ydefydef 'Daq;enf;twdkif; azmfpyfaomufoifUygw,f/ trsdK;orD;BuD;rsm;wGifjzpfwwfonfUcsrf;vdkufylvdkuf jzpfaejcif;rsm; aysmufuif;oGm;NyD;acR;xGufvmum orrQwNyD; aysmufuif;oGm;aprnf/taetxdkifMuD;pGmrysufbJ aoG;qHk;oGm;aprnf}}[k ta':MuD;u tqdkygtefwDBuD;udkajymjyaeygonf/
tefwDMuD;ajymjyonfUaq;enf;rSm-1) ESrf;qD 5 usyfom;2) ysm;&nf 5 usyfom;3) xef;vsuf 5 usyfom;4) &Sm;apmif;vufywfyiftESpf 20 usyfom;5) BudwfrSef&Guf axmif;í&aomt&nf 20 usyfom;6) najryJyif udkaxmif;í&aomt&nf 25 usyfom;wdkUomjzpfonf/
uRefawmfwkdUjrefrmtrsdK;orD;MuD;rsm;onf touf(40) ausmfodkUa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg aoG;rqHk;rcsif; csrf;vdkufylvdkufjzpfwwfonf/ ,ckaEG&moDESifUrdk;&moDpyfMum; ylavmifylpyf&moDjzpfaomfvnf; taEG;xnf0wfum vufzsm;ajczsm;rsm;at;aewwfygonf/ wpfcsdKUacR;ap;rsm;yifjyefaewwfyg\/
rsm;rMumrD naebufwGif tdkufvmNyD;a&csdK;wwfMuonf/ odkU&mwGif a&aumif;aumif;rcsdK;EdkifbJ tcsrf;wufvmuma&csdK;csdK;NyD;jcif; taEG;xnf0wfum aEG;aEG;axG;axGjyefae&avonf/ xdkodkUjzpf&jcif;udk t&yftac:ta0:rD;,yfcsrf;xonf[kqdkonf/
wpfaeUrSm uRefawmfwdkU&GmrSm wjcm;&Gm&Sd uRefawmfh ta':xHodkUtvnfoGm;cdkuf ta':MuD;rS wjcm;toufodyfrMuD;ao;aom 00zdkifUzdkifU touf(40)ausmf tefwDBuD;udk ajymjyaeonfrSm
aq;azmfpyfenf;rSm- 'eftdk;oefUoefU (odkU) ajrtdk;oefUoefUudkxef;vsuf 5usyfom;? &Sm;apmif;vufywftESpf BudwfrSef&Guft&nf? ajryJyif\t&nfwdkUudkxnfUNyD;NyD;usdKyg/ enf;enf;MumvmNyD;yGufvmaomtcg ESrf;qDxnfUNyD; rD;udkoifU,kHavQmUum tat;cHxm;yg/ NyD;vQif ysm;&nftm; ZGef;jzifhaumfNyD; vufzuf&nftMurf;yefuefxJodkUxnfUum tat;cHxm;aom aq;&nfBudKtm; oifU,HkxnfUNyD; reufwpfMudrfnaewpfBudrfaomufEdkifygonf/ aeUwdkif;aomuf&ygrnf/oHk;&ufavmufaomufvQif oufomaysmufuif;oGm; umpdwfoGm;wdkif;ukd,fygEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ raomufcifaq;&nfBudkat;aeygu tenf;i,f tylay;oifUygonf/
trsdK;orD;BuD;rsm;jzpfwwfaom a&m*grsm;rS uif;a0;ygap/
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uRefawmfwdkUvlom;rsm;onf vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmMu&mwGif rawmfwqxdcdkuf'Pf&m&rIrsm; oGm;&if;vm&if;eJUrdwfaqGwpfOD;OD;aomfvnf;aumif;? rdrdukd,fwdkifaomfvnf;aumif; MuHKawGUMu&ygw,f/ tvQiftjref oufomaysmufuif;aprnfh aq;NrDwdkav;rsm;udk i,fpOftcgurSwfom;rdaom aq;NrD;wdkav;rsm;udk trsm;od&Sdatmifwifjyyg&ap. . .
uRefawmfwkdUaus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif iSufaysmyifonf tdrfwdkif;rSm&Sdovdk awmwdkif;rSmvnf;&Sdygw,f/ ,ckvdkrdk;OD;uswGif iSufaysm&Gufpdrf;pdrf;rsm;udk 'Dtwdkif; pdrf;pdkpGm awGUjrifMu&rnfjzpfygonf/ xdkiSufaysm&Gufpdrf;pdrf;ay:wGif taersm;aom aygufzwftEG,f0if cl,m;rsm;xdcJhygu xdkxdwJhae&mudk rdrdqHyif(odkU) tjcm;olrsm;&JUqHyifeJU yGwfay;ygucsufjcif;tvQiftjrefoufomaysmufuif;aprSmjzpfygw,f/uRefawmfwdkU i,fpOf oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;Mu&if; cl,m;xdyguxdkenf;twdkif; vkyfvdkuf&m cl,m;aMumifhjzpfwJh tzl;tydwfrsm;rS ,m;,Hjcif;uif;a0;oGm;ygonf/
tBudKtMum;?xif;yHkMum; x&HMum;awGrSm taersm;wJh uif;NrD;aumufawG[m teDeJUteufqdkNyD;&Sdygw,f/ olwdkUvrf;avQmuf&if aemufutNrD;av;u tqdyfuav;udkaxmifaxmifNyD;vSrf;avQmufygw,f/ xdktNrD;u tqdyfrsm;txdk;cHvdkuf&ygu aq;vdyfrD;eJUtwdkUcH&ovdk ylueJjzpfoGm;ygw,f/ tawmfvJcH&cufovdk csufjcif; tqdyfwufygw,f/ xdkodkUtxdk;cH&ygu rdrdusifi,fa&jzifU xdkaysmufonfhae&mudk okwfvdrf;ay;ygu tjrefoufomaysmufuif;apygonf/
uRefawmfwdk Yi,fpOf &GmOD;ausmif;0if;twGif;abmvHk;uefpOfu ausmif;om;av;wpfa,muf uefvkdufonfhabmvHk;onf xif;yHkMum;xJodkU0ifoGm;&m uRefawmfuvdkufvHaumufpOf abmvHk;udktEdIuf xif;yHkMum;rS uif;NrD;aumufwpfaumifu olUtqdyfESifUxdk;vdkuf&m awmfawmfav;emojzifU atmfidkae&m ab;rS oGm;&ifvm&if; vlMuD;wpfa,mufu csufjcif; usifi,fa&oGm;NyD; xdkt&nfjzifh okwfvdrf;vdkuf&m tvQiftjrefudk tqdyf'PfrSoufomaysmufuif;oGm;ygawmUw,f/
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i,fpOfu&GmrSmaepOf zdeyfodyfrpD;bJ oGm;vmavh&Sdygw,f/ aeyl&ifawmh rsufpdrSmusdef;NyD; wpfcgwpfcg rsufpdpGefzl; aygufygonf/ rsufpdpGefzl;aygufvQif awmfawmfav;cH&cufNyD; rsufvHk;zGifhxm;vsufu,fESifh rsuf&nfrsm;usNyD; rsufpdrsm;eDaewwfygonf/ xdktcgwGif taru yxrOD;qHk;udk,f0efaqmif&wJU rdef;uav;wpfOD;xHac:oGm;NyD; olUudk toufatmifUcdkif;NyD; rsufpdpGefzl;ae&mudk ckESpfcsufcefY qdwfcdkif;vdkuf&m csufjcif;yifoufom aysmufuif;oGm;ygonf/ usefaomolrsm;vnf; xdkenf;twdkif;yifaysmufuif;oGm;Muygonf/
abmvHk;uefwwfMuolrsm; wpfcgwpfcg tcefYroifhjzpfNyD;'l;emwwfMuygonf/ xdkodkU'l;emygu bJOtumudk vdrf;ay;ygu jrefjrefaysmufuif;ygonf/
qDyla&aEG;ylavmifvQif oHk;&uftwGif; e*dktom;ta&twdkif; yHkrSefjzpfvQufoufompGm aysmufuif;ap&ef aeYpOfoHk;yJqD(odkU) ESrf;qDppfppfudktylavmifonfUae&mwGifcyfyg;yg;av; vdrf;ay;yg/ ajcmufaoGUoGm;yguvnf; wpf&ufwpfcgvdrf;yg tjrefqHk;aysmufuif;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
tm;vHk;oGm;&if;vm&if;eJU rawmfwqrIawGudk ajz;&Sif;EdkifMuygap/
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oifhaoG;jzifhtoufu,fygqdkwJh aqmifyk'fav;udktm;vHk; jrifzl;MurSmyg/
aqmifyk'fav;twkdif;ygyJ aoG;qdkwm toufwpfacsmif;udk u,fq,fEdkifygw,f/ aoG;oGif;ukozdkU vdktyfwJhtcg aoG;udktcsdefrSDr&&SdcJUvdkU toufqkH;&HI;cJh&wJh tjzpftysufawG trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ aoG;qdkwm aq;0g;awGvdkpuf&kHuae vdktyfoavmufxkwfvkyfjyD; vkdtyfwJhtcsdefrSmtoifhokH;Edkifatmif jyifqifxm;vdkY&wJh ypönf;rsdK;r[kwfygbl;/aoG;qdkwm uRefawmfwdkYcEmudk,fuxkwfvkyfwmyg/ vlYcEmudk,fxJudk aoG;oGif;ukozdkYvdktyfwJhtcg uRefawmfwdkUvlom;awGqDu aoG;awGudkyJ tjcm;wpfa,mufqDudk oGif;ay;Edkifygw,f/
aoG;vdktyfwJUtcsdefrSm aoG;tvSL&Sif&Sday;r,fU aoG;tkyfpktrsdK;tpm;wlnDzdkY? ul;pufa&m*guif;&Sif;zdkU vdktyfygao;w,f/ aoG;vSL&SifawGvSLxm;wJh aoG;udkvnf; vdktyfwJh
tcsdefrSm toHk;jyKEdkifzdkU aoG;ykvif;awGudk tat;cef;rSm pepfwusodrf;qnf;xm;zdkUvdktyfygw,f/
csrf;omvdkU aiGaMu;t0wftpm;ponfjzifh vSL'gef;wmawG&Sdygw,f/ aiGaMu;OpömawGu &SmazGpkaqmif;vdkU&ygw,f/ cE¨mukd,ftpdwftydkif;wpfckckudk vSL'gef;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifh Oyrm rdrd udk,fcEmu tpdwfydkif;wpfckjzpfwJU aoG;udkvSL'gef;vdkuf&vdkU vlwpfa,muf&JUtoufudku,fwifEdkifvdkufw,fqdkwm tifrwefrSrGefjrwfygw,f/ ukodkvfvnf;&ygw,f/ awG;MunfU&HkeJUwif tifrwefMunfEl;zdkUaumif;ygw,f/ udk,fcE¨muvSL'gef;vdkU&wmawGteuf rsufMunfvTmqdk&if rdrdaoqHk;NyD;rS tjcm;olawGtwGuftoHk;jyKvkdU?vSLvdkUtqifajyygw,f/ rdrd cE¨mudk,fudk aq;ausmif;om;awGavUvmoifMum;zdkUtwGuf vSL'gef;w,fqdk&ifvnf;xdkenf;vnf;aumif;ygyJ/ ausmufuyf2 vHk;&SdwJU twGufwpfvHk;udkvSL'gef;r,fqdk&if rdrdcE¨mudk,fxJrSm usef&pfwJUausmufuyfwpfvHk;eJU rdrdaowJhtxdqufvufaexdkifoGm;&rSmyg/uRefawmfwdkUcE¨mudk,frSm vSL'gef;vdkufayr,fh jyefjyefjynfhvmwJh t&mwpfck&Sdygw,f/ aoG;vSLwmyg/ aoG;vSL'gef;
w,fqdkwmu rdrdcE¨mudk,fxJu aoG;awGudkazmufxkwfNyD;tjcm;olwpfa,muftwGuftoHk;jyKvkduf&wmyg/ uRefawmfwkdU cE¨mudk,frSm&SdwJh aoG;qJvf(blood cells)awG[m oufwrf;&Sdygw,f/ aoG;qJvfav;awG oufwrf;aphvdkY aeYpOfaoG;qJvftopf awGvnf; arG;zGm;xkwfvkyfaeygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdU aoG;rvSL&ifvnf; tJ'DaoG;qJvfav;awGu oufwrf;aphwJh tvdkvdkysufpD;? zsufqD;cH&awmhrSmyg/ aoG;vSLvdkufjcif;tm;jzifU 'DaoG;awG[m vltoufwpfacsmif;udk u,fwifoGm;Edkifygw,f/ vSLvdkufwJhaoG;yrmPudkvnf; cE¨mudk,fuwjznf; jznf;csif;jyefvnfjznfUwifay;oGm;rSmyg/
aoG;vSLwJhtcg uRefawmfwkdUcEmudk,frSm vnfywfaewJhaoG;yrmPxJu 450 pDpDavmufazmufxkwfay;vdkufwmyg/ t&G,fa&mufNyD;om; uRefawmfwkdYudk,fcE¨mrSm aoG;5000 pDpD (wpfvDwm a&oefUbl; 5 bl;cefY)&Sdygw,f/ wpfcgvSL&if a&oefUbl;wpfbl;&JU wpf0ufpmavmufavsmhoGm;wJh
oabmyg/ aoG;udkaoG;rcJapwJhypönf;awGxnfhxm;wJh ykvif;xJudk xnfUNyD; tat;cef;rSmodrf;xm;&ygw,f/
aoG;awGudk uRefawmfwkdUcEmudk,fuyJ xkwfvkyfwmyg/ rdcif0rf;AdkuftwGif; oaE¨om;b0wkef;u tonf;?abvHk;(Liver & Spleen)? &dk;wGif;jcifqD(Bone Marrow)awGuaexkwfvkyfygw,f/ uav;b0rSm t&dk;awG&JU &dk;wGif;jcifqDuae aoG;udkxkwfvkyfay;NyD; t&G,fa&mufwJhtcgausm&dk;? eH&dk;? aygif&dk;? wifyqHk&Hk;? &ifnTefU&dk;? OD;acgif;&dk;awG&JU&dk;wGif;jcifqDuyJ aoG;udkt"du xkwfvkyfay;ygw,f/ vdktyfwJhtcg? a&m*gawGaMumifhrSom &dk;wGif;jcifqDr[kwfwJhtonf;eJU abvHk;uaoG;awGudk xkwfvkyfay;ygw,f/
aoG;xJrSm aoG;qJvfawGygw,f/ t"dutm;jzifhaoG;eDO(Red Blood Cell –RBC)? aoG;jzLO(White Blood
Cell –WBC)? aoG;OrTm;^aoG;Oi,f(Platelet)eJY aoG;&nfMunf(Plasma)t"duyg0ifygw,f/
aoG;tvSL&SifawGtaeeJY rdrd&JhaoG;eJY olwyg;&JUtoufudku,fwifrSmjzpfwmrdkY rdrd&JYaoG;rSmvnf; ul;pufa&m*guif;pifaezdkU ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ rdrdrSmul;pufa&m*gawG&SdaecJh&if rdrdvSLvdkufwJhaoG;uaewqifh a&m*gawGul;pufEdkif
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ygw,f/ 'gaMumifU aoG;vSL&SifawG[m aoG;rvSLcif t&ifqkH;aoG;ppfcH&ygw,f/ ul;pufEdkifwJha&m*gawGjzpfwJh ckcHtm;usqif;rIa&m*g? tonf;a&miftom;0gbDydk;? pDydk; umvom;a&m*gawGudkppfaq;jyD; r&SdrSom oefU&Sif;wJhaoG;tjzpf vSLvkdU&ygw,f/
ul;pufa&m*gawGuif;&Sif;wJhtjyifaoG;vSL&Sif[m rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; usef;rma&;txl;aumif;rGefzdkYvdktyfygw,f/ 'grSomaoG;vSL&SifawGtwGuf tEÅ&m,fuif;uif;eJYaoG;vSLEdkifrSmyg/ txl;ojzifh aoG;vSL&SifrSm&Sdoifh&SdxdkufwJh a[rdk*vdkbifyrmP(trsdK;om; 14%? trsdK;orD; 12%)&SdzdkYvdktyfygw,f/ aoG;tm;enf;aewJholawGrSm aoG;vSLvdkYr&ygbl;/aoG;aygifcsdefusaewJh olawG[mvnf; aoG;vSLvdkY r&ygbl;/
ydefvGef;wJhol? udk,ftav;csdef aygif 110 rjynfholawG? vwfwavmaexdkifraumif; rusef;rrmjzpfxm;olawGtaeeJUvnf; aoG;rvSLoifhygbl;/
yHkrSefaoG;vSL&SifawGtaeeJUaemufqHk;aoG;vSLNyD; 4 vtMumrSomaemufwpfBudrfaoG;vSLoifhygw,f/ 'DxufydkNyD;awmh reD;uyfoifhygbl;/ cEmudk,fu avsmUenf;oGm;wJU aoG;awGudk jyefvnfjznfhwif;zdkU tcsdefay;zdkUvdktyfygw,f/
aoG;vSLwm[m aMumufzdkUrvdkygbl;? ykHrSeftwdkif;vnf; aoG;qJvfawG[m cEmudk,fwGif;rSm ysufpD;oGm;rSmyg/vSLvdkufvdkU avsmhoGm;wJhaoG;awG[mvnf; ysrf;rQ wpfv-ESpfvtwGif;rSm jyefvnfjyD; jynfhvmrSmyg/
aoG;vSL&SifawGtaeeJY aoG;rvSLcifnrSm tdyfa&;00tdyfzdkYvkdtyfygw,f/ aoG;vSLzdkYvma&mufwJh tcsdefrSmvnf;wif;MuyfwJh t0wftpm;awG r0wfoifhygbl;/ aoG;rvSLcifreufpm? 'grSr[kwf aeYvnfpm? oifhwifhavsmufywfatmifpm;okH;xm;oifhygw,f/ tpmrpm;xm;bJ aoG;rvSLoifhygbl;/ aoG;vSLjyD;jyD;jcif;rSmvnf; csufjcif; ukwifay:u xNyD;vrf;avQmufwmrsdk;r[kwfbJ cP vJavsmif;aeoifhygw,f/aoG;vSLjyD;aemuf tcsdK&nf? a&aomufzdkUvdktyfovdk? aemuf24-48em&DtwGif;rSm t&nfrsm;rsm; aomufay;zdkUvdktyfygw,f/tav;tyifrwmawG? tvkyfMurf;vkyfwmawGudk a&SmifMuOfoifhygw,f/ aoG;vSLjyD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm &kwfw&ufaoG;aygifcsdefusoGm;vdkY acgif;rl;wmrsdK;jzpfcJhw,fqdk&if tdyf,mrSmyJvJavsmif;aezdkYvdktyfygw,f/ tcsdefMumvdkUrS roufombl;qdk&ifawmh q&m0efeJUwdkifyifjyozdkUvdktyfygw,f /
aoG;vSLjyD;wJhaemufrSm cE¨mudk,ftwGufjyefvnfjznfhwif;ay;zdkU tm[m& jynfh0pGmaexdkifpm;aomufzdkYvdktyfygw,f/ ul;pufa&m*gawG ul;pufapr,fh tjyKtrlawGa&SmifMuOfzdkU vdktyfygw,f/ 'grSom rdrd&JYoefU&Sif;wJhaoG;eJYrdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; usef;rmpGmeJU aemufwBudrfaoG;vSLEdkifzdkYtcGifhta&;&SdvmrSmyg/
aoG;eDO&JY t"duwm0efu atmufqD*sifeJU umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'fawGudko,f,ljyD; cEmudk,ftESHU vSnfhygwfoGm;vmum "gwfaiGYzvS,fay;wJhwm0efyg/ aoG;eDawG&JU oufwrf;[m &ufaygif; 120 cefY &SdjyD; oufwrf;aphwJhtcg tonf;?abvkH;? &kd;wGif;jcifqDawGuae zsufqD;ypfvdkufygw,f/
oufwrf;aphwJhtcsdefrSm aoG;eDO[m tqkwfeJYcE¨mudk,fwpfoQL;awGqDukd vSnfhywfaewJhtywfaygif; 75000 avmufoGm;jyD;ygjyD/ aeYpOf aoG;eDOaygif; 300 bDvD,Havmuf ysufpD;aejyD; jyefjyD;awmhvnf; topfawGeJY jznfhwif;aeygw,f/
aoG;jzLO&JY oufwrf;u ysrf;rQuawmh 13-29 &ufjzpfjyD; cE¨mudk,f&JU ckcHumuG,fa&;pepfrSm t"duyg0ifygw,f/ ykHrSefrSm aoG;jzLOta&twGufu aoG;wpfrdkufc&dkvDwmudk 4-11(4-11 WBC per one microLiter)&Sdygw,f/
Platelet &Jh oufwrf;uawmh 5 &ufuae 9 &uftxd&SdjyD; aoG;aMumav;awGaygufoGm;wJh tcg aoG;wdwfapzdkU t"dutcef;u@uaeyg0ifygw,f/ ykHrSefrSm aoG;wpfrdkufc&dkvDwmudk 150-400( 150-400 Platelets per one
microLiter )&Sdygw,f/ Platelet awGavsmhenf;oGm;wJhtcgaoG;rcJwm? aoG;xGufvG,fwJh a&m*ga0'emawG cHpm;&ygw,f/
Plasma aoG;&nfMunfxJrSmawmh y&dkwif;awG? cEmudk,ftwGuf ta&;BuD;wJhj'yfaygif;awGygygw,f/
rdrd&JUaoG;eJY olwyg;&JU toufwpfacsmif;udku,fwifvdkufEdkifw,fqdkwJhyDwdrsdK;[m udk,fwdkifaoG;vSLzl;rScHpm;EdkifrSmyg/ pmzwfol[m usef;rmwJh a&m*guif;pifwJholwpfa,mufjzpfw,fqdk&if jyefvnfjynfhwif;vmr,fhoifUcEmudk,fuaoG;udk wpfBudrfwpfcgavmuf vSL'gef;MunfhzdkU wkdufwGef;vdkygw,f/ oifhaoG;wpfpufeJU toufqufEdkifr,fh vlawG&Sdw,fqdkwm odvmwJhaemufrSm rGefjrwfvSwJhaoG;vSL&SifqkdwJh b0udkydkifqdkifEdkifygjyD/ 'Daqmif;yg;av;udkzwfjyD; aoG;vSL&Sifwpfa,mufwdk;vmjyDqdk&ifyJ aoG;vdktyfwJha0'em&SifawGtwGufa&m? aoG;vSL&Sif&JU apwemtwGufa&m0rf;ajrmuf&ygjyD/oifhaoG;jzifh toufu,fyg vdkUwdkufwGef;&if;.. .. .. /
um,okc? pdwÅokc jynfhpkHEdkifMuygap/
Dr.Zero
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z,f&Sm;EdkifaumfzDrIefUwGifyg&Sdaom"gwfu cEmudk,fta&jym;ü
ysufqD;oGm;onfh qJvfrsm;tm; z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifonfUtjyifqJvfrsm;cHEdkif&nfaumif;rGefatmifvnf; yHydk;ay;EdkifaMumif;od&onf/
"gwfcGJcef;wGif <uufrsm;ukd aumfzDwdkufauR;jyD; c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnfudkcHum prf;oyfcJh&m <uufrsm;\ ta&jym;wGiftema&m*gwpfpHkwpf&mrjzpfyGm;aMumif; ¤if;wdkUu ajymMum;onf/xdkodkUprf;oyf&mwGif <uufrsm;cEmudk,f&Sd tarT;trSifrsm;udk&dwfjyD; prf;oyfcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;od&onf/
1/ aumfzDwpfaeUESpfcGuf aomufoHk;ygvQif ta&jym;uifqmjzpfyGm;rI umuG,fEdkifonf[kqdkaumfzD aomufoHk;jcif;onf c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnfaMumifU jzpfapwwfaom cEmudk,f ta&jym;uifqm jzpfyGm;rIudk
umuG,fay;&mwGif taxmuftuljyKaMumif; tar&duefEdkifiH e,l;*smpDwuúodkvfrS okawoeynm&Sifrsm;uxkwfazmfajymMum;onf/
avhusifhcef;aumfzDudkwpfaeUESpfcGuf yHkrSefaomufoHk;ay;oGm;NyD;
udk,fvufavhusifhcef;yg yl;wGJjyKvkyfolrsm; taejzifh udk,fta&jym;uifqmjzpfyGm;rIrS umuG,fay;Edkifonf[k e,l;*smqDwuúodkvfrS okawoeynm&Sifrsm;u tBuHjyKxm;onf/
BuHUcdkifa&;pdwfa&mudk,fyg usef;rmBuHUcdkifa&;twGuf aiGukefus
rIoufomonfUtjyif tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm;apaomtaES;tajy;avUusifUjcif;udk wpfaeYvQif rdepf(20)cefY yHkrSefjyKvkyfay;oifhaMumif; ¤if;wdkUu tBuHjyKajymMum;onf/
2/ aeUpOftajy;avUusifUvQif tonf;tqDzHk;jcif;udk usqif;apEdkif[kqdkaeUpOfjznf;jznf;rSefrSef tajy;avhusifhjcif;onf cE¨mudk,fwGif udkvufpxa&musqif;aponfh taumif;qHk;
enf;vrf;jzpfonfhtjyif pdwfzdpD;rIESifU cE¨mudk,fusef;rmBuHUcdkifrItwGuf taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;wpfckyifjzpfaMumif; pydefokawoeynm&Sifrsm;u xkwfazmfajymMum;vkdufonf/
avsmhustaES;tajy;avhusifhjcif;aMumifh cE¨mudk,ftpdwf
tydkif;rsm;wGif <uufom;rsm; cdkifrmoefpGrf;rIudk jzpfaponfhtjyif tonf;tqDzHk;jcif;? ESvHk;aoG;aMumusOf;jcif;ESifUaoG;aMumydwfqdkYrIrsm;udk avsmhusapaMumif;od&onf/awGU&Sd&
taES;tajy;avhusifhjcif;onf trsdK;om;? trsdK;orD;2000udk okawoejyKcJh&m tonf;tqDzHk;jcif;? ESvHk;aoG;aMumusOf;jcif;a&m*grsm; jzpfyGm;rIr&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf[kpydefokawoDynm&Sifrsm;u ajymMum;onf/
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oHk;ESpfMumokawoejyKxdkUtjyif tcsdeftawmfrsm;rsm;ü pm;aomufcsifpdwf
vnf; rsm;wwfMuNyD; vufawGUvnf; pm;aomufwwfMuonfjzpf&m t0vGefrIjzpfyGm;&mwGif trsdK;om;rsm;xuftrsdK;orD;OD;a&uydkrdkrsm;aMumif; oHk;ESpfMumokawoejyKxm;onfh okawoejyKcsufü azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkodkYjzpf& jcif;rSmtpm;tpmESifhywfoufaom tm&HkcHpm;rIjzpfaponfh OD;aESmuftwGif;&Sd ae&mtpdwftydkif;onf trsdK;om;rsm;wGif &SdonfhyrmPxuf trsdK;orD;rsm;ü&SdaomyrmPu ydkBuD;rm;aMumif;jyifopfokawoeynm&Sifrsm;\ okawoejyKcsufü qufvufazmfjyxm;onf/
5/ trsdK;om;rsm;xuf trsdK;orD;rsm; tpm;taomufcHkrif? t0vGefrIrjzpf&ef i,fpOfuyif pepfwuspm;aomufoifhtrsdK;orD;rsm;onf trsdK;om;rsm;xuf tpm;tpmrsm;udk ydkrdk cHkrifavU&SdaMumif;? tpm;tpm m;aomufvkdaom
pdwfqEudkxdef;csKyfEdkifrIüvnf; trsdK;om;rsm;xuf trsdK;orD;rsm;u ydkrdktm;enf;avh&SdaMumif; jyifopfokawoeynm&Sifrsm;\okawoejyKcsufüazmfjyxm;onf/
xdef;csKyfoifhxdkUaMumifh trsdK;orD;rsm;taejzifUtpm;tpm pm;
aomuf&mwGif csifhcsdefpGmpm;oHk;wwfonfU tavhtusifhjzpfatmif i,f&G,fpOfuyif pepfwus aexdkifpm;aomufus&efESifh t0vGefrIrjzpfap&ef tpm;tpmcHkrifrIudk xdef;csKyfoifhaMumif; tMuHjyKxm;onf/
rjzpfyGm;Edkif aeUpOf eHeufydkif;tdyf,mxp tcsdefü a&wpfvDwmcefUaomufoHk;ygu udkvufpxa&m usqif;aponfhtjyif udk,fvufavUusifUcef; (10)rdepfcefU jyKvkyfay;vQif tpmtdrfESifhtluifqmrsm;rjzpfyGm;apEdkifaMumif; ¤if;wdkYu ajymMum;onf/
4/eHeufydkif;ü oefU&Sif;aoma& yHkrSefaomufoHk;vQif udk,ftav;tcsdefusqif;apEdkif[kqdk
oefY&Sif;aoma&udk aeYpOfeHeufydkif;tcsdefü yHkrSefaomufoHk;ay;oGm;ygu udk,ftav;csdefavsmhusapaMumif; *syefokawoeynm&Sifrsm;u xkwfazmfajymMum;vdkufonf/
yHUydkUay;odkYaomf wpfaeYvQif tenf;qHk; a&(3)vDwmcefY
aomufoHk;ay;oifhNyD; xdkokdYaomufoHk;ay;ygu udk,ftav;csdefusqif;rIudk ydkrdktaxmuftuljzpfapaMumif;od&onf/oefY&Sif;aomaomufa&onf cEmudk,ftwGif; aoG;oefYpifrIudktaxmuftuljyKonfhtjyif cE¨mudk,ftwGif; qJvfrsm;&SifoefzGHUNzdK;rIudk yHhydk;ay;Edkifonf[k qdkonf/avhusifhcef;
xdkYaMumifh eHeufydkif;a&aomufonfh tavhtusifhjyKvkyfNyD; avhusifhcef; tcsdefrSefjyKvkyfay;ygu udk,ftav;csdefusqif;apNyD; tpmtdrfESifh tluifqmrsm; rjzpfyGm;apEdkifaMumif; xkwfazmfajymMum;onf/
3/ tdkifaygh em;Muyfrsm;rSwqifh em;udkufa&m*gjzpfay:apEdkiftdEd,EdkifiH taemufawmifbuf&Sd rPdayguwfusbm
aq;ynmaumvdyfrS avUvmrIwpfckwGif tdkifaygh(ipod)rsm;udkem;axmifjcif;onf em;udkufa&m*gudkjzpfay:apEdkifonf[ktifwmeufowif;wGifazmfjyxm;onf/
em;Muyfrsm;udk wpfOD;rS wpfOD;odkY rQa0toHk;jyKem;axmifjcif;onf usef;rma&;twGuf tEÅ&m,frsm;aMumif;?yxrqHk;ol\em;MuyfrS bufwD;&D;,m;rsm;onf tjcm;wpfOD;\ em;odkYul;puf0ifa&mufoGm;aMumif; tdEd,odyÜHokawoDrsm;u &SmazGawGU&SdcJhMuonf/
tdkifaygh (iPod)ESifU trfyD-3(MP3)Playerrsm;udkyHkrSefoHk;í em;axmifolrsm;onf yHkrSefroHk;pGJolrsm;xuf bufwD;&D;,m;ul;pufrIEIef; ydkíjrifhrm;onf[k okawoDrsm;uqdkonf/
tdkifaygh(iPod)udk Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfwvJvJ em;axmifolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkU\em;wGif bufwD;&D;,m;rsm; &SifoefBuD;xGm;rIEIef; tvGefjrefqefvmMuonf/ em;MuyfjzifhyHkrSefem;axmifol 92% &mcdkifEIef;\em;wGif bufwD;&D;,m;rsm;udkawGU&aMumif; avhvmrIwGifazmfjyxm;onf/
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Tie, Legato (Slur) and StaccatoTie
yH kr SefNoteawGud k em;vnfNyD;wJ htcg olwd k Yuk drlvwefzdk;xufydkNyD;toH&Sdef &SnfatmifqJGNyD;wD;&wJh oauFwawGtaMumif;ajymygr,f/
t&ifqHk; Tie eJY Legato udk Munfhygr,f/Tie qk dwmuawmh toHwlwJ h Note(2)vH k;ud k
rsOf;auG;av;eJY qufay;xm;wmyg/ 'Dvdkqufxm;&if yxr Note
udk wD;NyD; rsOfauG;eJY qufjyxm;wJh 'kwd, Note udk rwD;bJtJ'D Note&JY wefzd k;ukefqH k;onftxd toH&S de fud k qJ Gay;xm;&ygr,f/ oabmuawmh Crochet (2) vHk;udk Tie
eJYqufxm;&if yxr Crochet udk olusr,fh Beat rSm wD;NyD;uyfvsuf Beat rSm 'kwd, CrochetudkrwD;bJ tJ'D Beat
qHk;wJhtxd toH&SdefqufqJGxm; (*DwmrSmqdk&if b,fvufuGufudkrvTwfbJ qufzdxm;)&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Tie [m tNrJwrf;toHjcif;xyfwlnDwJh NoteawGudkomqufygw,f/ Note (2)vHk;xufruvnf; qufvdkY&ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdkqufxm;&iftNrJwrf; yxrqHk;tvHk;udkom toHxGufatmifwD;&rSmjzpfNyD;usefwJh Tie eJYqufxm;wJh Note tm;vHk;ukdrwD;bJ toH&SdefomqJGxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ oabmuawmh Minim(2)vHk;udk Tie
vkyfxm;&if Semi-brevewpfvHk;eJY oabmcsif;twlwlygyJ/'DvdkygyJ... Crochet(2)vHk;udk Tie vkyfxm;wm[m Minim wvHk;eJYwefzdk;csif;? wD;yHkcsif; twlwlygyJ/ atmufuyHkrSm jyxm;ygw,f/
'gqdk&if bmjzpfvdkY tvkyf½IyfcHNyD; TievkyfaerSmvJ?Crochet (2) vHk;udk Tie vkyfr,fhtpm; Minim wpfvHk;wnf;a&;vdkuf&ifrNyD;bl;vm;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk a&;vdkYr&wJhae&mawG&Sdygw,f/ Oyrm bm;wpfbm; tqHk;utvHk;udkaemufwbm;&Jhtptxd toH&SdefqJGxm;csifwJhtcgrsdK;us&if Tie
eJYa&;rS&ygw,f/ bm;wpfck&JYtqHk;tvHk;u Crochetudkaemufbm;tpu Crochet txd toH&SdefqJGcsifwJhtcg Minim
eJYa&;vdkY r&awmhygbl;/ a&;vdkuf&if tJ'D bar&JY&Sd&r,fhtvHk;a&xufausmfxGufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ tJ'Dvdk tcgrsdK;rSm TieudkoHk;&ygw,f/ Time SignaturetaMumif;us&if ydk&Sif;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ aemufNyD; toHwoHwnf;udk 3-4 bm;avmuf qufNyD;toH&SdefqJGxm;csif&ifvnf; Tie udkoHk;rS &rSmyg/ ta&;BuD;wmwpfcku Note awGudkomvQif TievkyfvdkY&ygw,f/ RestawGudkb,fawmhrS Tiervkyfygbl;/
Legato (Slur)
Legato (tcsdKUu Legado vdkYvJ a&;ygw,f/ Guitar
rSm trsm;qHk;oHk;ygw,f/ Slur vkdYvJ ac:ygw,f)qdkwmuawmhtoHrwlwJh Note tenf;qHk; (2)vHk;udk rsOf;auG;av;eJY qufay;xm;wm yg/ 'Dvdkqufxm;&if yxr NoteudkwD;NyD; rsOfauG;eJYqufjyxm;wJh 'kwd,NoteudkrwD;bJ tJ'DNote&JYtvHk;&SdwJhae&mudk acsmacsmarGYarGYav;a&mufoGm;atmif *DwmvufuGufay:rSm zdxm;wJhvufudk rMuGbJ yGwfwdkufa&TUjcif; (slide or gliss)?'grSr[kwf toHjrifh&mudkjy&if aemufvufwpfacsmif;eJY vSrf;zdvdkufjcif; (hammer-on) (odkYr[kwf) toHedrfh&mudkjyxm;&if'kwd,tvHk;&SdwJhae&mudkyg NydKifwlt&ifzdxm;NyD; yxrtvHk;udkwD;NyD;rS tJ'DyxrtvHk;udk zdxm;wJhvufacsmif;udk MuGvdkufjcif;('kwd,tvHk;ae&mudk zdxm;wJhvufudkrvTwf&yg) (pull-off)wkdYudkvkyf&rSmjzpfygw,f/ PianorSmawmh yxrtvHk;ukd vufrvTwfbJzdxm;&if; aemuftvHk;udk qufwD;vdkufwmyg/ 'DvkdLegatovkyf&if toH[m acsmacsmarGYarGY vSvSyyav;xGufvmygw,f/ atmufu erlemyHkpHudkMunfhyg/ Beat 1 eJY 2[m Tie
jzpfNyD; Beat 3 eJY 4 u tvHk;awG[m Legato jzpfygw,f/
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'D Note awGudk *DwmeJYwD;Munfh&if 1 rSm G udkwD;NyD; 2rSm rwD;bJ vufudkqufzdxm;NyD; toH&SdefqJGxm;&ygr,f/ 3 uA note ukdwD;NyD; & rSm rwD;bJ G udk vufeJY zdxm;NyD;rS A udkESdyfxm;wJh vufudk MuGvdkuf&rSm (pull-off) jzpfygw,f/ 4 rSmA note ukdwD;NyD; & rSm rwD;bJ B Note udk vufeJY vSrf;aygufvdkYyJjzpfjzpf (Hammer-on)? A udk zdxm;wJhvufudk rMuGbJ BNote udka&mufwJhtxd zdqJGoGm;NyD;yJjzpfjzpf (slide or gliss)vuftqifajyovdk wD;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufwpfbm;u 1rSm C udkwD;NyD; 2-3-4 txd toH&Sdef qJGxm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/
Staccato and Tenuto
Staccato qdkwmuawmh toHjywfjywfwD;&r,fh Note
awGyg/ wD;NyD;wmeJY csufcsif; b&dwfzrf;NyD; toH&SdefukdowfNyD;wD;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ olwd k Yud ka&;wJ htcg Note awG&JUatmufwnfhwnfh 'grSr[kwf tay:wnfhwnfhrSm tpuf (dot)av;awGxnfhNyD;a&;xm;&ygw,f/
rsOf;wdk(dash)av;awGeJY a&;jyxm;&ifawmh Tenuto
vdkYac:ygw,f/ tJ'gqdk tJ'D Note&JYwefzdk; (toH&Sdef) tjynfhwD;&ygr,f/ enf;enf;vnf; ydkNyD; zdwD; (stress or emphasize)&ygw,f/ SostenutovdkYvnf; ac:ygw,f/
Dotted Notes and Rests
tpufav;wpfpuf (Dot)udk Note wvHk;&Jh aemufrSmuyfvsufxnfhvdkuf&if tJ'D Noteudk Dotted NotevkdY ac:ygw,f/ Dot[molxnfhvdkufwJh Note&JY wefzdk;wpf0ufeJY nDygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvdkxnfhvdkuf&if tJ'D Note&JYwefzdk;[m wpf0uf(wenf;tm;jzif wpfqcJG)xyfNyD;wdk;oGm; (toH&SnfoGm;)ygw,f/Oyrm Minim wpfvHk;udk Dot xnfhvkduf&if rlv Minim wefzdk;uCrochet 2vHk;? aemufxyf Dot &Jh wefzdk;u Minim &Jhwpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Crochet 1 vHk;jzpfwJhtwGuf pkpkaygif;Crochet 3vHk;pm&SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ usefwJh noteawGyJ jzpfjzpf?Rest awGyJjzpfjzpf[mvnf; 'Doabmw&m;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f/atmufuOyrmudkMunfhyg/
Dot udka&;wJhtcg Line Note awGtwGufqkd&if Note
Head a&;xm;wJh Line &Jh tay:uyfvQuf Space rSm a&;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Space Note awGtwGuf qkd&if tJ'D Note Head
&SdwJh SpacerSma&;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ atmufuOyrmrSm Dotted
NoteawG&Jh a&;om;yHkeJYwD;zdkYyHkpHudk jyxm;ygw,f/
'Dawmh Dotwpfcktpm; ESpfckxnfhvdkuf&ifvnf; 'Doabmw&m;twdkif;yJ quf,l&ygr,f/ tJ'Dawmh DotESpfckxnfhvdkuf&iftJ'D Note[m aemufxyftoH av;yHkoHk;yHk (75%) xyf&Snfvmygr,f/ Oyrm Minim wpfvHk;udk Double Dot xnfhvkduf&if rlvMinim wefzdk;u Crochet 2vHk;? yxr Dot &JYwefzdk;u Minim
&Jh wpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Crochet 1 vHk;? 'kwd, Dot&JYwefzdk;u yxr Dot &Jh wpf0ufqdkawmh aemufxyf Quaver
1vHk; jzpfwJhtwGuf pkpkaygif; Crochet 3vHk;eJY Quaver 1vHk;pm(odkYr[kwf Quaver 7vHk;pm)&SdoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/ MinimeJYCrochettwGuf atmufuOyrmrSmjyxm;ygw,f/ usefwJh note
awGeJY RestawGtwGufvnf; 'Dabmw&m;twdkif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
Triple Dot awGUcJh&ifvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ qufwGufoGm;vdkufyg/ Dotted RestawGuawmh awGU&cJygw,f/ Compound
Time awGjzpfwJh 6/8 wkdY 9/4 wkdYawGrSmyJ tawGUrsm;ygw,f/'gayr,fh awGYvm&ifvnf; 'DvdkyJrSwf,l&ygr,f/
'gqdk&if Dotted NoteawGeJY RestawGtaMumif;&Sif;oGm;avmufygNyD/Tones and Interval awG&JUtaMumif;udk qufygOD;r,f ....
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