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Mycenaean Greece and Cross-Cultural Interactions
“I have gazed on the face of Agamemnon.”
~Heinrich Schliemann
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Dating Scheme after J.-B. Bury (following Evans)
Early Minoan I II III
2800-2500 BCE 2500-2200 BCE 2200-2000 BCE
Early Helladic I
II (arrival of Greeks?) III
Middle Minoan I II III
2000-1900 BCE 1900-1700 BCE 1700-1550 BCE
Middle Helladic I II III
Late Minoan IA
IB (mainland takeover?)
II IIIA IIIB IIIC
1550-1500 BCE 1500-1450 BCE 1450-1400 BCE 1400-1300 BCE 1300-1200 BCE 1200-1050 BCE
Late Helladic IA IB II
IIIA IIIB IIIC
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Thera and Crete
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Thera (Santorini)-Satellite Image
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Minoans and Mycenaeans
Thera explosion ca. 1600 BCE Trading empora: Minoan pottery replaced by Mycenaean
by ca. 1450 BCE Struggle for Mediterranean hegemony between Minoans
and Mycenaeans, ca. 1600-1400 BCE Mycenaean takeover of Crete ca. 1450 BCE Final destruction of Knossos ca. 1380 BCE (Linear B)
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Flotilla Mural from Thera
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Excursus: Heinrich Schliemann
Excavator of Mycenaean civilization Autodidact; early fascination with Homeric poems “Outsider” to academic establishment
W. Doerpfeld and credibility Entrepreneur and Treasure Hunter Modern Assessments
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Heinrich Schliemann
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Mycenaean Argolid
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Mycenaean Death Mask
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Mycenaean Trading Contacts from Minoan Crete
Height of Mycenaean Greece: ca. 1400-1200 BCE (LH II-IIIB)
Cultural Influences (palace architecture, frescoes, seal stones, fine gold work)
Trading Emporia in the Near East and West (Taranto)
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General Characteristics
Centralized Administration (king or wanax); Palace as Redistributive Economy
Highly Organized Bureaucracy (Linear B Palace Inventories)
Complex Social Structure Royal Family (wanax: military, legislative, judicial, religious
functions) Nobility (priests and scribes) Merchants (?), Agricultural Workers, and Craftsmen Slaves
Mycenae: Shaft Graves (circles A and B): ca. 1650-1550 BCE; tholos (“beehive”) tombs: ca. 1500 BCE; “Treasury of Atreus”: ca. 1300 BCE
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Royal Grave Circle Acirca 1600 BCE
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Entrance to “Treasury of Atreus”
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Cross-Section of Tholos
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Interior of “Treasury of Atreus”Corbeled Arch (ca. 1300-1250 BCE)
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Mycenaeans and Minoans
Significant Differences Mycenaean Palaces are closed; strongly fortified Mycenaean art: war motifs predominate
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“Warrior Vase”circa 1200 BCE
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Vapheio Cup (ca. 1400-1300 BCE)
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Citadel of Mycenae
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Aerial View of Citadel at Mycenae
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Lioness Gate at Mycenae
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Writing: Linear B Script
Monopoly of the Elites Linear B script virtually unchanged
destruction at Knossos, ca. 1380 BCE (following Biers)
destruction at Pylos, ca. 1250 BCE
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Linear B Tablets
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End of Mycenaean Civilization and Trojan War
Back to Lecture One Thirteenth and twelfth-century Mediterranean BCE context:
Turmoil in the Mediterranean basin and the Near East (“Sea Peoples”). ca. 1200 BCE--Egypt weakened; Hittite empire collapses; destruction at Mycenaean centers (Tiryns, Mycenae, Pylos, Thebes; ca. 1150 BCE: final destruction at Mycenae)
Greece--lines of trade disrupted (e.g. contact with Cyprus, a source of copper, is broken) Fortifications strengthened at Mycenae; secret passageway to
underground cistern Secret passageways to water sources at Athens and Tiryns Isthmian Wall Archaeological Evidence of Troy VII A--a last gasp Mycenaean
expedition?
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Collapse of Mycenaean Civilization
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Explanations: Intruder, Environmental, Class Conflict
Tradition: return of Heracleidae and the Dorian invasion (Sparta)
Problem: tradition dates invasion to ca. 1100 BCE; archaeological evidence indicates a date closer to 1200 BCE
Identifying the Dorians? Invaders or Subject Population within Mycenaean society?
Alternatives: climatic--famine leads to internal social revolutions; inter-city wars
Trojan War; Nostoi; Egyptian records and Achaeans (Sea Peoples)