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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 17
Therapy
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
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Fact vs. Falsehood 1. “Psychoanalysis” is another word for “psychotherapy.” 2. Regardless of their theoretical orientation, therapists agree that
self-awareness is the key to overcoming psychological problems. 3. Group therapy is used primarily because it saves time and
money. 4. Most people who suffer psychological problems become worse
without therapy. 5. Research suggests that the alternative therapy of “therapeutic
touch” seems to be particularly effective in treating feelings of loneliness.
6. The training and experience of the therapist is a crucial factor in determining therapeutic success.
7. The various therapies are so different that is impossible to find any commonalities.
8. The use of drugs has enabled thousands of schizophrenic patients who had been hospitalized to return to near-normal lives.
9. Many people have found relief from manic-depressive mood swings with a daily dose of cheap salt.
10. Electroconvulsive therapy is no longer used in the treatment of psychosocial disorders.
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History of Treatment
Dorothea Dix and Philippe Pinel
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Therapy
Psychotherapy an emotionally charged, confiding
interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
Eclectic Approach an approach to psychotherapy that,
depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
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Psychoanalysis (Freud)
Aims: bring repressed feelings to light and deal with them “know thyself”
Methods: Free association Resistance
blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material Editting, forgetting, going “blank”
Interpretation the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances,
and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight Transference
the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
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Psychoanalysis
Psychdynamic Theory Probe the patients’ history looking for
incidents of repression Interpersonal psychotherapy is more
brief and often provided immediate relief
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Humanistic (Rogers)
Focus: present and future, consciousness, responsibility, and promoting growth
Techniques Client-Centered Therapy genuine, accepting, empathic
environment to facilitate clients’ growth Active Listening
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Humanistic Therapy Active Listening-empathic listening in
which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies
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Behaviortherapy :applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
Classical Conditioning Techniques Counterconditioning procedure that conditions new responses
to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors includes systematic desensitization,
exposoure therapy, progressive relaxation, virtual reality exposure conditioning and aversive conditioning
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Behavior Therapy Exposure Therapy
treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid
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Behavior Therapy Systematic Desensitization
type of counterconditioning associates a pleasant, relaxed state with
gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
commonly used to treat phobias Aversive Conditioning
type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
nausea ---> alcohol
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Behavior Therapy Systematic Desensitization
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Behavior Therapy
Aversion therapy for alcoholics
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Behavior Therapy
Operant Conditioning Token Economy
an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior
patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats
Behavior Modification Critics:
What happens when actions are no longer reinforced
Is it ethical to change another’s behavior?
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Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy teaches people new, more adaptive
ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that
thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
For depression often works because they lack self-serving bias
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Cognitive Therapy
The Cognitive Revolution
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Cognitive Therapy
A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders
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Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive therapy for depression
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Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapya popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
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Group and Family Therapies
Family Therapy treats the family as a system views an individual’s unwanted
behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members
attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication
Groups often cost less
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Evaluating Psychotherapies
To whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties?
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Client and Clinician’s Perspectives
Clients: Enter during/in crisis May need to believe
it was worth the effort
Generally like their therapists and speak well of them.
No real control group
Clinicians Don’t keep track of
failures Most see failures of
other therapists
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Evaluating Psychotherapies
Regression toward the mean tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall
back (regress) toward their average Placebo and belief tend toward this as well
Meta-analysis procedure for statistically combining the results
of many different research studies Prove: therapy makes improvement more likely Sometimes it’s not permanent Therapy is most effective if the problem is clear
cut
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Evaluating Psychotherapies
Poor outcome Good outcome
Averageuntreated
person
Averagepsychotherapy
client
Number ofpersons
80% of untreated people have pooreroutcomes than average treated person
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The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies
Depression – cognitive, interpersonal and behavioral
Anxiety – cognitive, exposure and stress inoculation
Bulimia – cognitive-behavioral
Erenesis – behavrio modification
Alternative Therapies: Therapeutic touch “pushing
energy fields into balance” is unproven
EMDR (Eye movement desensitization & reprocessing)
Short sessions of activiting eye movement
Critics: exposre and placebo Light Exposure Therapy
Treat SAD works
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Evaluating Psychotherapies
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Commonalities Among Psychotherapies
Hope for demoralized people Belief placebo
A new perspective often equals a new attitude
An empathis, trusting, caring relationship If the therapist is good, it doesn’t matter
what style
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Biomedical Therapies
Psychopharmacology (study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior)
Antipsychotic Drugs Dampen responsiveness to irrelavaent stimuli or awaken Mimic dopamine Lots of side effects
Antianxiety Drugs Depress central nervous system Some peole use in conjuction with therapy
Antidepressants Increase availabilitly of norephinephrine or seratonin Lithium is used to balance those with bipolar disorder SSRIs are very popular
They take time to get into your system Therapy and exercise also help Not much difference when placebo is used
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Biomedical Therapies The emptying of U.S. mental hospitals
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Biomedical Therapies
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Biomedical Therapies
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Biomedical Therapies Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
Psychosurgery surgery that removes or destroys brain
tissue in an effort to change behavior lobotomy
now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
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Electroconvulsive Therapy