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Nancy Hritz, Ph.D.Nancy Hritz, Ph.D.University of North Carolina WilmingtonUniversity of North Carolina Wilmington
William D. RamosWilliam D. RamosIndiana University – BloomingtonIndiana University – Bloomington
SETTRA Spring meeting April 1, 2008SETTRA Spring meeting April 1, 2008
Motivations of Sport Tourists:Motivations of Sport Tourists:A study of Masters Swimmers at a A study of Masters Swimmers at a Short Course Championship EventShort Course Championship Event
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Sport tourism motivation intrinsicSport tourism motivation intrinsic Active vs. non active sport tourist Active vs. non active sport tourist
(Gibson, 1988)(Gibson, 1988)
Past involvement in a sport may influence Past involvement in a sport may influence their participation their participation (McGehee et. al., 2003) (McGehee et. al., 2003)
Adult active sport tourist different Adult active sport tourist different than youth than youth (Gill et. al., 1996)(Gill et. al., 1996)
Introduction ~Introduction ~
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United States Masters Swimming ~United States Masters Swimming ~
• Adult only swim organizationAdult only swim organization• National Short Course Championships National Short Course Championships
annual eventannual event• Qualify to competeQualify to compete
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Need for the study ~Need for the study ~ Understand the motivations to be at the Understand the motivations to be at the
event (compete or to travel?)event (compete or to travel?) Motivations vary across the adult life Motivations vary across the adult life
span span (Elby and Molnar, 1991) (Elby and Molnar, 1991)
Aid event planners in increasing Aid event planners in increasing numbers and destination selectionnumbers and destination selection
Lack of research on the adult sport Lack of research on the adult sport (swim) tourist(swim) tourist
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Research questions ~Research questions ~
1)1)What is the profile of the USMS Short What is the profile of the USMS Short Course participant?Course participant?
2)2)What is the relationship between What is the relationship between age, past involvement in swimming age, past involvement in swimming events and travel and competition events and travel and competition motivators?motivators?
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Survey development ~Survey development ~
Demographic questionsDemographic questions
Travel Career Ladder: stimulation, escape, Travel Career Ladder: stimulation, escape, novelty novelty (Pearce, 1991)(Pearce, 1991)
Participation motivation questionnaire Participation motivation questionnaire (PMQ): social development, win, fitness (PMQ): social development, win, fitness (Gill, (Gill, et. al., 1983)et. al., 1983)
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MethodMethod
• Pilot Pilot
• Paper and pencil survey at the 2006 Paper and pencil survey at the 2006 championships held in Coral Springs, championships held in Coral Springs, FL, May 11-14FL, May 11-14
• Convenience sample Convenience sample
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Participant profile:Participant profile:
• 394 usable surveys were returned394 usable surveys were returned
• Ages: 35 to 54Ages: 35 to 54• CaucasianCaucasian• Bachelors degreeBachelors degree• Number of swim meets: 3-6Number of swim meets: 3-6• Swim team experience: high schoolSwim team experience: high school• Residence: 38 different states, Residence: 38 different states,
Bahamas, and international locationsBahamas, and international locations
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Travel and Competition motivations ~Travel and Competition motivations ~
Descriptively….Descriptively….• Compete for fitness statements Compete for fitness statements
rated as most important rated as most important
• Followed by compete in order to Followed by compete in order to winwin
• Travel motivation statements Travel motivation statements rated only as only of medium rated only as only of medium importanceimportance
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Data analysis ~Data analysis ~
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
Principal axis factoring with Varimax Principal axis factoring with Varimax rotationrotation
Five factor solution accounting for Five factor solution accounting for 61.6% of variability:61.6% of variability:
Travel for escape, stimulation, compete Travel for escape, stimulation, compete for social development, fitness, to winfor social development, fitness, to win
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Regression models ~Regression models ~
Independent variablesModel 1: DV = Motivation to travel
Adjusted R-Square = .121F = 9.237p = .000a
Model statistics: ß t pNumber of competitions -.109 -.476 .635Years registered with USMS
.001 .250 .803
Competing age group .017 .978 .329Competition for social development
.251 5.095 .000a
Competition to win .136 2.158 .032b
Competition for fitness .146 1.885 .060a Significant at the .001 level b Significant at the .05 level
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Regression models ~Regression models ~
Model 2: DV = Motivation to compete
Adjusted R-Square = .140
F = 11.655
p = .000a
Model statistics: ß t p
Number of competitions
.031 1.224 .222
Years registered with USMS
.005 1.493 .136
Competing age group -.013 -1.268 .205
Travel for stimulation .154 4.942 .000a
Travel for escape .071 2.304 .022b
a Significant at the .001 level b Significant at the .05 level
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Conclusions ~Conclusions ~
Relationship between the motivations to Relationship between the motivations to compete and to travelcompete and to travel
Greater emphasis on competition Greater emphasis on competition motivationsmotivations
Travel history did not appear to play a Travel history did not appear to play a significant rolesignificant role
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Future research ~ Future research ~
Survey non participantsSurvey non participants
Alternative travel motivation approachAlternative travel motivation approach
Other events/sportsOther events/sports