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Nancy IdeVassar College
USA
Resource Definition Framework
A Tutorial
EUROLAN 2003 • July 28 - August 8 • Bucharest - Romania
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
The Semantic Web: Where RDF fits in
RDF overviewConcepts
Data Model
RDF Syntax
RDF Schema
RDF, RDFS and language technology
Outline
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
What is the Semantic Web?“a conceptual information space in which resources identified by URIs can be processed by machines”
Relies on three key elements:identification of resources
defining the semantics of resource descriptions and relationships among resources
inferring new knowledge from available information
All of this must be done using common, machine-processable notations
Overview
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
Supporting TechnologiesThe Layer-cake model
XML
RDF RDF Schema
Ontologies (OWL)
Rules
Logic Framework
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
Provides a common syntax for marking up documents
Data model: ordered, labeled tree
The Base: XML
<bookInfo> <title>The Royal Navy</title> <author> <persName type=“pen name”> <title>Sir</title> <foreName>Edward</foreName> <surName>Bulwer-Lytton</surName> <rolename>Barron Lytton of <placeName>Kenworth</placeName> </roleName> </persName> </author></bookInfo>
bookinfo
title
surNametitle
author
persName
foreName
placeName
roleName
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
Why Do We Need RDF?
<bookInfo> <title>The Royal Navy</title> <author> <persName type=“pen name”> <title>Sir</title> <foreName>Edward</foreName> <surName>Bulwer-Lytton</surName> <rolename>Barron Lytton of <placeName>Kenworth</placeName> </roleName> </persName> </author></bookInfo>
XML provides only impoverished semantics
<X356T0> <Y71109>The Royal Navy</Y71109> <KH561F> <L098JN> type=“pen name”> <Y71109>Sir</Y71109 > <XXS553>Edward</XXS553 > <NJK098>Bulwer-Lytton</NJK098> <R4W23T>Barron Lytton of <PPY6G1>Kenworth</PPY6G1> </R4W23T> </L098JN> </KH561F></X356T0>
What the human sees What the computer sees
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
No agreement onstructure
what does nesting mean? Part-of? Something else?
is bookInfo an object? class? attribute? relation? something else?
vocabulary
do both title elements mean the same thing?
is author the same ascreator?
XML “semantics”
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
Provides a way to give meaning to information that is machine-processable
W3C Recommendationhttp://www.w3c.org/RDF
A data model for describing data about data (metadata)
RDFResource Definition Framework
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Three object types Resources
Things being described by RDF expressions. Resources are always named by URIs
e.g., HTML Document, specific XML element within the document source, a collection of pages, a book
PropertiesSpecific aspect, characteristic, attribute or relation used to describe a resource
e.g., Creator, Title, Name
Statements
Resource (Subject) + Property (Predicate) + Property Value (Object)
RDF
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
RDF Statements Three parts: subject, predicate, object
describe properties of resources
ResourceAnything that can be described by a URI
a document, part of a document, image, on the Web
http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide
a real world object
e.g. a book: isbn://9402-5546-1234
The Data Model
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
Uniform Resource IdentifierThe generic set of all names/addresses consisting of short strings that refer to resources
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are a particular type of URI, used on the WWW
URIs look like URLs, sometimes with fragment identifiers to point at specific parts of a document
URIs
http://somedomain.com/some/path/to/file#fragment
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Basic element is the triplea resource (the subject) is linked to another resource (the object) via an arc labeled by a relation (the predicate)
<subject> has a property <predicate> valued by <object>
Example
RDF
NancyIde
EncodingSyntactic
Annotation
author-of
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Statements The English word “car” translates to the French word “voiture”The word “car” is a nounNancy Ide the author of “Encoding Syntactic Annotation”
Examples
translates-toCAR voiture
noun
NancyIde
EncodingSyntactic
Annotation
is-a
author-of
SUBJECT PREDICATE OBJECTCAR translates-to voiture
CAR is-a noun
Nancy Ide author-ofEncoding Syntactic Annotation
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
The subject of one statement can be the object of another statement
RESULT: a labeled directed graph
RDF Triples
NancyIde
EncodingSyntactic
Annotation
author-ofemployee
Vassar College
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
One syntax for expressing RDF statements is XML
Tags and attributes have a specific meaningDescription element describes a resource
every attribute or nested element inside a Description is a property of that resource
RDF Syntax
<Description about=”http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide”> <author-of>Encoding Syntactic Annotation</author-of></Description><Description about=”http://www.vassar.edu”> <employee resource=”http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide”/></Description>
Does this solve the structure and vocabulary problems?
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
Different ways to express the same model
RDF/XML Syntax is Just a Syntax
<Description about=”http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide”> <author-of>Encoding Syntactic Annotation</author-of></Description><Description about=”http://www.vassar.edu”> <employee resource=”http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide”/></Description>
<Description about=”http://www.vassar.edu”> <employee resource=”http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide”> <author-of>Encoding Syntactic Annotation</author-of> </employee></Description>
<Description about=”http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide” author-of=”Encoding Syntactic Annotation”/></Description><Description about=”http://www.vassar.edu”> <employee resource=”http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide”/></Description>
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Use namespaces to indicate where the defining RDF schema exists
Namespaces
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:vassar=”http://www.vassar.edu/schema.rdf” xmlns:biblio=”http://www.library\ies.org/schema.rdf”>
<Description rdf:about=”http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide”> <biblio:author-of>Encoding Syntactic Annotation</biblio:author-of></Description><Description rdf:about=”http://www.vassar.edu”> <vassar:employee rdf:resource=”http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~ide”/></Description>
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
Make explicit statements about web resources
The computer knows that these are statements, knows how the statements relate, can compare values
But...we still lack a way to define a vocabulary
Should we use author or creator?
Is Nancy Ide an author?
Are there other authors?
What properties can authors have?
What is RDF Used For?
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
RDF is a data model that allows you to assert relation(s) between two objects
RDFS (RDF schemas) are a means to define classes and sub-classes of objects and the relations that may hold between these objects
RDF and RDFS
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
RDF provides a data model for metadata annotation and a way to express it in XML, but it cannot define the vocabulary for a domain
RDF Schema allow you to define vocabulary terms and the relations between these terms
Adds semantics to RDF predicates and resources
define how a term should be interpreted by specifying its properties and the kinds of objects that can be the values of these properties
RDF Schema
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
RDF Schema core primitives
Class, Property
type, subClassOf, domain, range
Vocabulary definition with these primitives:
<Person, type, Class>
<Author, subClassOf, Person>
<Employee, domain, Person>
Some RDF Schema Terminology
These are just RDF statements, but in RDF Schema they have special meaning
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
The semantics of RDF Schema are expressed in natural language:
2.3.2 rdfs:subClassOf
The semantics of RDF Schema
“This property specifies a subset/superset relation between classes. The rdfs:subClassOf property is transitive. If class A is a subclass of some broader class B, and B is a subclass of C, then A is also implicitly a subclass of C. Consequently, resources that are instances of class A will also be instances of class C, since A is a subset of both B and C. Only instances of rdfs:Class can have the rdfs:subClassOf property and the property value is always of rdf:type rdfs:Class. A class may be a subclass of more than one class.”
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
Set-theoretical semantics for RDF and RDFS specifies entailment rules, for example:
[rdfs7b] (reflexivity)(xxx, rdf:type, rdfs:Class) => (xxx, rdfs:subClassOf, xxx)
[rdfs8] (transitivity)(xxx, rdfs:subClassOf, yyy) & (yyy, rdfs:subClassOf, zzz) => (xxx, rdfs:subClassOf, zzz)
RDF Model Theory
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Example RDF Schema
Part-of-Speech
Noun Verb
Motion VerbCommon Noun
Subject-of
sub-class of sub-class of
sub-class of sub-class ofdomain range
Ontology Level
Data LevelSubject-of
Dogs run
type type
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Part-of-Speech
Noun Verb
Motion VerbCommon Noun
Subject-of
sub-class of sub-class of
sub-class of sub-class ofdomain range
Ontology Level
Language Level
Resourcesub-class of sub-class of
Property Class
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
Classes and properties are modeled separately!
Different from typical Object-Oriented modeling where properties (attributes) are part of a class
Because of this, domain/range statements are very restrictive
Observations
Remember: RDF Schema is just RDF, but with some added meaning to particular terms
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Domain RestrictionsPart-of-Speech
Noun Verb
Motion VerbCommon Noun
Genderdomain
chatbouge
MM
“M” is a literal value
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Problem solved...
Noun Verb
Genderdomain
Part-of-Speech
Moving the domain restriction up the hierarchy solves the problem
But risk over-generalization
properties get “loose” restrictions
classes may be allowed properties they should not have
e.g. now any part of speech has the GENDER property
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RDF Schema Syntax
<rdfs:Property rdf:about="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#number"><rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.linguistics.orgschema.rdf#PartOfSpeech"/><rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal"/>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#Noun"><rdfs:label>Noun</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>Class for nouns</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:resource="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#PartOfSpeech"/></rdfs:Class>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#PartOfSpeech"><rdfs:label>POS</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>Class for the general category part of speech</rdfs:comment> </rdfs:Class>
Class Definitions
Property Definition
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Putting It All Together
<rdfs:Property rdf:about="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#number"><rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.linguistics.orgschema.rdf#PartOfSpeech"/><rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal"/>
</rdf:RDF>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#Noun"><rdfs:label>Noun</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>Class for nouns</rdfs:comment> <rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:resource="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#PartOfSpeech"/></rdfs:Class>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#PartOfSpeech"><rdfs:label>POS</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>Class for the general category part of speech</rdfs:comment> </rdfs:Class>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#">
The schema file: http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf
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Using the Schema
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:pos="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#">
<pos:Noun rdf:ID="dogs"> <pos:number rdf:value="Plural"/></pos:Noun><pos:Verb rdf:ID="run"> <pos:number rdf:value="Plural"/></pos:Verb>
</rdf:RDF>
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Defining a Default Namespace
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#">
<Noun rdf:ID="dogs"> <number rdf:value="Plural"/></Noun><Verb rdf:ID="run"> <number rdf:value="Plural"/></Verb>
</rdf:RDF>
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Referring To Another Resource<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#">
<Noun rdf:about="Mydoc#W1"> <number rdf:value="Plural"/><Noun><Verb rdf:about="Mydoc#W2"> <number rdf:value="Plural"/></Verb>
</rdf:RDF>
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One possible use of RDF is to pre-define “linguistic objects” that can be used by other resources such as lexicons, taggers, etc.
An RDF schema defines a class and its properties, but does not instantiate objects of that class
in previous examples, “dogs” and “run” were instantiated as objects of class Noun
Creating Pre-defined Linguistic Objects
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A “Data Category” Definition<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#">
<Noun rdf:ID=”NMP”> <gender rdf:value=”masculine”/> <number rdf:value=”plural”/></Noun>
<Verb rdf:ID=”V3pl”> <number rdf:value=”plural”/> <person rdf:value=”3rd”/></Verb>
</rdf:RDF>
File: http://www.linguistics.org/categories.rdf”
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Using the Definition<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:ling="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#">
<ling:word rdf:value=”dog”> <ling:POS rdf:resource=”http://www.linguistics.org/categories.rdf#NMS”/> <ling:word rdf:about=”http://www.mySite.edu/myDoc#W1”> <ling:POS rdf:resource=”http://www.linguistics.org/categories.rdf#NMS”/>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#">
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#word"><rdfs:label>Word</rdfs:label> <rdfs:comment>Class for a word</rdfs:comment> </rdfs:Class>
<rdf:Property rdf:ID="POS"><rdfs:domain rdfs:resource="http://www.linguistics.orgschema.rdf#word"/><rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#PartOfSpeech"/>
</rdf:RDF>
Additions to the linguistics schema.rdf
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
RDF and RDFS give us the capability to provide some semantics for resources and the relations between them
But there is a lot missingboolean operators, cardinality constraints, disjunction, etc.
These are in the next level: OWL
Beyond RDF and RDFS
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
The previous examples suggest how the Semantic Web can benefit language technology
ResourcesPre-defined linguistic objects can be used in lexicons, term banks, annotations, etc.
Goes toward a commonly agreed-upon set of categories
Language Processing applicationsCan exploit linguistic knowledge “attached” to data to enhance capability
The Semantic Web and Language Technology
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EUROLAN 2003 THE SEMANTIC WEB AND LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY July 28 - August 8, Bucharest - Romania
W3C RDF Model and Syntax Specification
http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/
W3C RDF Schema Specification 1.0 http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/CR-rdf-schema-20000327/
W3C RDF Validation Service
http://www.w3.org/RDF/Validator/
W3C RDF http://www.w3.org/RDF/
List of RDF resources http://www.ilrt.bris.ac.uk/discovery/rdf/resources/
SiRPAC - Simple RDF Parser & Compiler (Java) http://www.w3.org/RDF/Implementations/SiRPAC/
Libwww - RDF Parser (C) http://www.w3.org/Library/
Resources and Tools