1 µm
Philip G. Collins
Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Nanoscience and Nanoelectronics
Outline
• why go nano?
• what is nanotechnology?
• nanoelectronics
• nanosciencefor sensors
• why go nano?
IBM Research, 1992
Building with Atoms
One Atom “Trapped” Electrons
Copper at the Nanoscale
Everything changes at the quantum scale
Mechanical strength, toughness high strength, low weightcomposites
Chemical bonding, reactivity chemical and biologicalreceptors or sensors
Thermal insulators, conductors high temperature orhigh power applications
Electrical conductivity, ductility microelectronics
Optical absorption, reflectivity high bandwidth fibersor waveguides
Physical Property Applications
Al Si P ArCl
C
He
NeN FO
Cr Fe Co Ni CuTi
Pt Au
Nb Pd Ag
H
I Xe
Pb Bi
Ge AsGa KrBr83.80
131.29
4.0026
20.18014.007
39.94835.453
18.99815.99912.01
26.982 28.086 30.974
69.723 7 2.61 74.922 79.904
126.90
207.2 208.98
58.933 58.693 63.546
1.0079
47.867 51.996 55.845
92.906 106.42 107.87
195.08 196.97
PERIOD
GROUP
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
107
1817
98
36
54
16
13 14 15
28 29 31 32 33 35
5346 47
78 79 83
1
22 24 26 27
41
HY DROGEN
NIOBIUM
TIT ANIUM CHROMIUM COBA L TIRON
HELIUM
NEO NNIT ROGEN FL UORINEOXYGENCARBON
ARGONCHLORINEALUM INIUM SILICON P HOS PHORUS
KRYP T ONNICKEL COPPER G ALLIUM GERMANIUM ARSENIC B ROMINE
XENONIODINEPALLADIUM SIL V ER
P LA TINUM GOLD LEAD BISMUTH
11
13 14 15 16 17
181
54 6 8 9 10
NanoPeriodic Table – Under construction
Jim Heath, UCLA
© Foresight Institute
tech·nol·o·gy n1. The application of science,
especially to industrial or commercial objectives
Outline
• why go nano?
• what is nanotechnology?
• nanoelectronics
• nanosciencefor sensors
• what is nanotechnology?
Nanoscience Nanofiction
© Vic Olliver
Nanorobots repairingred blood cells
Nanotechnology
© QuantumDot Corp.
Inside a fluorescentlylabeled cell
REPORTS
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 291 16 MARCH 2001 2115
Colloidal Nanocrystal Shapeand Size Control: The Case of
CobaltVictor F. Puntes, * Kannan M. Krishnan, A. Paul Alivisatos
We show that a relatively simple approach for controlling the colloidal synthesis of anisotropic cadmium selenide semiconductor nanorods can be extended to the size-controlled preparation of magnetic cobalt nanorods as well as spher-ically shaped nanocrystals. This approach helps define a minimum feature set needed to separately control the sizes and shapes of nanocrystals. The resulting cobalt nanocrystals produce interesting two- and three-dimensional super-structures, including ribbons of nanorods.
Nanoscience
though the best
inventions begin as
fictions …
NanofictionNanotechnology
Nanoscience NanofictionNanotechnology
© Foresight Institute
Cumings, UC Berkeley
?
Outline
• why go nano?
• what is nanotechnology?
• nanoelectronics
• nanosciencefor sensors
• nanoelectronics
Shrinking Electronics to the Nanoscale
Goals:
- high speed
- low power
- high density
- ‘quantum’ devices
Candidates:
- silicon
- polymers
- dendrimers
- metallorganics
- nanowires / nanotubes
Mark Reed Yale University
McEuenCornell University
Park, McEuenHarvard University
Nanotubes & nanowires bridge the gap to the molecular world:
contactable systems with extended, low-D electronic states
1 µm100 µm
0.1 µm
Carbon Nanotube Electronic Circuits
Martel APL (1998)IBM Yorktown
Semiconducting Nanotubes
Nanotube FET Si p-MOSFET
Rc : 90 Ω µm 100 Ω µm
µ : 10,000 cm2/Vs 100 cm2/Vs
G: 1260 µS/µm 430 µS/µm
as Field-Effect Transistors
p-type SWNT
Controlled Doping of Nanotubes
n-type SWNT
intrinsic SWNT
Carbon Nanotube Logic Devices
Derycke, Nanoletters (2001)IBM Research
Nanoscience Nanotechnology
does this technology
compete with a $0.0000001 product?
Nanofiction
Outline
• why go nano?
• what is nanotechnology?
• nanoelectronics
• nanosciencefor sensors
• nanosciencefor sensors
20% O2T = 290K
Collins et al, Science (2000)
t (min)
275
250
2250 100 200 300 400 500
R (k
ohm
)pure N2
Nanocircuits for Chem/Bio Sensors
Sensor Markets•Industrial process gases•Medicines, anesthetics•Emissions, pollutants•Explosives, illicit drugs•Chemical warfare•Biothreat agents
1 nm
10 nm
100 nm
1 µ
DNAVirus
Bacteria Proteins Atoms & Molecules
Conventional Sensor Technologies
Electrochemical
Optical– Gas Chromatography– Mass Spectrometry– Infrared– Surface Plasmon / Raman
Mechanical– Surface Acoustic Wave– Bulk Acoustic Wave
Electronic– Metal Oxide Semiconductors– FETs– Conducting Polymers
Perf
orm
ance
Complexity / Cost
Metal Oxide Semiconductor
GC
Electrochemical
Mass Spec
SAW
Infrared
Conducting Polymers
Sensor Performance
OptimalProduct
Design Criteria for an “ideal sensor”
• High sensitivity• High selectivity
• Miniature• Ultra Low Power
Optical
• Simple, robust design/mechanism
V
Electronic
Molecular and Chemical Circuits
V
Direct electrical readout
of molecular interactions
V
Selective Chemical Sensing - NH3 Sensor Prototype
Surface-Sensitizedtoward amine groups
0 1 2 3 4 5
0.01
0.10
1.00
G/G
o
t (min)0.001
AirNH3 NH3 NH3 NH3
change in transistor conductance at fixed gate
Collins, Nanomix Research
Selective Chemical Sensing - NH3 Sensor Prototype
S D
S D
S D
0100200300400500600
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
time, min
I (nA
)
0
100
200
300
400
0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1
time (min)
I (nA
)
0
50
100
150
200
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
time (min)I (
nA)
Bare Device
Passivated Device
OptimumArchitecture
Nanoelectronic Sensors - H2 and Hydrocarbon Sensing
Pd-SensitizedCircuit
Simple Nanotube Circuit
0.010 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.10
1.00
G/G
o
t (min)
Air H2 H2 H2 H2
Collins, Nanomix Research
Array of four devices two of which are sensitized
1.00
0.10
0.01Con
duct
ance
Selective Chemical Sensing - H2 Sensor Prototype
Sensitivity
20
100R
elat
ive
Con
duct
ance
, %
t (min)
Selectivity
G/G
o
Manufacturable Sensor Architecture
Biofunctional Sensors
Antibody to Molecular Wire
Protein to Molecular Wire
Protein-coated nanotube
Selective Biological Sensing
A. Star Nanoletters (2003)Nanomix Research
Sour
ce-D
rain
Cur
rent
(µA
)
Biotin-labelledNanotube transistor
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
-10 0 10
Gate Voltage (V)
After Streptavidinbinding
V
Biotin
Streptavidin
CNT Circuit
Selectivity through Materials
Molecular Wires for Molecular Sensing
Summary Acknowledgements
Philip Collins UCI Dept. of Physics and [email protected]
• why go nano?
• what is nanotechnology?
• nanoelectronics
• nanosciencefor sensors
Engineering the Microworld at The University of California, IrvineUCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility